Formal Organizations

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February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 1Wireless LAN Standards and Organizations (1 September, 2006) February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 2●Define what regulations the FCC creates●Explain what the ISM and UNII bands are and how they are used●Define the different 802.11 standards and drafts as set forth by the IEEE●Describe the competing technologies for wireless LANsObjectivesUpon completion of this chapter you will be able to: February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 3FCC Regulations●The FCC manages civilian, State and local government usage of the radio spectrum.✔ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47 (CFR 47) Part 15. http://www.accesss.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html✔ The FCC has authority to enforce the use of the radio spectrum, however, they generally do not unless a complaint is received.✔ The FCC specifies the Power limits for 802.11.✔ The FCC certifies equipment two major ways:☛ As a component – mix and match.☛ As a System – Cannot mix and match✔ Read: "Regulations Affecting 802.11 Deployment" by Tim PozarNote: The National Telecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA) works with the Interdepartmental Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) to manage the federal use of the radio spectrum. February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 4Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)●There are three license free ISM Bands.✔ 915 MHz ISM Band☛ 902-928 MHz☛ 915 MHz 13 MHz at speeds up to 1 Mbps☛ Home phones, game systems and home Cameras☛ Garage door openers and Automotive security systems☛ Cards are expensive – about $800☛ Largely abandoned✔ 2.4 GHz ISM Band☛ Used by 802.11, 802.11b/g☛ 2.400-2.4835 GHz☛ 2.400 +-5MHz☛ Only 2.400-2.4835 are used☛ Microwave ovens and baby monitors✔ 5.8 GHz ISM Band☛ Used by 802.11a ☛5.725 – 5.875☛ 150 MHz bandwidth☛ Not to be confused with Band 3 of the UNII± February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 5ISM and UNII Spectra February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 6Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII)● Three Bands frequency bands make up the UNII.✔ Lower Band (UNII-1)☛ 5.15 - 5.25 GHz ☛ Maximum output power: FCC = 50 mW, IEEE= 40 mW☛ Reserved for indoor operation only☛ Four non-overlapping channels separated by 20 MHz✔ Middle Band (UNII-2)☛ 5.25 - 5.35 GHz ☛ Maximum output power: FCC = 250 mW, IEEE= 200 mW☛ Reserved for indoor/outdoor operation only☛ Four non-overlapping channels separated by 20 MHz✔ Upper Band(UNII-3)☛ 5.725 - 5.825 GHz ☛ Maximum output power: FCC = 1000 mW, IEEE= 800 mW☛ Reserved for outdoor operation only☛ Four non-overlapping channels separated by 20 MHz February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 7ISM and UNII Spectra February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 8Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 9Lower BandMiddle BandUpper BandUnlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) February 2005Copyright 2005 Al Rights reserved 10Radiated Power Limits● The FCC enforces rules regarding power radiated by antenna elements.✔ Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) is the actual power radiated by the antenna which also takes into account the gain of the antenna.● 2.4 GHz Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) ✔ PtMP links have a central antenna and two or more remote antennas.✔ The central antenna is normally an omnidirectional antenna.✔ The FCC limits the EIRP in the 2.4GHz band to 4000mW (4 Watts).✔ The intentional radiator may vary depending upon the antenna gain. [...]... of Electrical and Electronic engineers (IEEE) ● The IEEE is a global professional organization. ✔ over 300,000 members ✔ 10 regions ✔ 36 technical Societies ● The IEEE Formal Organizations Formal Organizations Bởi: OpenStaxCollege A complaint of modern life is that society is dominated by large and impersonal secondary organizations From schools to businesses to healthcare to government, these organizations, referred to as formal organizations, are highly bureaucratized Indeed, all formal organizations are, or likely will become, bureaucracies A bureaucracy is an ideal type of formal organization Ideal doesn’t mean “best” in its sociological usage; it refers to a general model that describes a collection of characteristics, or a type that could describe most examples of the item under discussion For example, if your professor were