Angular Momentum and Its Conservation

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CANON VIETNAM CO. LTD AND ITS MARKETINGI. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, the economy of the world grows significantly. The demands of consumers increase, all companies must satisfy them to exist. Marketing is important part of all businesses that helps them achieve success. It is large scale that includes many things, such as researching customers, promoting the products. Marketing has many ways to define and many concepts to achieve which depends on ability and target of company. Canon Inc. is a multinational corporation that specializes in the manufacture of imaging and optical products, including cameras, photocopiers, steppers and computer printers. Therefore, Canon cannot lack marketing orientation that everything focuses on needs and wants of customers. Canon operation is not harm to environment, so its marketing approach is societal marketing. All business situations or not business situations of the company observe this approach. Because of this, Canon achieved many success and become famous brand of its field in the World.The first purpose of the report is to introduce marketing orientation of Canon that affirms its operation trend, such as its organization structure or strategy. Moreover, this report analyzes Canon Vietnam marketing activities in detail to help readers have clearly view about business of Canon. Besides, it proposes projects that help Canon promote two printer lines that are SELPHY and Laser printer, to Sales Director. The method used to conduct this research is using secondary data from previous studies on course books, reference books and internet. They are reliable sources such as BPP Professional Education, Canon Vietnam and Philip Kotler author and so on. However, this report still has limitation. Firstly, it did not mention to marketing process. The second is marketing mix which is important elements of marketing is not analysed in detail. Finally, situations relate closely to products are not stated, such as total product or distribution channel, etc. Page 1 CANON VIETNAM CO. LTD AND ITS MARKETINGII. BASIC CONCEPT OF MARKETING1. What is Marketing?Nowadays, marketing is an important part in all enterprises. Market is battlefield that many companies compete with each other to have large market share. Which company has best marketing, it will win in this fight. Marketing has influence in whole process from researching to selling products. The purpose of marketing is to help companies find the best way to produce and support new products to the market by researching customers’ needs and wants to satisfy them. The following is some marketing definitions:Chartered Institute of MarketingPhilip Kotler American Marketing AssociationDefinitions Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently　and profitably.(BPP Professional Education, 2004, p8)Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others(Philip Kotler, 2000, p4)Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.(BPP Professional Education, 2004, p8)Similarity To concentrate on customer.Differences - Management process.-To focus on customer requirements efficiently　and profitably.- Social process.- Creating and exchanging products and value with others- Process of planning and executing.- Completing previous definitions, satisfying both organization and customer Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Why does Earth keep on spinning? What started it spinning to begin with? And how does an ice skater manage to spin faster and faster simply by pulling her arms in? Why does she not have to exert a torque to spin faster? Questions like these have answers based in angular momentum, the rotational analog to linear momentum By now the pattern is clear—every rotational phenomenon has a direct translational analog It seems quite reasonable, then, to define angular momentum L as L = Iω This equation is an analog to the definition of linear momentum as p = mv Units for linear momentum are kg ⋅ m/s while units for angular momentum are kg ⋅ m2/s As we would expect, an object that has a large moment of inertia I, such as Earth, has a very large angular momentum An object that has a large angular velocity ω, such as a centrifuge, also has a rather large angular momentum Making Connections Angular momentum is completely analogous to linear momentum, first presented in Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation It has the same implications in terms of carrying rotation forward, and it is conserved when the net external torque is zero Angular momentum, like linear momentum, is also a property of the atoms and subatomic particles Calculating Angular Momentum of the Earth Strategy No information is given in the statement of the problem; so we must look up pertinent data before we can calculate L = Iω First, according to [link], the formula for the moment of inertia of a sphere is 1/14 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation I= 2MR2 so that L = Iω = 2MR2ω Earth’s mass M is 5.979 × 1024 kg and its radius R is 6.376 × 106 m The Earth’s angular velocity ω is, of course, exactly one revolution per day, but we must covert ω to radians per second to the calculation in SI units Solution Substituting known information into the expression for L and converting ω to radians per second gives L = 0.4(5.979 × 1024 kg)(6.376 × 106 m) = 9.72 × 1037 kg ⋅ m2 ⋅ rev/d rev d ( ) Substituting 2π rad for rev and 8.64 × 104 s for day gives L = (1 rev/d) (9.72 × 1037 kg ⋅ m2)( 8.642π ×rad/rev 10 s/d ) = 7.07 × 1033 kg ⋅ m2/s Discussion This number is large, demonstrating that Earth, as expected, has a tremendous angular momentum The answer is approximate, because we have assumed a constant density for Earth in order to estimate its moment of inertia When you push a merry-go-round, spin a bike wheel, or open a door, you exert a torque If the torque you exert is greater than opposing torques, then the rotation accelerates, and angular momentum increases The greater the net torque, the more rapid the increase in L The relationship between torque and angular momentum is net τ = ΔL Δt This expression is exactly analogous to the relationship between force and linear momentum, F = Δp / Δt The equation net τ = ΔL Δt is very fundamental and broadly applicable It is, in fact, the rotational form of Newton’s second law 2/14 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Calculating the Torque Putting Angular Momentum Into a Lazy Susan [link] shows a Lazy Susan food tray being rotated by a person in quest of sustenance Suppose the person exerts a 2.50 N force perpendicular to the lazy Susan’s 0.260-m radius for 0.150 s (a) What is the final angular momentum of the lazy Susan if it starts from rest, assuming friction is negligible? (b) What is the final angular velocity of the lazy Susan, given that its mass is 4.00 kg and assuming its moment of inertia is that of a disk? A partygoer exerts a torque on a lazy Susan to make it rotate The equation net τ = relationship between torque and the angular momentum produced ΔL Δt gives the Strategy We can find the angular momentum by solving net τ = ΔL Δt for ΔL, and using the given information to calculate the torque The final angular momentum equals the change in angular momentum, because the lazy Susan starts from rest That is, ΔL = L To find the final velocity, we must calculate ω from the definition of L in L = Iω Solution for (a) Solving net τ = ΔL Δt for ΔL gives ΔL = (net τ)Δt Because the force is perpendicular to r, we see that net τ = rF, so that L = rFΔt = (0.260 m)(2.50 N)(0.150 s) = 9.75 × 10 − kg ⋅ m2 / s Solution for (b) The final angular velocity can be calculated from the definition of angular momentum, L = Iω 3/14 F Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Solving for ω and substituting the formula for the moment of inertia of a disk into the resulting equation gives ω= L I = L MR2 And substituting known values into the preceding equation yields ω= 9.75 × 10 − kg ⋅ m2/s (0.500)(4.00 kg)(0.260 m) = 0.721 rad/s Discussion Note that the imparted angular momentum does not depend on any property of the object but only on torque and time The final angular velocity is equivalent to one revolution in 8.71 s (determination of the time period is left as an exercise for the reader), which is about right for a lazy Susan Calculating ...Int. J. Med. Sci. 2011, 8 http://www.medsci.org 203 IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiiccaall SScciieenncceess 2011; 8(3):203-209 Research Paper Expression of Human Globular Adiponectin-Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Fusion Protein and Its Assay of Glucose-Lowering Effect In Vivo Tongfeng Zhao1, Jing Lv1, Jiangpei Zhao2, Xiao Huang3, and Haijuan Xiao1 1. Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China 2. Department of Geriatrics, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, PR China 3. College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China  Corresponding author: Tongfeng Zhao, Ph.D., Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medi-cine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China. Tel: 86-571-887783690; Fax: 86-571-87022660; e-mail: zhaotongfeng@yahoo.com.cn © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. Received: 2010.11.17; Accepted: 2011.03.01; Published: 2011.03.04 Abstract In this study, human globular adiponectin-glucagon-like peptide-1 analog (gAd-GLP-1-A) fu-sion protein was expressed and its glucose-lowering effect was measured in vivo. We con-structed a prokaryotic expression vector PET28a-gAd-GLP-1-A and transformed the vector into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). A recombinant fusion protein of about 25KD was expressed from BL21 (DE3) cells after isopropylthio--D-galactoside induction. This protein was N-terminal His-tagged gAd-GLP-1-A fusion protein. Most of the protein was expressed in inclusion body. The fusion protein in inclusion body was purified by using High-Affinity Nickel Iminodiacetic Acid Resin and refolded in urea gradient refolding buffer. The refolded protein was incubated with enterokinase to remove the N-terminal His-tag. The fusion protein without His-tag is gAd-GLP-1-A fusion protein, which exhibited significant glu-cose-lowering effect in diabetic mice. Key words: Escherichia coli, Expression, Globular adiponectin, Globular adiponectin-glucagon-like peptide-1 analog fusion protein, Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog Introduction Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific secretory protein that circulates in blood at high concentrations [1]. It plays important roles in regulating insulin sen-sitivity and blood glucose levels. Current data have suggested that adiponectin is implicated in the path-ogenesis of type 2 diabetes [1]. Blood adiponectin levels are markedly reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes [1]. Administration of recombinant adi-ponectin can improve insulin sensitivity and signifi-cantly reduce blood glucose in diabetic mice [1]. Fur-thermore, adiponectin has been reported to exhibit protective effects against atherosclerosis and have roles in regulating lipid metabolism [1]. Based on these beneficial effects, adiponectin has been gener-ally studied as a promising candidate for the treat-ment of type 2 diabetes [1]. Adiponectin is a protein of 247 amino acids consisting of four Int. J. Med. Sci. 2011, 8 http://www.medsci.org 74 IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiiccaall SScciieenncceess 2011; 8(1):74-83 © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved. Research Paper Intravenous transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and its directional migration to the necrotic femoral head Zhang-hua Li 1* , Wen Liao2*, Xi-long Cui 1, Qiang Zhao 3, Ming Liu 1, You-hao Chen 1, Tian-shu Liu 1, Nong-le Liu 3, Fang Wang 3, Yang Yi 4, Ning-sheng Shao 3 1. Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China. 2. Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China. 3. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China. 4. College of Health Science, Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan 430079, China. * Zhang-hua Li and Wen Liao contributed equally to this work.  Corresponding author: Zhang-hua Li, Tel: +8627-88041911-82209; Email: li1663@yeah.net Received: 2010.08.11; Accepted: 2011.01.01; Published: 2011.01.09 Abstract In this study, we investigated the feasibility and safety of intravenous transplantation of al-logeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for femoral head repair, and observed the migration and distribution of MSCs in hosts. MSCs were labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in vitro and injected into nude mice via vena caudalis, and the distribution of MSCs was dynamically monitored at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transplantation. Two weeks after the establishment of a rabbit model of femoral head necrosis, GFP labeled MSCs were injected into these rabbits via ear vein, immunological rejection and graft versus host disease were observed and necrotic and normal femoral heads, bone marrows, lungs, and livers were harvested at 2, 4 and 6 w after transplantation. The sections of these tissues were observed under fluorescent microscope. More