Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints

1Part I: IntroductionI.1. RationaleI was born to a family whose members are all business people except me. My father used to be a successful businessman who traveled all around the world from Asia, Europe, America to Australia. After each trip, he told me about the places he had been to and about the people he had met with vivid examples of their culture. From my father, I learnt about the beautiful Singapore city and Copenhagen capital of Denmark whose people are very well aware of keeping their city clean and green, about fast-food and the work-oriented and individualistic people in California compared to the out-going and neighborly people in Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas. My father has left in me the curiosity to learn about culture of the countries around the world. Besides, my father and my brother were my first teachers of literature who blew in me the wind of passion to study literature, moving my heart with the poem “Me om” by Tran Dang Khoa, “Nguoi thay dau tien” translated from a Russian short story by a Russian writer, “Chiec la cuoi cung“ translated from an American short story by O’Henry. These literary works provoked in me the love for men, the understanding of the people, their culture and the social circumstances in and about which the works were written. I am now a teacher of English at Haiphong Foreign Language Center under Haiphong University. For a teacher of English, having good knowledge of the culture and society of English speaking countries is of great benefit since such experiences do help to make the teaching and learning of the target language easier, more lively and vivid. It can not be denied that the teaching and learning of a language would fail if the teacher does not have good cultural and social background knowledge to explain to his or her students the situations in which the native speakers use the language or the social circumstances in which the language is used.Once watching the “Sao mai diem hen” and “Bai hat Viet” competitions, the favorite music tournaments of the Vietnamese on television, listening to most competitors singing all pop songs, which originated from the United States, it came to my question that “To what extents has American culture penetrated the Vietnamese?” Beside pop music, we can witness the practice of American culture by a large number of people in our country, especially, by the young generation, through the way they sing pop, rock, Hip-hop songs, dance and dress in 2American style with jeans and T-shirt, through the way we eat fast-food, drink soft drinks and spend money, through the way young people think more practically about love and money and so on. No one can say how much we have absorbed American culture, however, it is obvious that American culture has more or less had an impact on the Vietnamese.I have recently become interested in American literature, especially the short stories. When reading pieces of literary work of this genre, I have in mind a clear mosaic of American people, their culture Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Each synovial joint of the body is specialized to perform certain movements The movements that are allowed are determined by the structural classification for each joint For example, a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint has much more mobility than a uniaxial hinge joint However, the ligaments and muscles that support a joint may place restrictions on the total range of motion available Thus, the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder has little in the way of ligament support, which gives the shoulder a very large range of motion In contrast, movements at the hip joint are restricted by strong ligaments, which reduce its range of motion but confer stability during standing and weight bearing This section will examine the anatomy of selected synovial joints of the body Anatomical names for most joints are derived from the names of the bones that articulate at that joint, although some joints, such as the elbow, hip, and knee joints are exceptions to this general naming scheme Articulations of the Vertebral Column In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints) (see [link]) These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each vertebral region The cervical and lumbar regions have the greatest ranges of motions In the neck, the articular processes of cervical vertebrae are flattened and generally face upward or downward This orientation provides the cervical vertebral column with extensive ranges of motion for flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation In the thoracic region, the downward projecting and overlapping spinous processes, along with the attached thoracic cage, greatly limit flexion, extension, and lateral flexion However, the flattened and vertically positioned thoracic articular processes allow for the greatest 1/24 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints range of rotation within the vertebral column The lumbar region allows for considerable extension, flexion, and lateral flexion, but the orientation of the articular processes largely prohibits rotation The articulations formed between the skull, the atlas (C1 vertebra), and the axis (C2 vertebra) differ from the articulations in other vertebral areas and play important roles in movement of the head The atlanto-occipital joint is formed by the articulations between the superior articular processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles on the base of the skull This articulation has a pronounced U-shaped curvature, oriented along the anterior-posterior axis This allows the skull to rock forward and backward, producing flexion and extension