Introduction to Frontiers of Physics

Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. Introduction to Quality of Service Introduction to Quality of Service Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Econ_0385_02_010.ppt Keep All Graphics Inside This Box Objectives Objectives Upon completion of this module, you will be able to perform the following tasks: • Explain the significance of Quality of Service (QoS) • Describe new Quality of Service (QoS) features in Cisco IOS 12.1 • Explain which problems QoS solves The purpose of this module is to quickly survey the new Quality of Service (QoS) features in Cisco IOS 12.1 and to describe the problems they solve Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Econ_0385_02_010.ppt Keep All Graphics Inside This Box Topics Topics QoS overview New QoS features Quick look at Diff Serv framework Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Econ_0385_02_010.ppt Keep All Graphics Inside This Box Why Is QoS So Important? Why Is QoS So Important? QoS: • Allows the integration of data, voice, and video over the network • Mission-critical traffic can be prioritized over non-critical traffic –Certain business applications –Voice, SNA traffic • Can prioritize different groups of users , such as finance, sales, or suppliers The Cisco IOS QoS features enable networks to control and predictably service a variety of networked applications and traffic types. Implementing Cisco IOS QoS in your network promotes the following: • Control over resources—You control which resources (bandwidth, equipment, wide-area facilities, and so on) are being used. For example, you can limit bandwidth consumed over a backbone link by File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers or give priority to an important database access. • Tailored services—If you are an Internet Service Provider (ISP), the control and visibility provided by QoS enables you to offer carefully tailored grades of service differentiation to your customers. • Coexistence of mission-critical applications. Cisco QoS features make certain of the following: • That your WAN is used efficiently by mission-critical applications that are most important to your business. • That bandwidth and minimum delays required by time-sensitive multimedia and voice applications are available. • That other applications using the link get their fair service without interfering with mission-critical traffic. Moreover, in implementing QoS features in your network, you put in place the foundation for a future fully integrated network. http://cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios121/121cgcr/qos_c/qcdintro.htm Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Econ_0385_02_010.ppt Keep All Graphics Inside This Box Where Do We Use QoS? Where Do We Use QoS? Low bandwidth links Managing bandwidth Application service levels • Voice • Mission-critical applications IP network replacing ATM infrastructure Differentiated levels of service Internet The slide lists some of the places where QoS is being applied today. QoS is important to those using low bandwidth links, to protect voice or mission-critical traffic on those links, especially in the event of congestion. Control and protection of voice and mission-critical traffic can also be important to the customer over higher speed links. Sometimes QoS is desired because IP networking is Introduction to Frontiers of Physics Introduction to Frontiers of Physics Bởi: OpenStaxCollege This galaxy is ejecting huge jets of matter, powered by an immensely massive black hole at its center (credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/R Kraft et al.) Frontiers are exciting There is mystery, surprise, adventure, and discovery The satisfaction of finding the answer to a question is made keener by the fact that the answer always leads to a new question The picture of nature becomes more complete, 1/2 Introduction to Frontiers of Physics yet nature retains its sense of mystery and never loses its ability to awe us The view of physics is beautiful looking both backward and forward in time What marvelous patterns we have discovered How clever nature seems in its rules and connections How awesome And we continue looking ever deeper and ever further, probing the basic structure of matter, energy, space, and time and wondering about the scope of the universe, its beginnings and future You are now in a wonderful position to explore the forefronts of physics, both the new discoveries and the unanswered questions With the concepts, qualitative and quantitative, the problem-solving skills, the feeling for connections among topics, and all the rest you have mastered, you can more deeply appreciate and enjoy the brief treatments that follow Years from now you will still enjoy the quest with an insight all the greater for your efforts 2/2 An Introduction to Letters of Credit Citigroup ® Global Transaction Services [...]