Deviance and Control

OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 1presented at:IEC Workshop on Automation ObjectsGeneva, Switzerland2001-04-03by:JAMES H. CHRISTENSEN , Ph.D. Senior Principal EngineerRockwell AutomationJHChristensen@ra.rockwell.comOpen Distributed Automation and Controlwith IEC 61499Open Distributed Automation and Controlwith IEC 61499 OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 2Open Distributed Automation and Controlwith IEC 61499Open Distributed Automation and Controlwith IEC 61499• Background• Architecture• Object Models• Software Tool Requirements• Status and Future OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 3Distributed Automation:An Architectural DialecticDistributed Automation:An Architectural DialecticdistributabilityagilityprogrammabilityagilityagilitydistributabilityconfigurabilityprogrammabilityAgileManufacturingFunction BlocksIEC 61499PLCIEC 61131-3CentralizedProgrammableConfigurableDCSIEC 61804ThesisAntithesisDistributedConfigurableSynthesis OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 4IEC 61131-3: Modern (1993) Software Engineering for Automation and ControlIEC 61131-3: Modern (1993) Software Engineering for Automation and Control• Encapsulation/Reuse Mechanisms– Function Blocks, Functions, Data Types, Programs• Application-adapted Languages– Ladder Diagram (LD) for logic control (“power flow”) – Function Block Diagram (FBD) for regulatory control (“data flow”)– Sequential Function Chart (SFC) for state-machine control– Structured Text (ST) for information processing– Instruction List (IL) for assembly-level programming• A Mature, Internationally Adopted Standard– First edition: 1993– Second edition: 2001 OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 5Function Blocks: Object-OrientedEncapsulation and Reuse in IEC 61131-3Function Blocks: Object-OrientedEncapsulation and Reuse in IEC 61131-3Control Algorithm SpecificationExternal Interface SpecificationINBOOLDB_TIMETIMEOUT BOOLDEBOUNCEDB_FFS1RQ1OFF_TMRTONINPTQETOUTDB_TIMEININPTQETTONON_TMRSRINPTQETTONOFF_TMRON_TMRTONINPTQET| |IN|/|IN(R)OUT(S)OUTDB_TIMEDB_TIME OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 6Centralized System Configuration in IEC 61131-3Centralized System Configuration in IEC 61131-3CONFIGURATIONRESOURCETASK TASKPROGRAMPROGRAMFB FBRESOURCETASK TASKPROGRAMPROGRAMFB FBGLOBAL and DIRECTLY ACCESS PATHSREPRESENTED VARIABLESCommunication function OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 7Distributed Configuration in Fieldbus Systems(Physical View)Distributed Configuration in Fieldbus Systems(Physical View)Control RoomPCH1 FieldbusSegment # 1H1 FieldbusSegment # 2CV-101A/OIP102201921AT107ALT101AT107BTT105AT106Re-BurnedLimeLT108 PurchasedLimeLT112 Green Liquor StorageIP104AIP104BHeaterCoolerLT111 SC111SC112SC108DT109FT110SC110TT104FT102AT10324252322H1 FieldbusSegment # 3 OPEN DISTRIBUTED AUTOMATION AND CONTROL WITH IEC 61499JHC/2001-04-03 p. 8Distributed Configuration in Fieldbus Systems (Logical View)Distributed Configuration in Fieldbus Systems (Logical View)AIISELPIDAIAIPIDRATIO AIAO CV-102 A/OConductivityPIDAOAI Deviance and Control Deviance and Control Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Much of the appeal of watching entertainers perform in drag comes from the humor inherent in seeing everyday norms violated (Photo courtesy of Cassiopeija/Wikimedia Commons) What, exactly, is deviance? And what is the relationship between deviance and crime? As Philip Hudson found out, some behaviors, such as wearing clothes of the opposite sex, can be deviant in certain places, criminal in some places, and perfectly acceptable elsewhere According to sociologist William Graham Sumner, deviance is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (1906) It can be as minor as picking one’s nose in public or as major as committing murder Although the word “deviance” has a negative connotation in everyday language, sociologists recognize that deviance is not necessarily bad (Schoepflin 2011) In fact, from a structural functionalist perspective, one of the positive contributions of deviance is that it fosters social change For example, during the U.S civil rights movement, Rosa Parks violated social norms when she refused to move to the “black section” of the bus, and the Little Rock Nine broke customs of segregation to attend an Arkansas public school “What is deviant behavior?” cannot be answered in a straightforward manner Whether an act is labeled deviant or not depends on many factors, including location, audience, and the individual committing the act (Becker 1963) Listening to your iPod on the way to class is considered acceptable behavior Listening to your iPod during your o’clock sociology lecture is considered rude Listening to your iPod when on the witness stand before a judge may cause you to be held in contempt of court, and consequently fined or jailed 1/6 Deviance and Control As norms vary across culture and time, it makes sense that notions of deviance change also Fifty years ago, public schools in the United States had strict dress codes that, among other stipulations, often banned women from wearing pants to class Today, it’s socially acceptable for women to wear pants, but less so for men to wear skirts In a time of war, acts usually considered morally reprehensible, such as taking the life of another, may actually be rewarded Whether an act is deviant or not depends on society’s response to that act Why I Drive a Hearse When sociologist Todd Schoepflin ran into his childhood friend Bill, he was shocked to see him driving a hearse A professionally trained researcher, Schoepflin wondered what effect driving a hearse had on his friend and what effect it might have on others on the road Would using such a vehicle for everyday errands be considered deviant by most people? Schoepflin interviewed Bill, curious first to know why he drove such an unconventional car Bill had simply been on the lookout for a reliable winter car; on a tight budget, he searched used car ads and stumbled upon one for the hearse The car ran well and the price was right, so he bought it