of the head This moves the head up and down, as when shaking your head “yes.” The atlantoaxial joint, between the atlas and axis, consists of three articulations The paired superior articular processes of the axis articulate with the inferior articular processes of the atlas These articulating surfaces are relatively flat and oriented horizontally The third articulation is the pivot joint formed between the dens, which projects upward from the body of the axis, and the inner aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas ([link]) A strong ligament passes posterior to the dens to hold it in position against the anterior arch These articulations allow the atlas to rotate on top of the axis, moving the head toward the right or left, as when shaking your head “no.” Atlantoaxial Joint The atlantoaxial joint is a pivot type of joint between the dens portion of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the anterior arch of the atlas (C1 vertebra), with the dens held in place by a ligament Temporomandibular Joint The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the joint that allows for opening (mandibular depression) and closing (mandibular elevation) of the mouth, as well as side-to-side and protraction/retraction motions of the lower jaw This joint involves the articulation between the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone, with the 2/24 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints condyle (head) of the mandible Located between these bony structures, filling the gap between the skull and mandible, is a flexible articular disc ([link]) This disc serves to smooth the movements between the temporal bone and mandibular condyle Movement at the TMJ during opening and closing of the mouth involves both gliding and hinge motions of the mandible With the mouth closed, the mandibular condyle and articular disc are located within the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone During opening of the mouth, the mandible hinges downward and at the same time is pulled anteriorly, ... Introduction- LEVEL 1 - Introduction { description: 'Pick up milk', status: 'incomplete', id: 1 } $.getJSON('/todo', function(data) {To get the todo dataThe data returnedIntroducing the Todo App IntroductionChecking off a todo itemAdd deadlinesReorder & sortAdding FunctionalityWe lose the data structureMethods can be disorganized IntroductionWithout Backbone.jsServer ClientDataDOM { description: 'Pick up milk', status: 'incomplete', id: 1 }<h3 class='incomplete'> <input type='checkbox' data-id='1' /> Pick up milk</h3>We need an object to maintain the data Introduction“Get your truth out of the DOM”Introducing Backbone.js- Jeremy AshkenasProvides client-side app structureModels to represent dataViews to hook up models to the DOMSynchronizes data to/from server Server ClientDOMDataModelsIntroductionWith Backbone.js var todoItem = new TodoItem( { description: 'Pick up milk', status: 'incomplete', id: 1 });var TodoItem = Backbone.Model.extend({});To create a model classTo create a model instance IntroductionBackbone Models To get an attributetodoItem.set({status: 'complete'});todoItem.get('description');'Pick up milk'To set an attribute todoItem.save();Sync to the serverConfiguration neededvar todoItem = new TodoItem( { description: 'Pick up milk', status: 'incomplete', id: 1 });Models IntroductionDisplaying the DataServer ClientDataModelsDOM var todoView = new TodoView({ model: todoItem });To create a view classTo create a view instanceViewsBuilds the HTMLProvides the datavar TodoView = Backbone.View.extend({}); IntroductionRendering the Viewvar TodoView = Backbone.View.extend({});render: function(){var html = '<h3>' + this.model.get('description') + '</h3>';$(this.el).html(html);}Every view has a top level ELement<p> <li> <section><header><div>default . [...]... function alertStatus(e) { alert('Hey you clicked the h3!'); } Not how we do things in Backbone VIEWS View Events Views are responsible for responding to user interaction var TodoView = Backbone.View.extend({ events: { "click h3": "alertStatus" }, " ": "" alertStatus: function(e){ alert('Hey you clicked the h3!'); } }); Selector is scoped to the el this.$el.delegate('h3', 'click', alertStatus);... alert('event-name happened!'); }); Run the event todoItem.trigger('event-name'); Models Special Events To listen for changes todoItem.on('change', doThing); var doThing = function() { } Event triggered on change todoItem.set({description: 'Fill prescription.'}); Set without triggering event todoItem.set({description: 'Fill prescription.'}, {silent: true}); Remove event listener todoItem.off('change', doThing); Models... triggered event Models - Views LEVEL 3 - More on the View Element var SimpleView = Backbone.View.extend({}); var simpleView = new SimpleView(); console.log(simpleView.el); var SimpleView = Backbone.View.extend({tagName: 'li'}); var simpleView = new SimpleView(); console.log(simpleView.el); tagName can be any HTML tag VIEWS More on the View Element var TodoView = Backbone.View.extend({... console.log(todoView.el); VIEWS More on the View Element var todoView = new TodoView(); console.log(todoView.el); I want to use a jQuery method $('#todo-view').html(); el is a DOM Element $(todoView.el).html(); Shortcut todoView.$el.html(); Good since the el’s id may be dynamic VIEWS Back in Level 1 var TodoView = Backbone.View.extend({... todoView.render(); console.log(todoView.el); Pick up milk VIEWS Adding the EL attributes var TodoView = Backbone.View.extend({ tagName: 'article', id: 'todo-view', className: 'todo', render: function(){ var html = '' + J. Sci. & Devel., Vol. 10, No. 5: 812-820 Tạp chí Khoa học và Phát triển 2012 Tập 10, số 5: 812-820 www.hua.edu.vn FATTY ACID COMPOSITION INCLUDING TRANS FATTY ACIDS CONTENT OF SELECTED VIETNAMESE INSTANT NOODLES Hoang Quoc Tuan 1,2* , Vu Hong Son 1 , Nguyen Thi Minh Tu 1 1 Hanoi University of Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology and Food technology, Department of Quality management- Hanoi, Vietnam ; 2 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology Institute of Food Science; Vienna, Austria Ema il*: tuanhqibft@gmail.com; tuanhq-ibft@mail.hut.edu.vn; ABSTRACT This study provides information on the fatty acid composition and trans fatty acid content analyzed by gas chromatography of selected Vietnamese instant noodle products and accompanying additive oil bag Five most abundant fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 (9c) and C18:2 (9c, 12c). The concentration of saturated fatty acids ranged from 34% to 45% and from 51% to 60%, and of polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 12% to 20% and from 6.7% to 11% in additive oil bags and noodles, respectively. Trans fatty acids were detected in all samples but at low concentration and the content ranged from 0.16% to 0.83% of total methyl ester fatty acid in noodles and from 0.23% to 0.7% of total methyl ester fatty acid in small additive oil bags. Trans 18:2 isomers were the major group of trans fatty acids which were found in all the analyzed brands, representing about 80% of total trans isomers. Keywords: Instant noodles, trans fatty acids, fatty acid compositions. Thành phần axít béo bao gồm axít béo dạng trans trong một số sản phẩm mì tôm Việt Nam TÓM TẮT Kết quả của nghiên cứu này cung cấp thông tin về thành phần axít béo bao gồm axít béo dạng trans trong một số loại sản phẩm Mì tôm Việt Nam, bao gồm cả trong gói dầu gia vị. Có năm loại axít béo chủ yếu được phát hiện trong các mẫu phân tích đó là C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 (9c) and C18:2 (9c, 12c). Nồng độ axít béo bão hòa từ 34% đến 45% và từ 51% đến 60%, nồng độ axít béo đa bão hòa từ 12% đến 20% và từ 6,7% đến 11% trong gói dầu gia vị và sợi mì tôm, theo tuần tự. Axít béo dạng trans đư ợc phát hiện trong tất cả các mẫu phân tích nhưng nồng độ thấp và chiếm từ 0,16% đến 0,83% tổng axít béo ở trong sợi mì và từ 0,23% đến 0,7% tổng axít béo trong gói dầu gia vị. Đồng phân trans 18:2 là nhóm chủ yếu của axít béo dạng trans được phát hiện trong tất cả các mẫu phân tích, và chiếm khoảng 80% trên tổng số đồng phân dạng trans. Từ khóa: Axít béo dạng trans, mì tôm, thành phần axít béo. 1. INTRODUCTION Dietary intake evaluation of a given nutrient depends on various approaches including the traditional one that consists in crossing consumption data with consumption data (FAO/WHO, 1985). Instant noodles have been used many years ago world-wide,, Vietnam is not an exception because of their convenience of use. Therefore, these products have often been the focus of attention in nutritional studies, especially the quality of fat and fatty acids. As requirement of food law in healthy and nutritional claim aspect, the data on the fatty acid (FA) composition of food are requested for food composition tables and labeling purposes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009; UNION., 2006). T herefore, labeling must be able to detail as many individual FA as possible. Nearly all most Open Access Available online http://arthritis-research.com/content/9/5/R101 Page 1 of 9 (page number not for citation purposes) Vol 9 No 5 Research article Immunohistological assessment of the synovial tissue in small joints in rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a minimally invasive ultrasound-guided synovial biopsy procedure Carlo Alberto Scirè 1 , Oscar Epis 1 , Veronica Codullo 1 , Frances Humby 2 , Patrizia Morbini 3 , Antonio Manzo 2 , Roberto Caporali 1 , Costantino Pitzalis 2 and Carlomaurizio Montecucco 1 1 Chair and Division of Rheumatology, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 12, I 27100 Pavia, Italy 2 Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, 2nd floor John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, St Bartholomew's and Royal London School of Medicine. Charter House Square, London, EC1M6BQ, UK 3 Department of Pathology, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 12, I 27100 Pavia, Italy Corresponding author: Carlomaurizio Montecucco, montecucco@smatteo.pv.it Received: 11 Jul 2007 Revisions requested: 23 Aug 2007 Revisions received: 4 Sep 2007 Accepted: 28 Sep 2007 Published: 28 Sep 2007 Arthritis Research & Therapy 2007, 9:R101 (doi:10.1186/ar2302) This article is online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/9/5/R101 © 2007 Scirè et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The aim of the present study was to perform an immunohistological assessment of the synovial tissue from involved small joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to explore the reliability of a mini-invasive ultrasound (US)-guided technique of small joint synovial biopsy for the histopathological assessment. Synovial tissue collected during arthrotomic surgery of small joints in nine patients served as the gold standard for the validation of the histological assessment. Small hand-joint synovial biopsies from an additional nine patients with erosive RA were obtained by a mini-invasive US-guided procedure, performed percutaneously by the portal and rigid forceps technique. Using digital image analysis, the area fractions of synovial macrophages (CD68 cells), T cells (CD3 cells) and B cells (CD20 cells) were measured in all high-power fields of every sample at different cutting levels. The representative sample was defined as the minimal number of high-power fields whose mean area fraction would reflect the overall mean area fraction within a percentage mean difference of 10%. For each patient, a range of three to five large samples for