Anatomical Terminology

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Application Server (AS) - A logical entity serving a specific RoutingKey. An example of an Application Server is a virtual switch elementhandling all call processing for a unique range of PSTN trunks,identified by an SS7 SIO/DPC/OPC/CIC_range. Another example is avirtual database element, handling all HLR transactions for aparticular SS7 DPC/OPC/SCCP_SSN combination. The AS contains a setof one or more unique Application Server Processes, of which one ormore is normally actively processing traffic. Note that there is a1:1 relationship between an AS and a Routing Key.Application Server Process (ASP) - A process instance of anApplication Server. An Application Server Process serves as an activeor backup process of an Application Server (e.g., part of adistributed virtual switch or database). Examples of ASPs areprocesses (or process instances) of MGCs, IP SCPs or IP HLRs. An ASPcontains an SCTP endpoint and may be configured to process signallingtraffic within more than one Application Server.Association - An association refers to an SCTP association. Theassociation provides the transport for the delivery of MTP3-Userprotocol data units and M3UA adaptation layer peer messages.IP Server Process (IPSP) - A process instance of an IP-basedapplication. An IPSP is essentially the same as an ASP, except thatit uses M3UA in a point-to-point fashion. Conceptually, an IPSP doesnot use the services of a Signalling Gateway node.Failover - The capability to reroute signalling traffic as requiredto an alternate Application Server Process, or group of ASPs, withinan Application Server in the event of failure or unavailability of acurrently used Application Server Process. Failover also appliesupon the return to service of a previously unavailable ApplicationServer Process.Host - The computing platform that the process (SGP, ASP or IPSP) isrunning on.Layer Management - Layer Management is a nodal function that handlesthe inputs and outputs between the M3UA layer and a local managemententity.Linkset - A number of signalling links that directly interconnect twosignalling points, which are used as a module.MTP - The Message Transfer Part of the SS7 protocol.MTP3 - MTP Level 3, the signalling network layer of SS7MTP3-User - Any protocol normally using the services of the SS7 MTP3(e.g., ISUP, SCCP, TUP, etc.).Network Appearance - The Network Appearance is a M3UA local referenceshared by SG and AS (typically an integer) that together with anSignaling Point Code uniquely identifies an SS7 node by indicatingthe specific SS7 network it belongs to. It can be used to distinguishbetween signalling traffic associated with different networks beingsent between the SG and the ASP over a common SCTP association. Anexample scenario is where an SG appears as an element in multipleseparate national SS7 networks and the same Signaling Point Codevalue may be reused in different networks.Network Byte Order: Most significant byte first, a.k.a Big Endian.Routing Key: A Routing Key describes a set of SS7 parameters andparameter values that uniquely define the range of signalling trafficto be handled by a particular Application Server. Parameters withinthe Routing Key cannot extend across more than a single SignallingPoint Management Cluster.Routing Context - A value that uniquely identifies a Routing Key.Routing Context values are either configured using a configurationmanagement interface, or by using the routing key managementprocedures defined in this document.Signalling Gateway Process (SGP) - A process instance of a SignallingGateway. It serves as an active, backup, load-sharing or broadcast1 process of a Signalling Gateway.Signalling Gateway - An SG is a signaling agent that receives/sendsSCN native signaling at the edge of the IP network [11]. An SGappears to the SS7 network as an SS7 Signalling Point. An SGcontains a set of one or more unique Signalling Gateway Processes, ofwhich one or more is normally actively processing traffic. Where anSG contains more than Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Terminology Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Anatomists and health care providers use terminology that can be bewildering to the uninitiated However, the purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision and reduce medical errors For example, is a scar “above the wrist” located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand? Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words does not change Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix “hyper-” means “high” or “over,” and the root word “tension” refers to pressure, so the word “hypertension” refers to abnormally high blood pressure Anatomical Position To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the top, the standard body “map,” or anatomical position, is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward as illustrated in [link] Using this standard position reduces confusion It does not matter how the body being described is oriented, the terms are used as if it is in anatomical position For example, a scar in the “anterior (front) carpal (wrist) region” would be present on the palm side of the wrist The term “anterior” would be used even if the hand were palm down on a table 1/10 Anatomical Terminology Regions of the Human Body The human body is shown in anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior view The regions of the body are labeled in boldface A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine Prone describes a facedown orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures Regional Terms The human body’s numerous regions have specific terms to help increase precision (see [link]) Notice that the term “brachium” or “arm” is reserved for the “upper arm” and “antebrachium” or “forearm” is used rather than “lower arm.” Similarly, “femur” or “thigh” is correct, and “leg” or “crus” is reserved for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle You will be able to describe the body’s regions using the terms from the figure 2/10 Anatomical Terminology Directional Terms Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook ([link]) These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as “inferior to” another or a physician might describe a tumor as “superficial to” a deeper body structure Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts • Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body The toes are anterior to the foot • Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body The popliteus is posterior to the patella • Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper The orbits are superior to the oris • Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column) The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen • Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits • Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body The hallux is the medial toe • Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium • Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body The crus is distal to the femur • Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body The skin is superficial to the bones • Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body The brain is deep to the skull 3/10 Anatomical Terminology Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body Body Planes A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain “virtual sections” of living bodies We call these scans Body ...GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology,and Implementation GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology,and ImplementationGunnar HeineArtech HouseBoston • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHeine, Gunnar.[GSM—Signalisierung verstehen und praktisch anwenden. English]GSM networks : protocols, terminology, and implementation / Gunnar Heinep. cm. — (Artech House mobile communications library)Translation of: GSM—Signalisierung verstehen und praktisch anwenden.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-89006-471-7 (alk. paper)1. Global system for mobile communications. I. Title.TK5103.483.H4513 1998621.3845’6—dc21 98-51784CIPBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataHeine, GunnarGSM networks : protocols, terminology, and implementation—(Artech House mobile communications library)1. Global system for mobile communicationsI. Title621.3’8456ISBN 0-89006-471-7Cover design by Lynda Fishbourne© 1998 Franzis’ Verlag GmbHTranslated from GSM - Signalisierung verstehen und praktisch anwenden(Franzis’ Verlag 1998)English translation version:© 1999 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.685 Canton StreetNorwood, MA 02062All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this bookmay be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permis-sion in writing from the publisher.All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks havebeen appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information.Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark orservice mark.International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-471-7Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-5178410987654321 Contents1Introduction 11.1About This Book 11.2Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 21.2.1The System Architecture of GSM:A Network of Cells 31.2.2An Overview on the GSM Subsystems 41.3The Focus of This Book 71.4Signaling 81.4.1What is Signaling? 81.4.2How is Signaling Performed? 81.4.3What is Signaling Used For? 101.5Representation of Messages 102The Mobile Station and the Subscriber IdentityModule 132.1Subscriber Identity Module 132.1.1The SIM as a Database 152.1.2Advantage for the Subscriber 152.2Mobile Station 172.2.1Types of Mobile Stations 17v 2.2.2Functionality 172.2.3Mobile Stations as Test Equipment 183The Base Station Subsystem 193.1Base Transceiver Station 193.1.1Architecture and Functionality of a Base TransceiverStation 203.1.2Base Transceiver Station Configurations 223.2Base Station Controller 253.2.1Architecture and Tasks of the Base StationController 263.3Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit 283.3.1Function of the Transcoding Rate andAdaptation Unit 283.3.2Site Selection for Transcoding Rate andAdaptation Unit 283.3.3Relationship Between the Transcoding Rate,Adaptation Unit, and Base Station Subsystem 294The Network Switching Subsystem 314.1Home Location Register and AuthenticationCenter 324.2Visitor Location Register 334.3The Mobile-Services Switching Center 344.3.1Gateway MSC 364.3.2The Relationship Between MSC and VLR 364.4Equipment Identity Register 375The OSI Reference Model 395.1Reasons for Standardization 395.2Layering in the OSI Reference Model 405.3Data Types of the OSI Reference Model 415.4Information Processing in the OSI ReferenceModel 42viGSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation 5.5Advantages of the OSI Reference Model 425.6The Seven Layers of the OSI Reference Model 435.6.1Layer 1: The Physical Layer 435.6.2Layer 2: The Data Link Layer GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology,and Implementation GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology,and ImplementationGunnar HeineArtech HouseBoston • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHeine, Gunnar.