Bill admitted that others’ reactions to the car had been mixed His parents were appalled and he received odd stares from his coworkers A mechanic once refused to work on it, stating that it was “a dead person machine.” On the whole, however, Bill received mostly positive reactions Strangers gave him a thumbs-up on the highway and stopped him in parking lots to chat about his car His girlfriend loved it, his friends wanted to take it tailgating, and people offered to buy it Could it be that driving a hearse isn’t really so deviant after all? Schoepflin theorized that, although viewed as outside conventional norms, driving a hearse is such a mild form of deviance that it actually becomes a mark of distinction Conformists find the choice of vehicle intriguing or appealing, while nonconformists see a fellow oddball to whom they can relate As one of Bill’s friends remarked, “Every guy wants to own a unique car like this and you can certainly pull it off.” Such anecdotes remind us that although deviance is often viewed as a violation of norms, it’s not always viewed in a negative light (Schoepflin 2011) 2/6 Deviance and Control A hearse with the license plate “LASTRYD.” How would you view the owner of this car? (Photo courtesy of Brian Teutsch/flickr) Social Control When a person violates a social norm, what happens? A driver caught speeding can receive a speeding ticket A student who wears a bathrobe to class gets a warning from a professor An adult belching loudly is avoided All societies practice social control, the regulation and enforcement of norms The underlying goal of social control is to maintain social order, an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives Think of social order as an employee handbook and social control as a manager When a worker violates a workplace guideline, the manager steps in to enforce the rules The means of enforcing rules are known as sanctions ...Initial PrintDate: 10/06Table of ContentsSubject PageIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Displays, Indicators and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Instrument Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Central Information Display (CID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Connected Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Personal Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Instrument Cluster System Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Central Information Display (CID) System Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . .10Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Instrument Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Gear and Program Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Gear Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Gear Position Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Fuel Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12On-board Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Main Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13BC Function in the Instrument Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Central Information Display (CID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14UserInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Instrument Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Display Areas Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Fuel Consumption Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Fuel Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Outside Temperature Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Indicatorand Warning Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17LC Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Manipulation Dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18E70 Displays, Indicators and ControlsRevision Date: Subject PageSound Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18On-board Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Show Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Displays in the Central Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hajo A. Reijers Design and Control of Workflow Processes Business Process Management for the Service Industry 13 Series Editors Gerhard Goos, Karlsruhe University, Germany Juris Hartmanis, Cornell University, NY, USA Jan van Leeuwen, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author Hajo A. Reijers Technical University of Eindhoven Department of Technology Management Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands E-mail: H.A.Reijers@tm.tue.nl Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>. CR Subject Classification (1998): H.4.1, H.5.3, K.4.3, J.1, H.2 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-01186-2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Boller Mediendesign Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10872920 06/3142 543210 Foreword This monograph is a beautiful mixture of rigorous scientific research and very practical experiences. The monograph provides several new insights in the field of business process modeling and analysis. The term “workflow process” is used instead of “business process” to express the focus on the handling of a flow of cases in an organization. In the last decade the process view has become the dominant way to structure organizations. Although many books promote this view, they seldom provide a scientifically sound approach to modeling and ana- lyzing business processes. There are two important aspects of a business process: its correctness and its ef- ficiency. The first aspect concerns the correct handling of cases, i.e., without logi- cal errors, and the second concerns the throughput time for cases and the effort re- quired to execute them. The monograph provides new results for analyzing these two aspects, but there are also new results for the redesign of processes. Two ap- proaches are offered: heuristics to redesign an existing process and a derivation method to develop a process given a specification of the desired output of the process. The research for this monograph was conducted by Hajo Reijers during the last