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World Religions World Religions Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The symbols of 14 religions are depicted here In no particular order, they include Judaism, Wicca, Taoism, Christianity, Confucianism, Baha’i, Druidism, Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Shinto, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism Can you match the symbol to the religion? What might a symbolic interactionist make of these symbols? (Photo courtesy of ReligiousTolerance.org) The major religions of the world (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Confucianism, Christianity, Taoism, and Judaism) differ in many respects, including how each religion is organized and the belief system each upholds Other differences include the nature of belief in a higher power, the history of how the world and the religion began, and the use of sacred texts and objects Types of Religious Organizations Religions organize themselves—their institutions, practitioners, and structures—in a variety of fashions For instance, when the Roman Catholic Church emerged, it borrowed many of its organizational principles from the ancient Roman military, turning senators into cardinals, for example Sociologists use different terms, like ecclesia, denomination, and sect, to define these types of organizations Scholars are also aware that these definitions are not static Most religions transition through different organizational phases For example, Christianity began as a cult, transformed into a sect, and today exists as an ecclesia 1/11 World Religions Cults, like sects, are new religious groups In modern America this term often carries pejorative connotations However, almost all religions began as cults and gradually progressed to levels of greater size and organization The term cult is sometimes used interchangeably with the term new religious movement (NRM) In its pejorative use, these groups are often disparaged as being secretive, highly controlling of members’ lives, and dominated by a single, charismatic leader Controversy exists over whether some groups are cults, perhaps due in part to media sensationalism over groups like polygamous Mormons or the Peoples Temple followers who died at Jonestown, Guyana Some groups that are controversially labeled as cults today include the Church of Scientology and the Hare Krishna movement A sect is a small and relatively new group Most of the well-known Christian denominations in the United States today began as sects For example, the Methodists and Baptists protested against their parent Anglican Church in England, just as Henry VIII protested against the Catholic Church by forming the Anglican Church From “protest” comes the term Protestant Occasionally, a sect is breakaway group that may be in tension with larger society They sometimes claim to be returning to “the fundamentals” or to contest the veracity of a particular doctrine When membership in a sect increases over time, it may grow into a denomination Often a sect begins as an offshoot of a denomination, when a group of members believes they should separate from the larger group Some sects dissolve without growing into denominations Sociologists call these established sects Established sects, such as the Amish or Jehovah’s Witnesses fall halfway between sect and denomination on the ecclesia–cult continuum because they have a mixture of sect-like and denomination-like characteristics A denomination is a large, mainstream religious organization, but it does not claim to be official or state sponsored It is one religion among many For example, Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, and Seventh-day Adventist are all Christian denominations The term ecclesia, originally referring to a political assembly of citizens in ancient Athens, Greece, now refers to a congregation In sociology, the term is used to refer to a religious group that most all members of a society belong to It is considered a nationally recognized, or official, religion that holds a religious monopoly and is closely allied with state and secular powers The United States does not have an ecclesia by this standard; in fact, this is the type of religious organization that many of the first colonists came to America to escape 2/11 World Religions How might you classify the Mennonites? As a cult, a sect, or a denomination? (Photo courtesy of Frenkieb/flickr) One way to remember these religious organizational terms is to think of cults, sects, denominations, and ecclesia representing a continuum, with increasing influence on society, where cults are least influential and ecclesia are most influential Types of Religions Scholars from a variety of disciplines have strived to classify religions One widely accepted categorization that helps people understand different belief systems considers what or who people worship (if anything) Using this method of classification, religions might fall into one of these basic categories, as shown in [link] One way scholars have categorized religions is by classifying what or who they hold to be divine ... Old World | New World • Policies are within the letter and spirit of the law Ö • Policies are within the letter and the spirit of the law • Policy guides policy decision Ö • PVP guides policy decisions • HR makes policy decision Ö • Line manager makes policy decision • Policy available to a select group of employees Ö • Policy available to all employees • Policies are written for HR and Legal; intent is often not clear Ö • Policies are written so any employee can understand and the intent of the policy is clear • Policies are "by country" with minimal global application; large quantities of policies mired in complexity Ö • Core set of global policies in place; reduced in number and complexity • Emphasis is on "rules" to be followed Ö • Emphasis is on understanding and thinking about the principles and intent of what we want to achieve Content Author/Owner: JoAnn Hagopian, HR (ION Name: HAGOPIAN/JG) Copyright © 1997, Procter & Gamble, All rights reserved. TEAM FLY PRESENTS TEAM FLY PRESENTS Source Code Real World XML Web Services By Yasser Shohoud Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.2003 All chapters on this site are drafts. These chapters will change before the book is published. Download all of the book's code here. Chapter P: Preface There’s no doubt that the Web was a catalyst for a revolution that changed the lives of software developers and end users alike. Web services provide the foundation for another profound revolution in the way we build and use applications. It is up to developers like you and I to take this foundation and make the revolution happen. With this book, I aim to give you the information and insight you need to design and build next generation distributed interoperable applications with Web services. Chapter 1: Introduction to Web Services You've probably heard about Web services and may have read about them. It seems like every trade publication, book, and Web site has some