The Four Basic Forces

Part I: Introduction1 RationaleMetaphor, based on the association of similarity, is one of the two basic types of semantic transference that have been an interest for many linguistic researchers. Galperin ( 1981: 139-40) states that the term ‘metaphor’ can be understood as the transference of some quality from one object to another. Metaphor is widely used to designate the process in which a word acquires a derivative meaning.In theory, there are at least three communicative functions that metaphor might serve (Ortony 1975). First, they might allow one to express that which is difficult or impossible to express if one is restricted to literal uses of language. Evidence for this "inexpressibility" claim would constitute encouraging support for the necessity-of-metaphors view. A second possible function of metaphors is that they may constitute a particularly compact means of communication. Although conscious experience is continuous in form, the linguistic system we use to talk about it is comprised of discrete elements (lexical items). Unlike more literal forms of language, metaphor may enable us to convey a great deal of information in a succinct manner by obviating the need to isolate the predicates to be expressed into their corresponding lexical representations. Finally, metaphors may help capture the vividness of phenomenal experience. If metaphors convey chunks of information rather than discrete units, they can paint a richer and more detailed picture of our subjective experience than might be expressed by literal language. This we call the "'vividness" claim.In this paper we are interested in the first and last of these possible functions. Thus, we need to examine a discourse domain for which a prima facie case can be made for supposing that literal language will often be inadequate and which lends itself to variations in vividness. There doubtless are many such domains. The one that we selected was that of internal states, in particular, emotional states. The literature on the linguistic expression of emotions suggests a relatively high incidence of figurative language use (Davitz 1969), providing pragmatic reasons An investigation into the role of metaphor in description of emotion in poetic discourse1 for believing that the context of (linguistic) emotional expression may be a profitable one within which to study metaphor production. Emotional states seemed well-suited because they tend to have an elusive, transient quality that is difficult to describe using literal language, although, of course, they can usually be labeled using literal language. Thus, while it might be easy for a person to label an emotional state as, for example, "fear," it is difficult to provide a literal description of the quality of some particular experience of fear. Furthermore, because emotions vary in intensity, one might expect differential levels of vividness.Our thesis is entitled “ An investigation into the role of metaphor in description of emotions in English poetic disscourse” and focused on William Shakespeares’ sonnets. The choice is based on two reasons. Firstly, recent research states The Four Basic Forces The Four Basic Forces Bởi: OpenStaxCollege As first discussed in Problem-Solving Strategies and mentioned at various points in the text since then, there are only four distinct basic forces in all of nature This is a remarkably small number considering the myriad phenomena they explain Particle physics is intimately tied to these four forces Certain fundamental particles, called carrier particles, carry these forces, and all particles can be classified according to which of the four forces they feel The table given below summarizes important characteristics of the four basic forces Properties of the Four Basic Forces Force Approximate relative Range strength +/− + attractive; - Carrier particle repulsive; + /− both Gravity 10 −38 ∞ + only Graviton (conjectured) Electromagnetic 10 − ∞ +/ − Photon (observed) Weak force Strong force 10 −13 < 10 −18 m + / − W+ , W − , Z (observed Predicted by theory and first observed in 1983 ) < 10 −15 m + / − Gluons (conjectured Eight proposed—indirect evidence of existence Underlie meson exchange ) 1/4 The Four Basic Forces The first image shows the exchange of a virtual photon transmitting the electromagnetic force between charges, just as virtual pion exchange carries the strong nuclear force between nucleons The second image shows that the photon cannot be directly observed in its passage, because this would disrupt it and alter the force In this case it does not get to the other charge The Feynman diagram for the exchange of a virtual photon between two positive charges illustrates how the electromagnetic force is transmitted on a quantum mechanical scale Time is graphed vertically while the distance is graphed horizontally The two positive charges are seen to be repelled by the photon exchange Although these four forces are distinct and differ greatly from one another under all but the most extreme circumstances, we can see similarities among them (In GUTs: the Unification of Forces, we will discuss how the four forces may be different manifestations of a single unified force.) Perhaps the most important characteristic among the forces is that they are all transmitted by the exchange of a carrier particle, exactly like what Yukawa had in mind for the strong nuclear force Each carrier particle is a virtual particle—it cannot be directly observed while transmitting the force [link] shows the exchange of a virtual photon between two positive charges The photon cannot be directly observed in its passage, because this would disrupt it and alter the force 2/4 The Four Basic Forces [link] shows a way of graphing the exchange of a virtual photon between two positive charges This graph of time versus position is called a Feynman diagram, after the brilliant American physicist Richard Feynman (1918–1988) who developed it [link] is a Feynman