five years while he was working halftime for Deloitte & Touche as a management consultant and halftime as a Ph.D. student at the Eindhoven University of Tech- nology. It was a great pleasure for me to be both his thesis advisor at the univer- sity and his supervisor in the consulting firm. The unique combination of scientific work at the university and real practice as a consultant turned out to be very fruit- ful. Many ideas for this research popped up during consultancy work and several scientific results were successfully applied in industry. The monograph contains many interesting results that are worth applying in practice, while it is also a source of new and intriguing questions for further re- search. Kees van Hee National Director of TLFeBOOK Introduction to Logistics Systems Planning and Control TLFeBOOK WILEY-INTERSCIENCE SERIES IN SYSTEMS AND OPTIMIZATION Advisory Editors Sheldon Ross Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Richard Weber Statistical Laboratory, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge University, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WB BATHER – Decision Theory: An Introduction to Dynamic Programming and Sequential Decisions CHAO/MIYAZAWA/PINEDO – Queueing Networks: Customers, Signals and Product Form Solutions COURCOUBETIS/WEBER – Pricing Communication Networks: Economics, Technology and Modelling DEB – Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms GERMAN – Performance Analysis of Communication Systems: Modeling with Non-Markovian Stochastic Petri Nets GHIANI/LAPORTE/MUSMANNO – Introduction to Logistics Systems Planning and Control KALL/WALLACE – Stochastic Programming KAMP/HASLER – Recursive Neural Networks for Associative Memory KIBZUN/KAN – Stochastic Programming Problems with Probability and Quantile Functions RUSTEM – Algorithms for Nonlinear Programming and Multiple-Objective Decisions WHITTLE – Optimal Control: Basics and Beyond WHITTLE – Neural Nets and Chaotic Carriers The concept of a system as an entity in its own right has emerged with increasing force in the past few decades in, for example, the areas of electrical and control engineering, economics, ecology, urban structures, automation theory, operational research and industry. 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Sci. & Devel., Vol. 10, No. 4: 633-639 Tạp chí Khoa học và Phát triển 2012 Tập 10, số 4: 633-639 www.hua.edu.vn Neospora caninum INFECTION IN CATTLE - ECONOMIC LOSS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL Nguyen Hoai Nam 1* , Suneerat Aiumlamai 2 , Aran Chanlun 2 , Kwankate Kanistanon 2 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand * Email: hoainam26061982@yahoo.com Received date: 02.03.2012 Accepted date: 26.05.2012 ABSTRACT Nespora caninum is a parasite which was first detected in Norwegian dogs and has been known as an important abortive cause of cattle. A high abortion rate up to 44% occurs in N. caninum positive pregnant cows Besides, consequence of infection could be culling of the aborted dams, reduction of milk production and weight gain, and increase of veterinary, diagnosis and replacement purchase costs. Various methods have been studied to prevent and control N. caninum infection in cattle. However, there are no highly effective approaches available in terms of both epidemiological and economic aspects so far. Keyw ords: Cattle, control, economic loss, Neospora caninum, prevention. Bệnh do Neospora caninum gây ra ở bò - Thiệt hại kinh tế, phòng và khống chế bệnh TÓM TẮT Neospora caninum là một ký sinh trùng được phát hiện đầu tiên trên chó ở Na Uy và đang được biết đến như một trong những nguyên nhân quan trọng gây xảy thai ở bò. Tỷ lệ xảy thai có thể lên đến 44%, ngoài ra hậu quả của việc bị nhiễm N. caninum còn có thể là sự loại thải động vật bị xảy thai, giảm sản lượng sữa, giảm tăng trọng, tăng chi phí thú y, chẩn đoán và phí mua bò thay thế. Đã có nhiều biện pháp được nghiên cứu nhằm phòng và khống chế N. caninum trên bò. Tuy nhiên, đến nay chưa có phương pháp nào cho hiệu quả cao, đáp ứng được cả hai phương diện dịch tễ và kinh tế. Từ khóa: Bò, Neospora caninum, khống chế, phòng ngừa, tổn thất kinh tế. . 1. INTRODUCION Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite which was detected and described in the 1980s (Bjerkas et al., 1984; Dubey et al., 1988). Infection of N. caninum has been reported worldwide in a variety of animals in which cattle is the most affected livestock so far. N. caninum causes abortion in cattle mostly at 5 th to 7 th month of gestation, and a very high percentage of the pregnancies could be lost in the positive cattle (Huang et al., 2004; Lopez- Gatius et al., 2004). Therefore, it has been recognized as one of the most important bovine abortive pathogens. This review focuses on N. caninum infection in terms of ecnomic loss and measures applied to prevent and control neosporosis in cattle. 2. ECONOMIC LOSS IN CATTLE RAISING INDUSTRY INCURRED BY N. CANINUM 633 The economic loss due to N. caninum has been reported mostly in cattle despite the facts that neosporosis is also found in several other domestic and wild animals. The direct damage is fetal loss beside the indirect loss including cost of reduced milk production, culling and replacement, low weight gain, veterinary cost, rebreeding and diagnosis. Neospora caninum infection in cattle - Economic loss, prevention and control Ab ortion is the most significant loss caused by neosporosis (Pabon et al., 2007). Seropositive cows may have up to 23.6 times higher risk of abortion than seronegative counterparts (Weston et al., 2005). Proportion of pregnancy loss could be .. .Deviance and Control As norms vary across culture and time, it makes sense that notions of deviance change also Fifty years ago, public schools... maintain a system of social control Section Quiz Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws Deviance s definition is determined... of the bus This is an example of An act of social control An act of deviance A social norm Criminal mores Answer 4/6 Deviance and Control B A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone