Probabilistic Aspects of Probe Vehicle Based Traffic Information Prof TomioMiwa

In memory of my beloved mother Inger, always near to me Contact information Louise Östlund School of Communication and Design University of Kalmar SE-391 82 Kalmar Sweden e-mail: louise.ostlund@hik.se A BSTRACT This thesis is founded on the global growth of the service sector and its significance for society as a whole and for the individual human being. In the last decade, technology has changed the way services are created, developed and delivered in remarkable ways. The focus of the thesis is technology in interplay with humans and organisations and the socio- economic-technical systems in which digital services play a central role. Challenges addressed by the thesis include requirement analysis, trustworthy systems, in- and outsourcing aspects, the proper understanding of information and its use in real world applications. With this in mind, the thesis presents a configurable methodology with the purpose to quality assure service oriented workflows found in socio- economic-technical systems. Important building blocks for this are information types and service supported workflows. Our case study is of a call centre-based business called AKC (Apotekets kundcentrum). AKC constitutes a part of the Cooperation of Swedish Pharmacies (Apoteket AB). One of their main services offered to Swedish citizens is the handling of incoming questions concerning pharmaceutical issues. We analysed the interactive voice response system at AKC as a starting point for our investigations and we suggest a more flexible solution. We regard a socio-economic-technical system as an information ecology, which puts the focus on human activities supported by technology. Within these information ecologies, we have found that a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) can provide the flexible support needed in an environment with a focal point on services. Input from information ecologies and SOA also enables a structured way of managing in- and outsourcing issues. We have also found that if we apply SOA together with our way of modelling a Service Level Agreement (SLA), we can coordinate high-level requirements and support-system requirements. A central insight in this work is the importance of regarding a socio- economic-technical system as an information ecology in combination with in- and outsourcing issues. This view will prevent a company from being drained of its core competences and core services in an outsourcing situation, which is further discussed in the thesis. By using our combination of SOA and SLA we can also divide service bundles into separate services and apply economic aspects to them. This enables us to analyse which services that are profitable while at the same time meet important requirements in information quality. As a result, we propose a set of guidelines which represent our approach towards developing quality assured systems. We also present two main types of validation for service oriented workflows: validation of requirement engineering and validation of business processes. I P REFACE Life is strange and unpredictable, and the last two years of my life have been evidence of this. In 2005, I felt unrestrained joy and happiness when my husband Martin and I got married. Two weeks after our wedding, I was overwhelmed with sorrow when my beloved mother passed away and a few months later, my aunt also passed away. You see, diseases are inconsiderate – they have no regard for weddings or future plans, theses or Probabilistic Aspects of Probe Vehicle Based Traffic Information Tomio Miwa Nagoya University Contents  Introduction of Morikawa-Yamamoto Miwa Lab  Traffic Information System in Japan  Map-Matching of Probe Vehicle Data  Historical Database of Link Travel Times   Required Sample Size  Traffic information error Correlation of link travel times Introduction of Morikawa-Yamamoto-Miwa Lab   Nagoya  the fourth largest city in Japa,  the capital city of Aichi Prefecture Nagoya University  Nagoya - One of the former imperial universities  Hokkaido, Tohoku, Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Kyushu  Domestic Ranking:  3,888 Professors/Lectures (full-time)  9,790 undergraduate students  6,029 graduate students  2,232 international students (from 105 countries) Introduction of Morikawa-Yamamoto-Miwa Lab  professors (full-time)     Prof Toshiyuki Yamamoto Assoc Prof Tomio Miwa special-appointed professors         Prof Takayuki Morikawa Assoc Prof Tomotaka Usui Assoc Prof Ryo Kanamori Assoc Prof Nakamura Toshiyuki Lecture Hitomi Sato Lecture Mutsumi Tashiro researchers 43 students (Doctor: 14, Master: 22, Bachelor: 7) 24 international researchers/students Introduction of Morikawa-Yamamoto-Miwa Lab  Research Topics: Transportation Planning  Travel Behavior Analysis/Disaggregate Analysis  Discrete choice analysis  Mode choise, route choise, policy agreement,…   Road accident analysis Transportation Network Analysis/ITS  Traffic assignment/simulation  Travel time prediction on road network  Route search problem  Analysis based on GPS/Probe data  Autonomous taxi system My research topics  Civil Consciousness of Government Policy  Recursive bivariate response models of the ex-ante intentions to link perceived acceptability among charge and refund options for alternative road pricing schemes  (Transportation Letters) Explaining differences in acceptance determinants towards congestion charging policies in Indon esia and Japan (Journal of Urban Planning and Development)  Inclusion latent