... bank on both sides of the transaction 5 LETTERS OF CREDIT The Language C H 2 A P T E R This chapter will familiarize you with the language used in Letters of Credit This language has evolved over many years and some of the terms are unique to Letters of Credit This section will help you understand the words which may later become a standard part of your vocabulary 8 Types of Letters of Credit All Letters. .. presentation of documents to the Confirming Bank Recognizing Letters of Credit In addition to learning the formal language of Letters of Credit, it is equally important to recognize variations in the types of instruments used The illustrations that follow resemble the standard forms used by Citibank and illustrate the distinctions among Letters of Credit Straight Letters of Credit Irrevocable Letters of Credit, ... of Credit and a typical import Letter of Credit In international trade every Commercial Letter of Credit facilitates both an import and an export since it operates on both sides of the transaction In this chapter, for ease of illustration, an export Letter of Credit refers to a Letter of Credit covering the export of goods and/or services from the U.S (payable in U.S dollars) and an import Letter of. .. undertaking to that of the Issuing Bank If an overseas bank (buyer ’s bank) issues its Irrevocable Letter of Credit and requests that Citibank, New York, add its confirmation and advise the Beneficiary, then Citibank, as Advising and Confirming Bank, could use its own form of advice and confirmation An example of Advice and Confirmation of Correspondent Illustration 2 – Revocable Letter of Credit 9 Citibank,... its bank to issue the Letter of Credit in either a revocable or irrevocable form A Revocable Letter of Credit may be amended or canceled by the Issuing Bank at any time with or without prior notice to, or agreement of, the Beneficiary An Irrevocable Letter of Credit cannot be amended or canceled without the agreement of the Issuing Bank, the Confirming Bank (if the Letter of Credit is confirmed), and... working day of our being in a position to provide our formal advice The enclosed Letter of Credit, together with any subsequent amendments thereto, and Advice of Credit must accompany all presentations made under the Letter of Credit Our examination of the documents will be in accordance with the terms of the Letter of Credit and the appropriate provisions of UCP 500 In accordance with our service standards,... (seller) While both Applicants and Beneficiaries benefit from the unique characteristics of a Letter of Credit, it is important for Applicants and Beneficiaries to recognize what a Letter of Credit is not: 1 It is not an unconditional guarantee of payment to anyone A Letter of Credit assures payment to a Beneficiary only if its terms and conditions are fulfilled through the presentation of strictly complying... type of Letter of Credit meets a different need, it is important Lecture Notes for CS 2110 Introduction to Theory of Computation Next: Forward Lecture Notes for CS 2110 Introduction to Theory of Computation Robert Daley Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 ● Forward ● Contents ● 1. Introduction ● 1.1 Preliminaries ● 1.2 Representation of Objects ● 1.3 Codings for the Natural Numbers ● 1.4 Inductive Definition and Proofs ● 2. Models of Computation ● 2.1 Memoryless Computing Devices ● 2.2 Digital Circuits ● 2.3 Propositional Logic ● 2.4 Finite Memory Devices ● 2.5 Regular Languages ● 3. Loop Programs ● 3.1 Semantics of LOOP Programs ● 3.2 Other Aspects ● 3.3 Complexity of LOOP Programs http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~daley/cs2110/notes/cs2110w.html (1 of 3) [12/23/2006 12:00:41 PM] Lecture Notes for CS 2110 Introduction to Theory of Computation ● 4. Primitive Recursive Functions ● 4.1 Primitive Recursive Expressibility ● 4.2 Equivalence between models ● 4.3 Primitive Recursive Expressibility (Revisited) ● 4.4 General Recursion ● 4.5 String Operations ● 4.6 Coding of Tuples ● 5. Diagonalization Arguments ● 6. Partial Recursive Functions ● 7. Random Access Machines ● 7.1 Parsing RAM Programs ● 7.2 Simulation of RAM Programs ● 7.3 Index Theorem ● 7.4 Other Aspects ● 7.5 Complexity of RAM Programs ● 8. Acceptable Programming Systems ● 8.1 General Computational Complexity ● 8.2 Algorithmically Unsolvable Problems ● 9. Recursively Enumerable Sets ● 10. Recursion Theorem ● 10.1 Applications of the Recursion Theorem ❍ 10.1.1 Machine Learning ❍ 10.1.2 Speed-Up Theorem ● 11. Non-Deterministic Computations ● 11.1 Complexity of Non-Deterministic Programs ● 11.2 NP-Completeness ● 11.3 Polynomial Time Reducibility ● 11.4 Finite Automata (Review) ● 11.5 PSPACE Completeness http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~daley/cs2110/notes/cs2110w.html (2 of 3) [12/23/2006 12:00:41 PM] Lecture Notes for CS 2110 Introduction to Theory of Computation ● 12. Formal Languages ● 12.1 Grammars ● 12.2 Chomsky Classification of Languages ● 12.3 Context Sensitive Languages ● 12.4 Linear Bounded Automata ● 12.5 Context Free Languages ● 12.6 Push Down Automata ● 12.7 Regular Languages ● Bibliography ● Index Next: Forward Bob Daley 2001-11-28 ©Copyright 1996 Permission is granted for personal (electronic and printed) copies of this document provided that each such copy (or portion thereof) is accompanied by this copyright notice. Copying for any commercial use including books, journals, course notes, etc., is prohibited . http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~daley/cs2110/notes/cs2110w.html (3 of 3) [12/23/2006 12:00:41 PM] Forward Next: Contents Up: Lecture Notes for CS 2110 Introduction to Theory Previous: Lecture Notes for CS 2110 Introduction to Theory Forward These notes have been compiled over the course Draft DRAFT Lecture Notes Introduction to MECHANICSofMATERIALS Fundamentals of Inelastic Analysis c  VICTOR E. SAOUMA Dept. of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0428 Draft ii Victor Saouma Mechanics of Materials II Draft iii PREFACE One of the most fundamental question that an Engineer has to ask him/herself is what is how does it deform, and when does it break. Ultimately, it its the answer to those two questions which would provide us with not only a proper safety assesment of a structure, but also how to properly design it. Ironically, botht he ACI and the AISC codes are based on limit state design, yet practically all design analyses are linear and elastic. On the other hand, the Engineer is often confronted with the task of determining the ultimate load carying capacity of a structure or to assess its progressive degradation (in the ontect of a forensic study, or the rehabilitation, or life extension of an existing structure). In those particular situations, the Engineer should be capable of going beyond the simple linear elastic analysis investigation. Whereas the Finite Element Method has proved to be a very powerful investigative tool, its proper (and correct) usage in the context of non-linear analysis requires a solid and thorough understanding of the fundamentals of Mechanics. Unfortunately, this is often forgotten as students rush into ever more advanced FEM classes without a proper solid background in Mechanics. In the humble opinion of the author, this understanding is best achieved in two stages. First, the student should be exposed to the basic principles of Continuum Mechanics. Detailed coverage of (3D) Stress, Strain, General Principles, and Constitutive Relations is essential. In here we shall go from the general to the specific. Then material models should be studied. Plasticity will provide a framework from where to determine the ultimate strength, Fracture Mechanics a framework to check both strength and stability of flawed structures, and finally Damage Mechanics will provide a framework to assess stiffness degradation under increased load. The course was originally offered to second year undergraduate Materials Science students at the Swiss Institute of Technology during the author’s sabbatical leave in French. The notes were developed with the following objectives in mind. First they must be complete and rigorous. At any time, a student should be able to trace back the development of an equation. Furthermore, by going through all the derivations, the student would understand the limitations and assumptions behind every model. Finally, the rigor adopted in the coverage of the subject should serve as an example to the students of the rigor expected from them in solving other scientific or engineering problems. This last aspect is often forgotten. The notes are broken down into a very hierarchical format. Each concept is broken down into a small section (a byte). This should not only facilitate comprehension, but also dialogue among the students or with the instructor. Whenever necessary, Mathematical preliminaries are introduced to make sure that the student is equipped with the appropriate tools. Illustrative problems are introduced whenever possible, and last but not least problem set using Mathematica is given in the Appendix. The author has no illusion as to the completeness or exactness of all these set of notes. They were entirely developed during a single academic year, and hence could greatly benefit from a thorough review. As such, corrections, criticisms and comments are welcome. Victor E. Saouma Boulder, January 2002 Victor .. .Introduction to Frontiers of Physics yet nature retains its sense of mystery and never loses its ability to awe us The view of physics is beautiful looking both... structure of matter, energy, space, and time and wondering about the scope of the universe, its beginnings and future You are now in a wonderful position to explore the forefronts of physics, ... concepts, qualitative and quantitative, the problem-solving skills, the feeling for connections among topics, and all the rest you have mastered, you can more deeply appreciate and enjoy the brief treatments