Aquatic and Marine Biomes

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Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 6, No.1, 2008 - 55 - Release of anti-cyanobacterial allelochemicals from aquatic and terrestrial plants applicable for artificial floating islands S. Nakai*, G. Zou**, X. Song**, Q. Pan**, S. Zhou*** and M. Hosomi*** * Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi- Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan ** Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai 201106,China *** Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan ABSTRACT Certain aquatic and/or terrestrial plants have been used as artificial floating island systems in water pollution control. This research was carried out to confirm the release of anti- cyanobacterial allelochemicals from aquatic and terrestrial plants suitable for artificial floating island systems. A series of cyanobacterial assays using the culture solution extracts of umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius) and Canna (Canna generalis) demonstrated the release of anti- cyanobacterial allelochemicals. GC/MS analysis of the solid extract of C. alternifolius culture solution indicated the existence of 9 phenolic compounds [resorcinol, 3-hydroxy benzoic acid, 4- hydroxy benzoic acid, (4-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, p- coumaric acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid], and 4 carboxylic compounds (azelaic acid, butanedioic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and malic acid) in which anti-cyanobacterial compounds were involved. Keywords: Allelopathy, Canna, carboxylic comp., cyanobacteria, growth inhibition, phenolic comp., umbrella plant. INTRODUCTION In eutrophicated ponds, lakes and dams, occurring cyanobacterial blooms have resulted in serious problems in regard to the effective utilization of water resources, such as fisheries and water-supply reservoirs. In order to avoid the occurrence of blooms by improving water quality, the reduction in nutrient loading is a practical method; however its effectiveness is limited due to the difficulty in controlling non-point sources and/or direct nutrient loading, such as fertilizing soils to maintain vegetation in approximate areas and/or fisheries. Therefore, artificial floating islands with vegetation have been a focus as a means of removing nutrients, and restoring the aquatic ecosystems. The artificial floating islands with vegetation have been applied to many lakes, ponds, and dams (Hoeger, 1988; Nakamura and Shimatani, 1997; Nakamura and Shimatani, 1999; Hayashi et al., 2003, Hirose et al., 2003), and the resultant removal of nutrients such as total nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as reduction in cyanobacterial biomass have been confirmed (Nakamura and Shimatani, 1997; Hayashi et al., 2003). Although light interception and/or nutrients removal causes suppression of cyanobacterial growth (Nakamura and Shimatani, 1999), an improvement of the zooplankton community Address correspondence to Satoshi Nakai, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Email: sn4247621@hiroshima-u.ac.jp Received February 23, 2008, Accepted April 18, 2008. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 6, No.1, 2008 - 56 - (Hayashi et al., 2003) and allelopathy (Nakamura and Shimatani, 1999) are also possible causes. Allelopathy is defined as any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants and other organisms that Aquatic and Marine Biomes Aquatic and Marine Biomes Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Like terrestrial biomes, aquatic biomes are influenced by abiotic factors In the case of aquatic biomes the abiotic factors include light, temperature, flow regime, and dissolved solids The aquatic medium—water— has different physical and chemical properties than air Even if the water in a pond or other body of water is perfectly clear (there are no suspended particles), water, on its own, absorbs light As one descends deep enough into a body of water, eventually there will be a depth at which the sunlight cannot reach While there are some abiotic and biotic factors in a terrestrial ecosystem that shade light (like fog, dust, or insect swarms), these are not usually permanent features of the environment The importance of light in aquatic biomes is central to the communities of organisms found in both freshwater and marine ecosystems because it controls productivity through photosynthesis In addition to light, solar radiation warms bodies of water and many exhibit distinct layers of water at differing temperatures The water temperature affects the organisms’ rates of growth and the amount of dissolved oxygen available for respiration The movement of water is also