constructs in utilitarian resource allocation model for jointly analyzing the revenu e spending options of the congestion charging policy (Transportation Research Part A) My research topics  Discrete Choice Analysis of Travel Behavior  Vehicle ownership, usage and CO2 emissions in Ho Chi Minh City: Estimation of discrete-continuo us model and simulation study  (Asian Transport Studies) Modeling Time-of-Day Car Use Behavior: A Bayesian Network Approach (Transportation Research Part D)  Analysis on characteristics of passenger car and motorcycle fleets and their driving conditions in developing country: a case study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Journal of EASTS)   A Study on Use and Location of Community Cycle Stations (Research in Transportation Economics) Analysis of Vehicles’ Daily Fuel Consumption Frontiers with Long-Term Controller Area Network D ata (Transportation research record)  The impact of Eco-car promotion policy on vehicle type choice in Japan D) (Transportation Research Part My research topics  Driver’s behavior  Discrete Choice Models for Gap Acceptance at Urban Expressway Merging Sections with Consideration of S afety, Road Geometry and Traffic Conditions  (Journal of Transportation Engineering A) Incorporating observed and unobserved heterogeneity in route choice analysis with sampled ch oice sets (Transportation Research Part C)  En-Route Choices in Utility-Based Route Choice Modelling  Analysis of Car Usage Time Frontiers Incorporating Both Inter- and Intraindividual Variation with (Networks and Spatial Economics) GPS Data (Transportation research record)  Dynamic route choice behavior analysis considering en-route learning and choice search record) (Transportation re My research topics  Traffic Information  Efficiency of routing and scheduling system for small and medium size enterprises utilizing vehicle location data (Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems)  Prediction of vehicle CO2 emission and its application to eco-routing navigation, (Transportation Research Part C)  Application of hyperpath strategy and driving experience to risk-averse navigation (IET Intelligent Transport Sy stems)  Allocation planning for probe taxi devices aimed at minimizing losses to travel time information users (Journ al of Intelligent Transportation Systems)  Application of Lagrangian relaxation approach to α-reliable path finding in stochastic networks with correlat ed link travel times (Transportation Research Part C)  Use of Probe Vehicle Data to Determine Joint Probability Distributions of Vehicle Location and Spe ed on an Arterial Road (Transportation research record) Contents  Introduction of Morikawa-Yamamoto Miwa Lab  Traffic Information System in Japan  Map-Matching of Probe Vehicle Data  Historical Database of Link Travel Times  Required Sample Size Theory  Error of Traffic Information from Probe Data 10 Required Sample Size  Objective function  Total ...Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 31–39, Jeju, Republic of Korea, 8-14 July 2012. c 2012 Association for Computational Linguistics Probabilistic Integration of Partial Lexical Information for Noise Robust Haptic Voice Recognition Khe Chai Sim Department of Computer Science National University of Singapore 13 Computing Drive, Singapore 117417 simkc@comp.nus.edu.sg Abstract This paper presents a probabilistic framework that combines multiple knowledge sources for Haptic Voice Recognition (HVR), a multi- modal input method designed to provide ef- ficient text entry on modern mobile devices. HVR extends the conventional voice input by allowing users to provide complementary par- tial lexical information via touch input to im- prove the efficiency and accuracy of voice recognition. This paper investigates the use of the initial letter of the words in the utterance as the partial lexical information. In addition to the acoustic and language models used in automatic speech recognition systems, HVR uses the haptic and partial lexical models as additional knowledge sources to reduce the recognition search space and suppress confu- sions. Experimental results show that both the word error rate and runtime factor can be re- duced by a factor of two using HVR. 1 Introduction Nowadays, modern portable devices, such as the smartphones and tablets, are equipped with micro- phone and touchscreen display. With these devices becoming increasingly popular, there is an urgent need for an efficient and reliable text entry method on these small devices. Currently, text entry us- ing an onscreen virtual keyboard is the most widely adopted input method on these modern mobile de- vices. Unfortunately, typing with a small virtual keyboard can sometimes be cumbersome and frus- tratingly slow for many people. Instead of using a virtual keyboard, it is also possible to use hand- writing gestures to input text. Handwriting input offers a more convenient input method for writing systems with complex orthography, including many Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Ko- rean. However, handwriting input is not necessarily more efficient compared to keyboard input for En- glish. Moreover, handwriting recognition is suscep- tible to recognition errors, too. Voice input offers a hands-free solution for text entry. This is an attractive alternative for text entry because it completely eliminates the need for typ- ing. Voice input is also more natural and faster for human to convey messages. Normally, the average human speaking rate is approximately 100 words per minute (WPM). Clarkson