to tell the class to picture a car in their minds, most students will picture a car that shares a set of characteristics: four wheels, a windshield, and so on Everyone’s car will be somewhat different, however Some might picture a two-door sports car while others picture an SUV The general idea of the car that everyone shares is the ideal type We will discuss bureaucracies as an ideal type of organization Types of Formal Organizations 1/9 Formal Organizations Girl Scout troops and correctional facilities are both formal organizations (Photo (a) courtesy of moonlightbulb/flickr; Photo (b) courtesy of CxOxS/flickr) Sociologist Amitai Etzioni (1975) posited that formal organizations fall into three categories Normative organizations, also called voluntary organizations, are based on shared interests As the name suggests, joining them is voluntary and typically done because people find membership rewarding in an intangible way The Audubon Society or a ski club are examples of normative organizations Coercive organizations are groups that one must be coerced, or pushed, to join These may include prison or a rehabilitation center Goffman states that most coercive organizations are total institutions (1961) A total institution refers to one in which inmates live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization takes place The third type is utilitarian organizations, which, as the name suggests, are joined because of the need for a specific material reward High school or a workplace would fall into this category—one joined in pursuit of a diploma, the other in order to make money Table of Formal OrganizationsThis table shows Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations (Table courtesy of Etzioni 1975) Normative or Voluntary Coercive Utilitarian Benefit of Membership Intangible benefit Corrective benefit Tangible benefit Type of Membership Volunteer basis Required Contractual basis Feeling of Connectedness Shared affinity No affinity Some affinity Bureaucracies Bureaucracies are an ideal type of formal organization Pioneer sociologist Max Weber popularly characterized a bureaucracy as having a hierarchy of authority, a clear division 2/9 Formal Organizations of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality (1922) People often complain about bureaucracies––declaring them slow, rule-bound, difficult to navigate, and unfriendly Let’s take a look at terms that define a bureaucracy to understand what they mean Hierarchy of authority refers to the aspect of bureaucracy that places one individual or office in charge of another, who in turn must answer to her own superiors For example, as an employee at Walmart, your shift manager assigns you tasks Your shift manager answers to his store manager, who must answer to her regional manager, and so on in a chain of command, up to the CEO who must answer to the board members, who in turn answer to the stockholders Everyone in this bureaucracy follows the chain of command A clear division of labor refers to the fact that within a bureaucracy, each individual has a specialized task to perform For example, psychology professors teach psychology, but they not attempt to provide students with financial aid forms In this case, it is a clear and commonsense division But what about in a restaurant where food is backed up in the kitchen and a hostess is standing nearby texting on her phone? Her job is to seat customers, not to deliver food Is this a smart division of labor? The existence of explicit rules refers to the way in which rules are outlined, written down, and standardized For example, at your college or university, the student guidelines are contained within the Student Handbook As technology changes and campuses encounter new concerns like cyberbullying, identity theft, and other hotbutton issues, organizations are scrambling to ensure their explicit rules cover these emerging topics Finally, bureaucracies are also characterized by impersonality, which takes personal feelings out of professional situations This characteristic grew, to some extent, out of a desire to protect organizations from nepotism, backroom deals, and other types of favoritism, simultaneously protecting customers and others served by the organization Impersonality is an attempt by large formal organizations to protect their members However, ...TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS . i LIST OF FIGURES i LIST OF TABLES . i CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Rationale of the study . 1 1.2. Objectives of the study . 1 1.3. Scope of the study 2 1.4. Methodology of the study . 