important in many aquatic biomes In rivers, the organisms must obviously be adapted to the constant movement of the water around them, but even in larger bodies of water such as the oceans, regular currents and tides impact availability of nutrients, food resources, and the presence of the water itself Finally, all natural water contains dissolved solids, or salts Fresh water contains low levels of such dissolved substances because the water is rapidly recycled through evaporation and precipitation The oceans have a relatively constant high salt content Aquatic habitats at the interface of marine and freshwater ecosystems have complex and variable salt environments that range between freshwater and marine levels These are known as brackish water environments Lakes located in closed drainage basins concentrate salt in their waters and can have extremely high salt content that only a few and highly specialized species are able to inhabit Marine Biomes The ocean is a continuous body of salt water that is relatively uniform in chemical composition It is a weak solution of mineral salts and decayed biological matter Within 1/13 Aquatic and Marine Biomes the ocean, coral reefs are a second type of marine biome Estuaries, coastal areas where salt water and fresh water mix, form a third unique marine biome The ocean is categorized by several zones ([link]) All of the ocean’s open water is referred to as the pelagic realm (or zone) The benthic realm (or zone) extends along the ocean bottom from the shoreline to the deepest parts of the ocean floor From the surface to the bottom or the limit to which photosynthesis occurs is the photic zone (approximately 200 m or 650 ft) At depths greater than 200 m, light cannot penetrate; thus, this is referred to as the aphotic zone The majority of the ocean is aphotic and lacks sufficient light for photosynthesis The deepest part of the ocean, the Challenger Deep (in the Mariana Trench, located in the western Pacific Ocean), is about 11,000 m (about 6.8 mi) deep To give some perspective on the depth of this trench, the ocean is, on average, 4267 m or 14,000 ft deep Ocean The physical diversity of the ocean has a significant influence on the diversity of organisms that live within it The ocean is categorized into different zones based on how far light reaches into the water Each zone has a distinct group of species adapted to the biotic and abiotic conditions particular to that zone The intertidal zone ([link]) is the oceanic region that is closest to land With each tidal cycle, the intertidal zone alternates between being inundated with water and left high and dry Generally, most people think of this portion of the ocean as a sandy beach In some cases, the intertidal zone is indeed a sandy beach, but it can also be rocky, muddy, or dense with tangled roots in mangrove forests The intertidal zone is an extremely variable environment because of tides Organisms may be exposed to air at low tide and are underwater during high tide Therefore, living things that thrive in the intertidal zone are often adapted to being dry for long periods of time The shore of the intertidal zone is also repeatedly struck by waves and the organisms found there are adapted to withstand damage from the pounding action of the waves ([link]) The exoskeletons of shoreline crustaceans (such as the shore crab, Carcinus maenas) are tough and protect them from desiccation (drying out) and wave damage Another consequence of the pounding waves is that few algae and plants establish themselves in constantly moving sand or mud 2/13 Aquatic and Marine Biomes Sea stars, sea urchins, and mussel shells are often found in the intertidal zone, shown here in Kachemak Bay, Alaska (credit: ...[...]... Persistence — reviewing the scientific underpinnings of the use of persistence in hazard evaluation and of persistence measures as applied to metals, including the potential to use bioavailability measures in aquatic systems 2 Bioaccumulation — reviewing the soundness of current uses of bioaccumulation in hazard evaluation of metals in aquatic species and aquaticlinked food chains 3 Toxicity — reviewing toxicity... Workshop on Metals Hazard Assessment William J Adams and Peter M Chapman 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKSHOP This book is the result of discussions that took place at the Pellston Workshop on Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems The workshop, sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), was held 3–8 May, 2003, in Pensacola,... the hazard of metals as used within PBT approaches 4 Terrestrial systems — evaluating current uses of PBT measures for metals in terrestrial ecosystems, with a view to improving the approach or identifying an alternative methodology In each of