et al. (2005) showed that the typing speed for regular users reaches only 86.79 – 98.31 using a full-size keyboard and 58.61 – 61.44 WPM using a mini-QWERTY keyboard. Evidently, speech input is the preferred text entry method, provided that speech signals can be reli- ably and efficiently converted into texts. Unfortu- nately, voice input relies on automatic speech recog- nition (ASR) (Rabiner, 1989) technology, which re- quires high computational resources and is suscep- tible to performance degradation due to acoustic in- terference, such as the presence of noise. In order to improve the reliability and efficiency of ASR, Haptic Voice Recognition (HVR) was pro- posed by Sim (2010) as a novel multimodal input method combining both speech and touch inputs. Touch inputs are used to generate haptic events, which correspond to the initial letters of the words in the spoken utterance. In addition to the regular beam 31 pruning used in traditional ASR (Ortmanns et al., 1997), search paths which are inconsistent with the haptic Towards a Semantic Classification of Spanish Verbs Based on Subcategorisation Information Eva Esteve Ferrer Department of Informatics University of Sussex Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK E.Esteve-Ferrer@sussex.ac.uk Abstract We present experiments aiming at an automatic classification of Spanish verbs into lexical semantic classes. We apply well-known techniques that have been developed for the English language to Span- ish, proving that empirical methods can be re-used through languages without substantial changes in the methodology. Our results on subcategorisation acquisition compare favourably to the state of the art for English. For the verb classification task, we use a hierarchical clustering algorithm, and we compare the output clusters to a manually constructed classi- fication. 1 Introduction Lexical semantic classes group together words that have a similar meaning. Knowledge about verbs is especially important, since verbs are the primary means of structuring and conveying meaning in sen- tences. Manually built semantic classifications of English verbs have been used for different applica- tions such as machine translation (Dorr, 1997), verb subcategorisation acquisition (Korhonen, 2002a) or parsing (Schneider, 2003). (Levin, 1993) has estab- lished a large-scale classification of English verbs based on the hypothesis that the meaning of a verb and its syntactic behaviour are related, and there- fore semantic information can be induced from the syntactic behaviour of the verb. A classification of Spanish verbs based on the same hypothesis has been developed by (V´azquez et al., 2000). But man- ually constructing large-scale verb classifications is a labour-intensive task. For this reason, various methods for automatically classifying verbs using machine learning techniques have been attempted ((Merlo and Stevenson, 2001), (Stevenson and Joa- nis, 2003), (Schulte im Walde, 2003)). In this article we present experiments aiming at automatically classifying Spanish verbs into lexi- cal semantic classes based on their subcategorisa- tion frames. We adopt the idea that a description of verbs in terms of their syntactic behaviour is useful for acquiring their semantic properties. The classi- fication task at hand is achieved through a process that requires different steps: we first extract from a partially parsed corpus the probabilities of the sub- categorisation frames for each verb. Then, the ac- quired probabilities are used as features describing the verbs and given as input to an unsupervised clas- sification algorithm that clusters together the verbs according to the similarity of their descriptions. For the task of acquiring verb subcategorisation frames, we adapt to the specificities of the Spanish language well-known techniques that have been developed for English, and our results compare favourably to the sate of the art results obtained for English (Ko- rhonen, 2002b). For the verb classification task, we use a hierarchical clustering algorithm, and we com- pare the output clusters to a manually constructed classification developed by (V´azquez et al., 2000). 2 Acquisition of Spanish Subcategorisation Frames Subcategorisation frames encode the information of how many arguments are required by Test of English as a Foreign Language ™ for Internet-Based Testing (iBT) TOEFL ® iBT www.ets.org/toefl Information and Registration BULLETIN Make sure you have the correct Bulletin! This Bulletin is for TOEFL ® Internet- based testing ONLY. Information about TOEFL paper-based testing and the TEST OF SPOKEN ENGLISH ™ is in a separate Bulletin. Read all of the information in this Bulletin carefully. For the latest information on when TOEFL iBT will be introduced in your area, as well as up-to-date lists of test locations and institution codes, please visit the Learners and Test Takers section of the TOEFL Web site. 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(full-time)     Prof Toshiyuki Yamamoto Assoc Prof Tomio Miwa special-appointed professors         Prof Takayuki Morikawa Assoc Prof Tomotaka Usui Assoc Prof Ryo Kanamori Assoc Prof Nakamura... Lab  Traffic Information System in Japan  Map-Matching of Probe Vehicle Data  Historical Database of Link Travel Times  Required Sample Size Theory  Error of Traffic Information from Probe. .. link Probe vehicle cruising link in month 21 Traffic Information System in Japan: Probe vehicle system  Disadvantages  This system cannot gather the traffic information unless a probe vehicle