2 1.5. Structure of the study 3 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4 2.1. The communication process . 4 2.2. Communication types . 6 2.2.1. Verbal communication . 6 2.2.2. Non-verbal communication 6 2.3. Communication forms 10 2.3.1. Written communication . 10 2.3.2. Oral communication 11 2.3.3. Visual communication . 11 2.4. Communication styles 11 2.4.1. Aggressive communication 12 2.4.2. Passive communication 12 2.4.3. Passive-aggressive communication 13 2.4.4. Assertive communication . 13 2.5. Principles of effective communication THE 28 TH CONFERENCE OF THE FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS CAFEO 28, HANOI VIETNAM, 30 TH NOV. - 2 ND DEC., 2010 TITLE: AUTHOR(S)’ NAME(S): Ir. Ellias Saidin 2 , Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Atan 1 , Rosadibah Mohd Towell 1 and Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Aminuddin Baki 1* ORGANIZATION & DESIGNATION: 1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia 2. Perunding Ikatan, Malaysia ADDRESS: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, MALAYSIA TEL: +603 55436179 FAX: +603 55435275 EMAIL: aminbaki2@gmail.com Requirements: 1. The report is obliged to have above information 2. The report should not be longer than 10 pages (A4 size); if longer then an executive summary of the paper is required. 3. Font: Times New Roman, Single line, 4. Font size: 12 Rainwater Harvesting as an Alternative Water Resources with Potential Flood Reduction CAFEO28 2 RAINWATER HARVESTING AS AN ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCES WITH POTENTIAL FLOOD REDUCTION Ellias, S. 1 , Atan, I. 2 , Mohd Towell, R. 2 and Baki, A. 2* 1. Perunding Ikatan, Malaysia 2. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam * Corresponding author: aminbaki2@gmail.com ABSTRACT In any building, there are demands for water, for various usages: domestic use, commercial use, industrial use and fire protection use. Ability to be close to being self-sufficient on water resources would render the building to be sustainable in terms of water resources. In order to be self-sufficient, alternative water resources should be utilised instead of relying on public water supply. One of the alternative is rainwater harvesting. Rainwater has the quality to be used for various purposes including cleaning, toilet flushing and gardening, which can be up to 38% of total water consumption. If rainwater harvesting can be implemented in significant number of buildings the demand for treated public water supply will only be limited to drinking water and direct contact usage, such as showers and cooking. This will reduce the demand for public water supply and the development can become sustainable in terms of water resources. Another added benefit of rainwater harvesting is the potential reduction in flood peaks. If rain that fell on the roof can be captured for rainwater harvesting purposes, then significant quantities of rain water will not reach the waterways. This will reduce the runoff generated from the rainfall. KEYWORDS: Flood reduction, Rainwater harvesting, Water resources 1.0.   1 THE 28 TH CONFERENCE OF THE FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS CAFEO 28 HANOI VIETNAM, 30 TH NOV. - 2 ND DEC., 2010 TITLE: PALM FRONDS CEMENT-BONDED BLOCKS (PFCBB) (Please see separate sheet for the photo) AUTHOR(S)’ NAME(S): Engr. Rodolfo B. Solomon Engr. Mary Lynn G. Magbanua ORGANIZATION & DESIGNATION: Faculty Members, Sultan Kudarat State University – Isulan Campus, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines ADDRESS: SKSU-Isulan Campus, Isulan, Sultan KUdarat TEL: 064-201-3878 FAX: 064-200-4261 EMAIL: rudybsolomon@yahoo.com marylynnmagbanua@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Oil Palm Industry in the Philippines has been considered as one of the dollar earning commodity. In Sultan Kudarat Province alone, the area planted with palm is 9,195.56 hectare and still increasing by about 3,000 hectares per year. Palms are usually pruned every 15 days and the pruned fronds are usually used for “kalakat” and sometimes are burned or left in plantations to rot. The use of chipped fronds as a sand substitute in the fabrication of palm fronds residue hollow concrete unit would be very beneficial in reducing harmful environmental effects and financial cost. The volumetric ratio for all the treatments of this unit was (1:3:4) or one part cement, three parts sand and four parts chipped palm fronds with three replicates produced for testing. It was found out that palm fronds indicated compatibility with Portland cement and their compressive strengths were comparable and passed the prescribed standards set by the ASTM for non-load bearing blocks. I. Rationale Studies on cement bonded-board (CBB), a panel product made up of wood and non wood lignocellulosic fibrous materials and a general purpose Portland cement were already researched for the past years. . A very typical type of CBB is the wood wool cement board (WWCB). As the name implies, it is made of shredded wood that are held together by a cement to form a board.   