these discussions, participants were urged to seek consensus, where possible, on specific technical issues of concern for assessing the hazard of metals and metal. .. during the workshop The UWM comprises an integrated approach to assessing the hazard (and risk) posed by metals and metal substances in the environment It allows for a continuum of assessments, including evaluations for classification, ranking, and screening, and can be used for both metals and organic substances 44400_C003.fm Page 11 Wednesday, November 15, 2006 9:07 AM 3 Integrated Approach for Hazard. .. of PBT criteria in the different regulatory arenas in Canada, Europe, and the United States Additional presentations highlighted the state of the science regarding the interpretation of PBT for metals These presentations provided the 1 44400_C001.fm Page 2 Wednesday, November 15, 2006 9:04 AM 2 Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances basis for subsequent plenary and workgroup discussions... around the constructs of PBT for purposes of examining strengths and weakness in each of these criteria and identifying alternatives or improvements that could be recommended for metals and metal substances Consensus was reached at the workshop that the individual PBT criteria are limited in their ability to assess hazard or to prioritize substances The criteria are not linked or integrated and they... inorganic fertilizers, and alluvial deposition Metals generally have a greater level of adverse effects on biota in aquatic systems than in terrestrial Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1994. 25:547-72 Copyright © 1994 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved GENETIC DIVERGENCE, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, AND MARINE SPECIATION Stephen R. Palumbi Department of Zoology and Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 KEY WORDS: allopatric speciation, dispersal, molecular evolution, mate recognition, gamete incompatibility Abstract In marine species, high dispersal is often associated with only mild genetic differentiation over large spatial scales. Despite this generalization, there are numerous reasons for the accumulation of genetic differences between large, semi-isolated marine populations. A suite of well-known evolutionary mech- anisms can operate within and between populations to result in genetic diver- gence, and these mechanisms may well be augmented by newly discovered genetic processes. This variety of mechanisms for genetic divergence is paralleled by great diversity in the types of reproductive isolation shown by recently diverged marine species. Differences in spawning time, mate recognition, environmental tolerance, and gamete compatibility have all been implicated in marine speei- ation events. There is substantial evidence for rapid evolution of reproductive isolation in strictly allopatrie populations (e,g. across the Isthmus of Panama). Evidence for the action of selection in increasing reproductive isolation in sympatric populations is fragmentary. Although a great deal of information is available on population genetics, reproductive isolation, and cryptic or sibling species in marine environments, the influence of particular genetic changes on reproductive isolation is poorly understood for marine (or terrestrial) taxa. For a few systems, like the co-evolu- tion of gamete recognition proteins, changes in a small number of genes may give rise to reproductive isolation. Such studies show how a focus on the physiology, ecology, or sensory biology of reproductive isolation can help uncover the 547 0066-4162/94/1120-0547505.00 Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1994.25:547-572. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Stanford University Libraries on 10/24/05. For personal use only. 548 PALUMBI genetic changes associated with speciation and can also help provide a link between the genetics of population divergence and the speciation process. INTRODUCTION The formation of species has long represented one of the most central, yet also one of the most elusive, subjects in evolutionary biology. Darwin (28) sought out the mechanisms and implications of natural selection in order to explain the origins of species. Later, both Dobzhansky (29) and Mayr (88) would speciation as a pivot around which to spin their divergent yet complementary views of the evolutionary process. They called their works Genetics and the Origin of Species and Systematics and the Origin of Species, perhaps to emphasize that they were using genetics and systematics primarily to advance understanding of the speciation process (45). As a result of these efforts, and the series of papers that developed and used the new synthesis, a basic model of speciation arose. Now