diagram for the exchange of a virtual pion between a proton and a neutron representing the same interaction as in [link] Feynman diagrams are not only a useful tool for visualizing interactions at the quantum mechanical level, they are also used to calculate details of interactions, such as their strengths and probability of occurring Feynman was one of the theorists who developed the field of quantum electrodynamics (QED), which is the quantum mechanics of electromagnetism QED has been spectacularly successful in describing electromagnetic interactions on the submicroscopic scale Feynman was an inspiring teacher, had a colorful personality, and made a profound impact on generations of physicists He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize with Julian Schwinger and S I Tomonaga for work in QED with its deep implications for particle physics Why is it that particles called gluons are listed as the carrier particles for the strong nuclear force when, in The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited, we saw that pions apparently carry that force? The answer is that pions are exchanged but they have a substructure and, as we explore it, we find that the strong force is actually related to the indirectly observed but more fundamental gluons In fact, all the carrier particles are thought to be fundamental in the sense that they have no substructure Another similarity among carrier particles is that they are all bosons (first mentioned in Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization), having integral intrinsic spins The image shows a Feynman diagram for the exchange of a π+ between a proton and a neutron, carrying the strong nuclear force between them This diagram represents the situation shown more pictorially in [link] 3/4 The Four Basic Forces There is a relationship between the mass of the carrier particle and the range of the force The photon is massless and has energy So, the existence of (virtual) photons is possible only by virtue of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and can travel an unlimited distance Thus, the range of the electromagnetic force is infinite This is also true for gravity It is infinite in ...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOICOLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGESPOST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENTGIAP THI YENAN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE(Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang)MINOR PROGRAM THESISFIELD : MOTHODOLOGYCODE : 601410 HA NOI- 2008 i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOICOLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGESPOST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENTGIÁP THỊ YẾNAN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE (Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang)MINOR PROGRAM THESISFIELD : METHODOLOGYCODE : 601410SUPERVISOR: ĐINH HẢI YẾN, M.A ha noi - 2008ii i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the minor thesis submitted today entitled“An evaluation of the material Basic English III for the second year non-English major students at Bac Giang Teachers’ Training College”in terms of the statement of requirements for the thesdis and the field study reports in Masters’ programs is the result of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged and that this minor thesis or any part of the same had not been submitted for a higher degree to any other universities or institution.SignatureDate: August 29th, 2008i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSOn the completion of the thesis, I would like to thank the following people:I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Dinh Hai Yen, for her patient guidance, helpful suggestions, encouragement and constructive supervision in the course of writing this research. Without her help, this work would have been impossible.I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to Mr. Le Hung Tien, Head of the Department of Post- Graduate Studies, and all the professors and lecturers at College of Foreign Language (CFL), Vietnam National University (VNU) for their insightful lectures, invaluable assistance and useful guidance. I am also grateful for the valuable materials provided by Ms. Le Thu Ha- the librarian at the post- graduate studies library of CFL, VNU.I would like to take this opportunity to express my thankfulness to all of my English staff at Bac Giang Teachers’ Training College for their great help and kind cooperation in completing the questionnaires for the thesis. I wish to extend my thanks to all of my friends who have been most helpful and supportive to me during the completion of my research.Last but not least, my sincere thanks go to my parents whose love and encouragement have been equally important to my educational endeavors, especially my little son who has given me so much inspiration, energy, and support in accomplishing this challenging work.ii ABSTRACTIt is obvious that materials evaluation is one of the essential aspects of language teaching and learning. Within this regard, the thesis VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT GIAP THI YEN AN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE (Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS FIELD : MOTHODOLOGY CODE : 601410 HA NOI- 2008 i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT GIÁP THỊ YẾN AN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE (Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS FIELD : METHODOLOGY CODE : 601410 SUPERVISOR: ĐINH HẢI YẾN, M.A ha noi - 2008 ii i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the minor thesis submitted today entitled “An evaluation of the material Basic English III for the second year non-English major students at Bac Giang Teachers’ Training College” in terms of the statement of requirements for the thesdis and the field study reports in Masters’ programs is the result