than 70 % MSCs were successfully labeled with GFP at 72 h after labeling. MSCs were uniformly distributed in multiple organs and tissues including brain, lungs, heart, kidneys, intestine and bilateral hip joints of nude mice. In rabbits, at 6 w after intravenous transplantation, GFP labeled MSCs were noted in the lungs, liver, bone marrow and normal and necrotic femoral heads of rabbits, and the number of MSCs in bone marrow was higher than that in the, femoral head, liver and lungs. Furthermore, the number of MSCs peaked at 6 w after transplantation. Moreover, no immunological rejection and graft versus host disease were found after transplantation in rabbits. Our results revealed intra-venously implanted MSCs could migrate into the femoral head of hosts, and especially migrate directionally and survive in the necrotic femoral heads. Thus, it is feasible and safe to treat femoral head necrosis by intravenous transplantation of allogeneic MSCs. Key words: femoral head necrosis; bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; migration; safety Introduction Recently, stem cell transplantation has been a focus in the treatment of some diseases. Stem cells have VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULITY OF ECONOMIC YASUKATA FUKAHORI THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPLICATION TO VIETNAM Major: Political Economy Code: 62.31.01.01 DOCTORAL PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS Advisor: 1. Associated Professor, Doctor Phi Manh Hong 2. Doctor Phung Xuan Nha HaNoi, 2008 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI COLLEGE OF ECONOMIC YASUKATA FUKAHORI THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPLICATION TO VIETNAM Major: Political Economy Code: 62.31.01.01 DOCTORAL PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS Advisor: 1. Associated Professor, Doctor Phi Manh Hong 2. Doctor Phung Xuan Nha HaNoi, 2008 CONTENTS Page Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter I: Economic Theories Related to Environmental Conservation………. 14 1.1. Theories of Common Pool Resources …………………………………… 14 1.2. Theories of Collective Actions and International Agreements ……………. 23 1.3. Coase Theorem ………………………………………………………… 25 1.4. Game Theory ……………………………………………………….…… 26 1.5. Other Economic Theories …………………………………………….… 31 1.6. Application of Economic Theories to Environmental Conservation………. 36 1.6.1. Sustainability and Budget Line – Case Study for Forest Conservation……. 36 1.6.2. Game theory scenarios and possible contribution arrangements of international agreements ………………………………………….………. 46 1.7. Summary of Results ………………………………………………….…… 88 1.8. Recommendations …………………………………………………….… 90 Chapter II: Environmental Conservation in Relation with Trade, ODA and Sustainable Development ………………………………………… ……………. 92 2.1 Trade Agreements and Environmental Issues ………………………… …. 92 2.1.1. The New Politics of Trade ……………………………………… ……… 92 2.1.2. Trade under Commodity Agreements and Environmental Conservation… 96 2.1.3. WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism and Environmental Conservation 100 2.2. Global Environmental Issues ……….…………………………………… 101 2.2.1. Issues and Problems related to Global Environmental Conservation………. 102 2.2.2. World Summit for Environment ……………….…………………………. 103 2.3 ODA and Environmental Issues ………………………………………… 106 2.3.1. Trade and ODA …………………………………….…………………… 106 2.3.2. ODA and Environmental Issues …………………….……………………. 107 2.3.3. Problem of International Aid …………………………….……………… 107 2.3.4. Private Sector …………………………………………………………… 109 2.3.5. Transparency …………………………………………………….………. 109 2.3.6. The Problem of Sovereignty and Economic Forces ……………………… 110 2.3.7. Capacity Building, Education, and International Treaties ………….…… 110 2.4. Sustainable Management of Environmental Natural Resources ……….…. 111 2.4.1. Definitions of Sustainable Development …………………………………. 111 2.4.2. Economic growth for local welfare and conservation  Sustainable Development 112 2.4.3. Problems Causing Sustainable Management …………………… ……… 114 2.5. Environmental Conservation and International Agreement ………………. 116 2.5.1. International Negotiation on Environmental Conservation ……………… 116 2.5.2. Fund Raising under the Existing International Agreements ………………. 117 2.5.3. ITTO and Forest Conservation ……………………………………………. 