termed allopatric speciation, the basic scenario is familiar to virtually all evolutionary biologists: A large, continuous population is broken up into smaller units by extrinsic barriers; genetic exchange between these separated populations ceases, and genetic divergence takes place between them; the build-up of genetic differ- ences leads to intrinsic barriers to reproduction. If the separated populations (now separate species) reconnect with one another through the breakdown the original extrinsic barriers, they National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment . Denmark Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment 2004 State and trends – technical summary NERI Technical Report, No. 579 [Blank page] National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment 2004 State and trends – technical summary NERI Technical Report, No. 579 2006 Jens Møller Andersen Susanne Boutrup Lillian van der Bijl Lars M. Svendsen Jens Bøgestrand Ruth Grant Torben L. Lauridsen Thomas Ellermann Gunni Ærtebjerg Knud Erik Nielsen Bjarne Søgaard National Environmental Research Institute Lisbeth F. Jørgensen Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Karin Dahlgren Danish Environmental Protection Agency Data sheet Title: Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment 2004 Subtitle: State and trends – technical summary Authors: J.M. Andersen 1 , S. Boutrup 1 , L. van der Bijl 1 , L.M. Svendsen 1 , J. Bøgestrand 2 , R.Grant 2 , T.L. Lauridsen 2 , T. Ellermann 3 , G. Ærtebjerg 4 , K.E. Nielsen 5 , B. Søgaard 6 , L.F. Jørgen- sen 7 , K. Dahlgren 8 . Departments: 1 Monitoring, Research and Advice Secretariat, 2 Department of Freshwater Ecology, 3 Department of Atmospheric Environment, 4 Department of Marine Ecology, 5 Departement of Terrestrial Ecology, 6 Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiver- sity, 7 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 8 Danish Environmental Protec- tion Agency Series title and no.: NERI Technical Report No. 579 Publisher: National Environmental Research Institute © Ministry of the Environment URL: http://www.dmu.dk Date of publication: May 2006 Editing completed: April 2006 Financial support: No external financial support. Please cite as: Andersen, J.M., Boutrup, S., Bijl, L. van der, Svendsen, L.M., Bøgestrand, J., Grant, R., Lauridsen, T.L., Ellermann, T., Ærtebjerg, G., Nielsen, K.E., Søgaard, B., Jørgensen, L.F. & Dahlgren, K. 2006: Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment 2004. State and trends – technical summary. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. 136 pp. – NERI Technical Report No. 579. http://technical-reports.dmu.dk. Reproduction is permitted, provided the source is explicitly acknowledged. Abstract: This report presents the 2004 results of the Danish National Monitoring and Assess- ment Programme for the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments (NOVANA). 2004 was the first year in which terrestrial nature was included in the monitoring pro- gramme. The report reviews the state of the groundwater, watercourses, lakes and marine waters and the pressures upon them and reviews the monitoring of terrestrial natural habitats and selected plants and animals. The report is based on the annual reports prepared for each subprogramme by the Topic Centres. The latter reports are mainly based on data collected and submitted by the regional authorities. Keywords: Action Plan on the Aquatic Environment, Habitats Directive, state of the environ- ment, groundwater, watercourses, lakes, marine waters, terrestrial natural habitats, special areas of conservation, atmospheric deposition, wastewater, agriculture, nitro- gen, phosphorus, pesticides, heavy metals, hazardous substances. Translation: David I Barry Layout: NERI Graphics Group, Silkeborg Cover photo: Windbreak on Lodbjerg dune heath becoming overgrown. Photo: Knud Erik Nielsen ISBN: 978-87-7772-927-0 ISSN (electronic): 1600-0048 Number of pages: 136 Internet version: The report is available only as a PDF-file from NERI’s homepage http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/fr579.pdf Supplementary notes: This report is available in Danish entitled: Vandmiljø .. .Aquatic and Marine Biomes the ocean, coral reefs are a second type of marine biome Estuaries, coastal areas where salt water and fresh water mix, form a third unique marine biome... water increases, and these animals open their shells, begin feeding, and return to aerobic respiration Freshwater Biomes Freshwater biomes include lakes, ponds, and wetlands (standing water) as... services Lakes and ponds are found in terrestrial landscapes and are therefore connected with abiotic and biotic factors influencing these terrestrial biomes Lakes and Ponds Lakes and ponds can