of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged and that this minor thesis or any part of the same had not been submitted for a higher degree to any other universities or institution. Signature Date: August 29 th , 2008 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the completion of the thesis, I would like to thank the following people: I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Dinh Hai Yen, for her patient guidance, helpful suggestions, encouragement and constructive supervision in the course of writing this research. Without her help, this work would have been impossible. I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to Mr. Le Hung Tien, Head of the Department of Post- Graduate Studies, and all the professors and lecturers at College of Foreign Language (CFL), Vietnam National VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT GIAP THI YEN AN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE (Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS FIELD : MOTHODOLOGY CODE : 601410 HA NOI- 2008 i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT GIÁP THỊ YẾN AN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE (Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS FIELD : METHODOLOGY CODE : 601410 SUPERVISOR: ĐINH HẢI YẾN, M.A ha noi - 2008 ii i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the minor thesis submitted today entitled “An evaluation of the material Basic English III for the second year non-English major students at Bac Giang Teachers’ Training College” in terms of the statement of requirements for the thesdis and the field study reports in Masters’ programs is the result of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged and that this minor thesis or any part of the same had not been submitted for a higher degree to any other universities or institution. Signature Date: August 29 th , 2008 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the completion of the thesis, I would like to thank the following people: I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Dinh Hai Yen, for her patient guidance, helpful suggestions, encouragement and constructive supervision in the course of writing this research. Without her help, this work would have been impossible. I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to Mr. Le Hung Tien, Head of the Department of Post- Graduate Studies, and all the professors and lecturers at College of Foreign Language (CFL), Vietnam National University (VNU) for their insightful lectures, invaluable assistance and useful guidance. I am also grateful for the valuable materials provided by Ms. Le Thu Ha- the librarian at the post- graduate studies library of CFL, VNU. I would like to take this opportunity DRIVING FORCES, UNCERTAINTIES, and FOUR SCENARIOS TO 2025 [...]... departments and smalland medium-size businesses and where? How will the Net generations change their approach to the Internet over time, and how activist will they be regarding government and corporate policies that affect their Internet use? 12 THE EVOLVING INTERNET DRIVING FORCES, UNCERTAINTIES, AND FOUR SCENARIOS TO 2025 example, emerge among the next 1 billion users? How about among the billion... to sketch out the implications from different angles, however, it is helpful to compare how different the Internet looks in 2025 in each of the scenarios according to two key metrics: FLUID FRONTIERS BURSTING AT THE SEAMS DEPTH THE EVOLVING INTERNET DRIVING FORCES, UNCERTAINTIES, AND FOUR SCENARIOS TO 2025 PLACING THE SCENARIOS IN PERSPECTIVE INSECURE GROWTH SHORT OF THE PROMISE Depth = Internet Traffic... INTERNET DRIVING FORCES, UNCERTAINTIES, AND FOUR SCENARIOS TO 2025 KTHROUGHS FLUID FRONTIERS In this world the Internet becomes pervasive and centrifugal Technology continues to make connectivity and devices more and more affordable while global entrepreneurship and fierce competition—ensure that the wide range of needs and demands from across the world are met quickly and from equally diverse set-ups and. .. wide-ranging motivations defy the preventive capabilities of governments and international bodies Secure alternatives emerge but they are discriminating and expensive It’s 2025, THE EVOLVING INTERNET DRIVING FORCES, UNCERTAINTIES, AND FOUR SCENARIOS TO 2025 and the dream of the Internet as the great transformer is in shambles The promise of a ubiquitous virtual platform through which an ever more globalized... diverse set-ups and locations THE EVOLVING INTERNET DRIVING FORCES, UNCERTAINTIES, AND FOUR SCENARIOS TO 2025 It’s 2025, and the Internet is ubiquitous, extending its power and impact far and wide It’s being used by 5.5 billion people now, 3.5 of them since 2010, meaning that more than two-thirds of the world’s population has newly experienced the Internet The exponential growth in Internet traffic was fueled... highest in Fluid Frontiers and lowest in Short of the Promise In Bursting at the Seams, Internet use INTERNET USE ACROSS THE SCENARIOS We have already described the differences across our scenarios in terms of their characteristics (the change drivers behind the axes of uncertainty) and in terms of their texture and feel (what it might be like to live and do business in these futures) Before proceeding to... redirected their marketing strategies online swung back toward more traditional approaches Alliances ... pictorially in [link] 3/4 The Four Basic Forces There is a relationship between the mass of the carrier particle and the range of the force The photon is massless and has energy So, the existence of (virtual)... them (In GUTs: the Unification of Forces, we will discuss how the four forces may be different manifestations of a single unified force.) Perhaps the most important characteristic among the forces. . .The Four Basic Forces The first image shows the exchange of a virtual photon transmitting the electromagnetic force between charges, just as virtual pion exchange carries the strong