surgical biopsies and a range of 8–12 samples for US- guided biopsies were collected and analysed. In arthrotomic samples, the analysis of a randomly selected tissue area of 2.5 mm 2 was representative of the overall value for CD68, CD3 and CD20 cells. US-guided samples allowed histological evaluation in 100% of cases, with a mean valid area of 18.56 mm 2 (range 7.29–38.28 mm 2 ). The analysis of a cumulative area of 2.5 mm 2 from eight randomly selected sections (from different samples or from different cutting levels) allowed to reduce the percentage mean difference to less than 10% for CD68, CD3 and CD20 cells. In conclusion, US-guided synovial biopsy represents a reliable tool for the assessment of the histopathological features of RA patients with a mini-invasive approach. Introduction A number of approaches to the assessment of the synovial membrane have been proposed in an attempt to establish the degree of inflammation and the phenotypic characterization of infiltrating cell subsets [1,2]. Of the cell types found in the syn- ovium, the intensity of CD68-positive macrophage infiltration at baseline has been associated with RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A targeted lipidomics approach to the study of eicosanoid release in synovial joints Janny C de Grauw 1* , Chris HA van de Lest 2 and Paul René van Weeren 1 Abstract Introduction: Articular tissues are capable of producing a range of eicosanoid mediators, each of which has individual biological effects and may be affected by anti-inflammatory treatment. We set out to develop and evaluate a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) approach for the simultaneous analysis of multiple eicosanoid lipid mediators in equine synovial fluid (SF), and to illustrate its use for investigation of the in vivo effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment. Methods: Synovial fluid samples were obtained from normal joints of 6 adult horses at baseline (0 hr) and at 8, 24 and 168 hours after experimental induction of transient acute synovitis, with horses treated once daily with oral NSAID (meloxicam, 0.6 mg/kg) or placebo. Following solid-phase extraction, SF lipid mediator quantitation was based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis, and results were compared between disease states using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple comparisons corrections. Results: Of a total of 23 mediators targeted, 14 could be reliably identified and quantified in SF samples based on detection of characteristic fragment ions at retention times similar to those of comm ercial standards. LDA analysis of baseline, 8, 24 and 168 hour synovial fluid samples revealed a separation of these groups into discrete clusters, reflecting dynamic changes in eicosanoid release over the course of synovitis. Prostaglandin (PG) E 2 was significantly lower in NSAID vs. placebo treated samples at all time points; PGE 1 , 11-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (11-HETE) and 13,14-dihydro-15keto PGF 2 a were reduced at 8 and 24 hours by NSAID treatment; while 15-HETE, 6- keto PGF 1 a,PGF 2 a, 13,14-dihydro-15keto PGE 2 and thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ) were reduced at the 8 hour time point only. An interesting pattern was seen for Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), NSAID treatment causing an initial increase at 8 hours, but a significant reduction by 168 hours. Conclusions: The described method allows a comprehensive analysis of synovial fluid eicosanoid profiles. Eicosanoid release in inflamed joints as well as differences between NSAID treated and placebo treated individuals are not limited to PGE 2 or to the early inflammatory phase. Introduction Lipid mediators of inflammation play an important role in the l ocal inflammatory response associated with inflammatory arthritides as well as orthopedic arthropa- thies [1]. Of these mediators, the E-series prostaglandins (most notably PGE 2 ) are most noted in arthritis research for their pro-inflammato ry and pro-nociceptive actions in synovial joints [2,3]. However, COX and LOX enzyme activity within the arachidonic acid cascade generates a range of eicosanoid mediators that have widely varying biological actions, including anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects [4,5]. In recent years, more light has been shed on the specific actions of individual eicosanoids in arthritis, and several of these (including PGE 2 ) have emerged as janus-faced mediators with pro-inflammatory or anti- inflammatory effects depending effects, depending on concentration and receptor subtype engagement [6,7]. Reduction of PGE 2 production is the classical mode of action of anti-inflammatory agents like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are commonly * Correspondence: j.c.degrauw@uu.nl 1 Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands Full list of author information is available at the end of the article de Grauw et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011, 13:R123 http://arthritis-research.com/ ... 7/24 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints Watch this video to learn more about the anatomy of the elbow joint, including bones, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels What are the functions of. .. inversion of the foot Watch this video for a tutorial on the anatomy of the ankle joint What are the three ligaments found on the lateral side of the ankle joint? 16/24 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints. .. tutorial on the anatomy of the hip joint What is a possible consequence following a fracture of the femoral neck within the capsule of the hip joint? 20/24 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints An intracapsular