mention of Web services. Unfortunately, most of the current coverage of Web services does not clearly explain what they are really all about, they just trumpet how wonderful Web services are, which comes across as hype. In this chapter I focus on two things: Explaining what Web services are really all about and showing you scenarios where you would use Web services and scenarios where you really should not use them. Chapter 2: XSD: The Web Services Type System Web services are all about data exchange between heterogenous applications. This data exchange cannot be accomplished without a common, agreed upon type system that provides standard types as well as the ability to define your own types. This chapter is designed to first get you up and running with XSD, the Web services type system, then show you how XSD is used to specify message formats and validate data exchanged between client and service. This is not intended as a rigorous explanation of XSD – that would require an entire book. Rather, this chapter explains those aspects of XSD that are commonly used in Web services. Chapter 3: SOAP: Invoking Web Services In chapter 1 you learned how to invoke a Web service using the SOAP Toolkit and .NET. In this chapter you will learn how these and other tools use SOAP messages to invoke Web services. I will explain the goals and architecture of SOAP and the ways it can be used including messaging and RPC. This chapter’ s objective is to teach you what SOAP is capable of doing and how, so that you get a better understanding of the tools you’ll be using such as .NET and the SOAP Toolkit. Such understanding will come in handy when you need to invoke a Web service and you find the tools have limitations that prevent from using them. This and the next chapter are tightly integrated and together complete the picture of how Web services work. Chapter 4: WSDL: Describing Web Services Just as XML Schemas are used to describe the data types exposed by Web services, there is a need for a language that can be used to describe the complete interfaces exposed by Web services. In this chapter I explain the concepts and terminology behind the most commonly used language for describing Web service interfaces, the Web Services Description Language. I will show you how to write WSDL documents that describe your Web service’s interface and how to read WSDL documents for services that you want to invoke. The goal of this chapter is to teach you to World Wide Web World Wide Web Bởi: Lê Văn Tâm World Chapter 2 Ligands used for aqueous organometallic catalysis Solubility of the catalysts in water is determined by their overall hydrophilic nature which may arise either as a consequence of the charge of the complex ion as a whole, or may be due to the good solubility of the ligands. Although transition metal complexes with small ionic ligands, such as halides, pseudohalides or simple carboxylates can be useful for specific reactions the possibility of the variation of such ligands is very limited. As in organometallic catalysis in general, phosphines play a leading role in aqueous organometallic catalysis (AOC), too. There is a vast armoury of synthetic organic chemistry available for preparation and modification of various phosphine derivatives of which almost exclusively the tertiary phosphines are used for catalysis. The main reason for the ubiquity of tertiary phosphines in catalysis is in that most transformations in AOC involve the catalysts in a lower valent state at one or more stages along the catalytic cycle and phosphines are capable of stabilizing such low oxidation state ions, such way hindering metal precipitation. For the same reason, ligands posessing only hard donor atoms (e.g. N or O) are not common in AOC and used mainly for synthesizing catalysts for oxidations or other reactions where the oxidation state of the metal ion remains constant throughout the catalytic cycle (examples can be the heterolytic activation of dihydrogen or certain hydrogen transfer reactions). Some of the neutral (that is non-ionic) ligands are water-soluble due to their ability of forming several strong hydrogen bonds to the surrounding water molecules. These ligands usually contain several N or O atoms, such as the l,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA, the phosphorus analog of urotropin), tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine, or several phosphines containing long polyether (e.g. polyethyleneglycol-, PEG-type) chains. Most of the ligands in AOC, however, are derived from water- insoluble tertiary phosphines by attaching onto them ionic or polar groups, 11 12 Chapter 2 namely sulfonate, sulfate, phosphonate, carboxylate, phenolate, quaternary ammonium and phosphonium, hydroxylic, polyether, or polyamide (peptide) etc. substituents or a combination of those. This latter approach stems from the philosophy behind research into AOC in the early days when the aim was to “transfer” efficient catalytic processes, like hydroformylation, from the homogeneous organic phase into an aqueous/organic biphasic system simply by rendering the catalyst water soluble through proper modification (e.g. sulfonation) of its ligands. Although this approach is still useful, so much more is known today of the specific characteristics and requirements of the processes in AOC that tayloring the ligands (and by this way the catalysts) to the particular chemical transformation in aqueous or biphasic systems is not only a more and more manageable task but a drive at the same time for synthesis of new compounds for specific use in aqueous environment. In the following few sections we shall now review the most important water-soluble ligands and the synthetic methods of general importance. It should be noted, that in many cases only a few examples of the numerous products available through a certain synthetic procedure are shown in the tables and the reader is referred to the literature for further details. 2.1 TERTIARY PHOSPHINE LIGANDS WITH SULFONATE OR ALKYLENE SULFATE SUBSTITUENTS This class of compounds is comprised by far the most important ligands in aqueous organometallic chemistry. The main reasons for that are the following: sulfonated phosphines are generally well soluble in the entire World Energy Use World Energy Use Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Energy is an important ingredient in all phases of society We live in a very interdependent world, and access to adequate and reliable energy resources is ... The World s Religions Religions have emerged and developed across the world Some have been short-lived, while others have persisted and grown In this section, we will explore seven of the world s... (animals, plants, natural world) Indigenous nature worship (Shinto) Totemism Human-natural being connection Ojibwa (Native American) 3/11 World Religions Note that some religions may be practiced—or.. .World Religions Cults, like sects, are new religious groups In modern America this term often carries pejorative connotations However, almost all religions began as cults