118 2.5.4. Limit in conservation by an international VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULITY OF ECONOMIC YASUKATA FUKAHORI THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPLICATION TO VIETNAM Major: Political Economy Code: 62.31.01.01 DOCTORAL PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS Advisor: 1. Associated Professor, Doctor Phi Manh Hong 2. Doctor Phung Xuan Nha HaNoi, 2008 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI COLLEGE OF ECONOMIC YASUKATA FUKAHORI THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPLICATION TO VIETNAM Major: Political Economy Code: 62.31.01.01 DOCTORAL PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS Advisor: 1. Associated Professor, Doctor Phi Manh Hong 2. Doctor Phung Xuan Nha HaNoi, 2008 CONTENTS Page Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter I: Economic Theories Related to Environmental Conservation………. 14 1.1. Theories of Common Pool Resources …………………………………… 14 1.2. Theories of Collective Actions and International Agreements ……………. 23 1.3. Coase Theorem ………………………………………………………… 25 1.4. Game Theory ……………………………………………………….…… 26 1.5. Other Economic Theories …………………………………………….… 31 1.6. Application of Economic Theories to Environmental Conservation………. 36 1.6.1. Sustainability and Budget Line – Case Study for Forest Conservation……. 36 1.6.2. Game theory scenarios and possible contribution arrangements of international agreements ………………………………………….………. 46 1.7. Summary of Results ………………………………………………….…… 88 1.8. Recommendations …………………………………………………….… 90 Chapter II: Environmental Conservation in Relation with Trade, ODA and Sustainable Development ………………………………………… ……………. 92 2.1 Trade Agreements and Environmental Issues ………………………… …. 92 2.1.1. The New Politics of Trade ……………………………………… ……… 92 2.1.2. Trade under Commodity Agreements and Environmental Conservation… 96 2.1.3. WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism and Environmental Conservation 100 2.2. Global Environmental Issues ……….…………………………………… 101 2.2.1. Issues and Problems related to Global Environmental Conservation………. 102 2.2.2. World Summit for Environment ……………….…………………………. 103 2.3 ODA and Environmental Issues ………………………………………… 106 2.3.1. Trade and ODA …………………………………….…………………… 106 2.3.2. ODA and Environmental Issues …………………….……………………. 107 2.3.3. Problem of International Aid …………………………….……………… 107 2.3.4. Private Sector …………………………………………………………… 109 2.3.5. Transparency …………………………………………………….………. 109 2.3.6. The Problem of Sovereignty and Economic Forces ……………………… 110 2.3.7. Capacity Building, Education, and International Treaties ………….…… 110 2.4. Sustainable Management of Environmental Natural Resources ……….…. 111 2.4.1. Definitions of Sustainable Development …………………………………. 111 2.4.2. Economic growth for local welfare and conservation - Sustainable Development 112 2.4.3. Problems Causing Sustainable Management …………………… ……… 114 2.5. Environmental Conservation and International Agreement ………………. 116 2.5.1. International Negotiation on Environmental Conservation ……………… 116 2.5.2. Fund Raising under the Existing International Agreements ………………. 117 2.5.3. ITTO and Forest Conservation ……………………………………………. 118 2.5.4. Limit in conservation by an international agreement organization ………… 130 2.6 Experiences in Other Countries……………………………………………. 132 2.6.1 Japan ……………………………………………………………………… 132 2.6.2 South Korea ………………………………………………………………. 133 2.6.3 China ……………………………………………………………………… 133 Chapter III: Issues Related to Vietnam …………………………………………. 137 3.1. The New Trade Debate and Its Implication to Vietnam ………………… 137 3.1.1. Vietnam’s New Membership of WTO …………………………………… 137 3.1.2. New Politics of Trade and Vietnam ……………………………………… 138 3.1.3. CDM and Vietnam ……………………………………………………… 139 3.1.4 ODA and Environment/Trade Issues for Vietnam………………………… 141 3.2. Application of Economic Theory - Implication of ITTO Mechanisms to ... 12/14 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Problems & Exercises (a) Calculate the angular momentum of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun (b) Compare this angular momentum with the angular momentum. .. given and the torque can be found easily 4/14 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation from the given force and perpendicular lever arm Once the angular acceleration α is known, the final angular. .. implying that ΔL Δt = If the change in angular momentum ΔL is zero, then the angular momentum is constant; thus, L = constant (net τ = 0) 6/14 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation or L = L ′ (netτ =