2 A number of wood species that were found to be suitable for WWCB manufacture are kaatoan bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis), antipolo (Artocarpus communis), yemane (Gmelina arborea), giant ipl-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), binuang (Octomeles Sumatra) and many more 6) . The suitability of some Philippine grown Australian introduced species like acacias and eucalyptus for WWCB have been reported and contributed significantly in determining their technically viable for board manufacture 1-4) . Expansion of raw material base is a continuing process in the development of composite panels. Available lignocellulosic fibrous materials that have the potential of being a component for WWCB have to be considered. In WWCB technology however, board properties vary depending on the wood species used and its subsequent effects   1 THE 28 TH CONFERENCE OF THE FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS CAFEO 28 HANOI VIETNAM, 30 TH NOV. - 2 ND DEC., 2010 TITLE: Planning for coastal road using tide resistance  cement & concrete YOUR PHOTO (or you can attach a separate file for photo) AUTHOR(S)’ NAME(S): — Ly Huy Tuan, Director – Transport Development and Strategy Institute (TDSI) - Ministry of Transport — Vu Hoang Giang – Deputy Chief of Transport Strategy – Planning Department, TDSI — Nguyen Thanh Sang – Material Department, Communication and Transport University, Ha Noi ORGANIZATION & DESIGNATION: Transport Development and Strategy Institute - Ministry of Transport ADDRESS: 162 Tran Quang Khai street, Ha Noi TEL: +844. 39351524 FAX: +844.3.9344069 EMAIL: Vugiang_bg@yahoo.com   2 Technology and technique for a better life can cope with climate change Topic: Planning for coastal road using tide resistance cement &  concrete  Background Currently, Vietnam as well as other countries around the world are faced with changes of climate phenomena, such as global warming, melting ice, rising sea levels, .; the climate change is much bad causes to the general activities of man. The characteristics of Vietnam's long coastline, the coastal road system has an important role in the economic and social development, national defense - national security. Ensuring the sustainable development of coastal road system before the change of climate, sea level rise is an urgent problem and deserve attention. Solution: the current of the coastal road system (direction, structure, technology use, ), the problem must be solved. 1. Viet nam in general view 1.1. Geography Condition Vietnam located in the Indochina Peninsula, belongs to South East Asia. Vietnam's territory runs along the east - coast of the peninsula. Vietnam has borders with China (1281 km), Laos (2130 km) and Cambodia (1228 km) and 3444 km long coastline bordering the Bac Bo gulf, South Sea and Thailand Gulf. Vietnam has an area of 331,212 km ², including approximately 327,480 km ² land and more than 4200 km ² sea inland, with more than 2800 islands, reefs - big and small, near and offshore, including the Truong Sa and Hoang Sa, which belongs to Vietnam, is internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Vietnam’s Government is determined almost three times the interior area of over 1 million square kilometers. Vietnam’s terrain is very diverse as natural areas like the North West, North East, Highlands is full of hills and mountain forests, while the flat land covering about les than 20%. About 40% of mountains, 40% of hill, and its coverring is about 75%. The plains as .. .Formal Organizations Girl Scout troops and correctional facilities are both formal organizations (Photo (a) courtesy of moonlightbulb/flickr;... CxOxS/flickr) Sociologist Amitai Etzioni (1975) posited that formal organizations fall into three categories Normative organizations, also called voluntary organizations, are based on shared interests As... pursuit of a diploma, the other in order to make money Table of Formal OrganizationsThis table shows Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations (Table courtesy of Etzioni 1975) Normative or Voluntary