[GSM—Signalisierung verstehen und praktisch anwenden. English]GSM networks : protocols, terminology, and implementation / Gunnar Heinep. cm. — (Artech House mobile communications library)Translation of: GSM—Signalisierung verstehen und praktisch anwenden.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-89006-471-7 (alk. paper)1. Global system for mobile communications. I. Title.TK5103.483.H4513 1998621.3845’6—dc21 98-51784CIPBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataHeine, GunnarGSM networks : protocols, terminology, and implementation—(Artech House mobile communications library)1. Global system for mobile communicationsI. Title621.3’8456ISBN 0-89006-471-7Cover design by Lynda Fishbourne© 1998 Franzis’ Verlag GmbHTranslated from GSM - Signalisierung verstehen und praktisch anwenden(Franzis’ Verlag 1998)English translation version:© 1999 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.685 Canton StreetNorwood, MA 02062All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this bookmay be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permis-sion in writing from the publisher.All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks havebeen appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information.Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark orservice mark.International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-471-7Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-5178410987654321 Contents1Introduction 11.1About This Book 11.2Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 21.2.1The System Architecture of GSM:A Network of Cells 31.2.2An Overview on the GSM Subsystems 41.3The Focus of This Book 71.4Signaling 81.4.1What is Signaling? 81.4.2How is Signaling Performed? 81.4.3What is Signaling Used For? 101.5Representation of Messages 102The Mobile Station and the Subscriber IdentityModule 132.1Subscriber Identity Module 132.1.1The SIM as a Database 152.1.2Advantage for the Subscriber 152.2Mobile Station 172.2.1Types of Mobile Stations 17v 2.2.2Functionality 172.2.3Mobile Stations as Test Equipment 183The Base Station Subsystem 193.1Base Transceiver Station 193.1.1Architecture and Functionality of a Base TransceiverStation 203.1.2Base Transceiver Station Configurations 223.2Base Station Controller 253.2.1Architecture and Tasks of the Base StationController 263.3Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit 283.3.1Function of the Transcoding Rate andAdaptation Unit 283.3.2Site Selection for Transcoding Rate andAdaptation Unit 283.3.3Relationship Between the Transcoding Rate,Adaptation Unit, and Base Station Subsystem 294The Network Switching Subsystem 314.1Home Location Register and AuthenticationCenter 324.2Visitor Location Register 334.3The Mobile-Services Switching Center 344.3.1Gateway MSC 364.3.2The Relationship Between MSC and VLR 364.4Equipment Identity Register 375The OSI Reference Model 395.1Reasons for Standardization 395.2Layering in the OSI Reference Model 405.3Data Types of the OSI Reference Model 415.4Information Processing in the OSI ReferenceModel 42viGSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation 5.5Advantages of the OSI Reference Model 425.6The Seven Layers of the OSI Reference Model 435.6.1Layer 1: The Physical Layer 435.6.2Layer 2: The Data Link Layer 435.6.3Layer 3: The Network Layer 445.6.4Layer 4: The Transport Layer 445.6.5Layer 5: The Session Layer 455.6.6Layer 6: The Presentation Layer 455.6.7Layer 7: The Application Layer 465.7Comprehension Issues 1373 100° 672 212°273 0° 492 32°0 -273° 0 -460°°C = 5/9 (°F - 32 )°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32K = 273 +°CR = 460 + °FKelvin & Rankine are Kelvin & Rankine are absolute scalesabsolute scalesBOILING POINT OF WATERICE POINTABSOLUTE ZEROkELVIN CELSIUS RANKINE FAHRENHEITTemperatureTemperatureterminologyterminologyTemperature Measurement ScalesTemperature Measurement Scales 2TemperatureTemperatureMeasurement Measurement TechnologyTechnologyMETALS change in VOLUME in response to change in TEMPERATURE & DISSIMILAR METAL STRIPS having different COEFFICIENT of VOLUME CHANGE.Example: Bimetallic ThermometerThermocouple (discussed later)Bimetallic ThermometerThe degree of deflection of 2 dissimilar metals is proportional to the change in temperature.One end of the spiral (wounded from a long strip of material) isimmersed in the process fluid and the other end attached to a pointer. 3Example: Vapour Pressure ThermometerA bulb connected to a small bore capillary which is connected to an indicating device.Indicating device consist of a spiral bourdon gauge attached to a pointer.The bulb is filled with a volatile liquid and the entire mechanism is gas tight and filled with gas or liquid under pressure.Basically the system converts pressure at constant volume to a mechanical movement.Temperature Measurement Temperature Measurement TechnologyTechnologyExpansion & Contraction of FILLED THERMAL FLUIDS 4Example: Quartz Crystal ThermometersQuartz crystal hermetically sealed in a stainless steel cylinder, similar to a thermocouple or RTD sheath but , larger.Quartz crystal converts temperature into a frequency.They provide good accuracy and response time with excellent stability.Hence, this technology is expensive.Temperature Measurement Temperature Measurement TechnologyTechnologyChange in RESONANT FREQUENCY of crystal in response to change in TEMPERATURE 5Example: Radiation PyrometryInfers temperature by collecting thermal radiation from process and focusing it on a photon detector sensor.The sensor produces and output signal as radiant energy striking it releases electrical charges.Temperature Measurement Temperature Measurement TechnologyTechnologyCollection of THERMAL RADIATION from an object subjected to HEAT 6Example: ThermistorsRTD (discussed later)ThermistorsSemi-conductors made from specific mixtures of pure oxides of nickel, manganese, copper, cobalt, and other metals sintered at very high temperature.Used with Wheatstone Bridge which amplifies small change in resistance - in a simple circuit with a battery and a micro-ammeter.• Stability -• Linearity -• Slope of Output -Temperature Measurement Temperature Measurement TechnologyTechnologyChange in RESISTANCE with response to change in TEMPERATUREModeratePoor (Logarithmic)Negative 7Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsRTDsRTDsWhat is an RTD ?––RResistanceTTemperature DDetectorPlatinumresistance changes with temperatureRosemount’s Series 78, 88Rosemount’s Series 68, 58Series 65Two common types of RTD elements:Wire-wound sensing elementThin-film sensing element» Operation depends on inherent characteristic of metal (Platinum usually): electrical resistance to current flow changes when a metal undergoes a change in temperature.» If we can measure the resistance in the metal, we know the temperature! 8Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsRTDsRTDsHow does a RTD works?– Resistance changes are Repeatable– The resistance changes of the platinum wiring can be approximated by an ideal curve -- the IEC 751050100150200250300350-200 0 200 400 600 800Resistance (Ohms)Temperature (oC)oC Ohms0 100.0010 103.9020 107.7930 111.67International Resistance vs. Temperature Chart:IEC 751IEC751IEC 751 Constants are :- A = 0.0039083, B = - 5.775 x 10 -7,If t>=0°C, Int. J. Med. Sci. 2004 1: 170-180 170 International Journal of Medical Sciences ISSN 1449-1907 www.medsci.org 2004 1(3):170-180 ©2004 Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved A review of anatomical and mechanical factors affecting vertebral body integrity Review Received: 2004.07.01 Accepted: 2004.09.27 Published:2004.10.12 Andrew M Briggs1 2, Alison M Greig1, John D Wark2, Nicola L Fazzalari3, Kim L Bennell1 1. Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, School of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Australia. 2. Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia. 3. Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, South Australia. AAbbssttrraacctt Background: The aetiology of osteoporotic vertebral fracture is multifactorial and may be conceptualised using a systems framework. Previous studies have established several correlates of vertebral fracture including reduced vertebral cross-sectional area, weakness in back extensor muscles, reduced bone mineral density, increasing age, worsening kyphosis and recent vertebral fracture. Alterations in these physical characteristics may influence biomechanical loads and neuromuscular control of the trunk and contribute to changes in subregional bone mineral density of the vertebral bodies. Methods: This review discusses factors that have received less attention in the literature, which may contribute to the development of vertebral fracture. A literature review was conducted using electronic databases including Medline, Cinahl and ISI Web of Science to examine the potential contribution of trabecular architecture, subregional bone mineral density, vertebral geometry, muscle force, muscle strength, neuromuscular control and intervertebral disc integrity to the aetiology of osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Interpretation: A better understanding of factors such as biomechanical loading and neuromuscular control of the trunk may help to explain the high incidence of subsequent vertebral fracture after sustaining an initial vertebral fracture. Consideration of these issues may be important in the development of prevention and management strategies. KKeeyy wwoorrddss osteoporosis, vertebral fracture, bone density, spinal biomechanics, neuromuscular control AAuutthhoorr bbiiooggrraapphhyy Andrew M Briggs (BSc) is a PhD candidate at the School of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Australia. He is investigating lumbar spine bone mineral density, thoracic vertebral loading and paraspinal muscle activity in individuals with osteoporosis. Alison M Greig (BHk, BSc) is a PhD candidate at the School of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Australia. She is investigating neuromuscular control characteristics of the trunk in individuals with osteoporosis. John D Wark (PhD), Professor of Medicine, Endocrinologist, is Head of the Bone and Mineral Service at Royal Melbourne Hospital and Broadmeadows Osteoporosis Centre. He leads a team of researchers investigating bone health, quality and structure changes with related to genetics, exercise, maturation and pharmacotherapies. Nicola L Fazzalari (PhD) is Associate Professor, Head of Bone and Joint Research Laboratory and Chief Medical Scientist (Division of Tissue Pathology) at the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, South Australia. Associate Professor Fazzalari is recognised for his studies of bone architecture and bone quality. His work is .. .Anatomical Terminology Regions of the Human Body The human body is shown in anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior... describe the body’s regions using the terms from the figure 2/10 Anatomical Terminology Directional Terms Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook... abdominopelvic organs (peritoneal serosa) 8/10 Anatomical Terminology Review Chapter What is the position of the body when it is in the “normal anatomical position?” The person is prone with