fb.comSachYHocAmazon Hotline: 0966285892 PDF Download PDF Top 3 Differentials in Neuroradiology 1st Edition Thieme 2015 PDF Download ISBN13: 9781604067231 ISBN10: 1604067233 Top 3 Differentials in Neuroradiology offers a unique and engaging approach to learning and reviewing neuroradiology…descriptions are…concise yet laced with imaging and clinical pearls…Dr. O’Brien is able to near perfectly walk the line between too little and too much informationdiscussion for each case. All sections of the book brain, head neck, and spine are strong. Overall, this book is highly recommended for senior radiology residents, neuroradiology fellows, practicing radiologists, and nonradiology clinicians who are interested in learning more about neuroimaging. American Journal of Neuroradiology Top 3 Differentials in Neuroradiology is an uptodate, comprehensive review of critical topics in neuroimaging. The books unique format ranks the differentials, divides them into the Top 3, and presents additional diagnostic considerations for each case presentation. The discussion sections of each case cover the imaging and clinical manifestations for all disease processes, making this text a highyield review for board exam preparation and a quick reference for daily clinical practice. Key Features: Presents more than 600 highquality images with the casebased reviews Covers all neuroradiology subspecialties, including imaging of the brain, head neck, and spine Provides a prioritized list of differentials based upon key findings for each case This book is an excellent board review for all radiology residents and fellows in neuroradiology, as well as staff radiologists preparing for their certification exams. Radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons involved in reviewing or interpreting neuroradiology studies will also find it to be an invaluable, quick reference that they will refer to repeatedly in their daily practice.
Top Differentials in Neuroradiology A Case Review William T O'Brien Sr lrhieme lrhieme Top Differentials in Neuroradiology A Case Review William T O'Brien Sr., DO Program Director, Diagnostic Radiology Residency David Grant USAF Medical Center Travis Air Force Base, California Former Chairman, Department of Radiology Wilford Hall USAF Ambulatory Surgical Center Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas Associate Clinical Professor Department of Radiology University of california, Davis School of Medicine Sacramento, California Thieme New York Stuttgart Delhi Rio de Janeiro Executive Editor: William Lamsback Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science underư Managing Editor: J Owen Zurhellen IV going continuai development Research and clinical experience Assistant Managing Editor: Heather Allen are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our International Production Director: Andreas Schabert knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy Insofar as Senior Vice President, Editorial and E-Product this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every Development: Cornelia Schulze International Marketing Director: Fiona Henderson effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the International Sales Director: Louisa Turrell state of knowledge at the time of production of the book Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any Director of Sales, North America: Mike Roseman guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect Senior Vice President and Chief Operating to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the Officer: Sarah Vanderbilt President: Brian D Scanlan book Every user is requested to examine carefully the manuư Printer: Replika facturers' leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necư essary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made O'Brien, William T author in the present book Such examination is particularly important Top differentials in neuroradiology : a case review / with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released William T O'Brien on the market Every dosage schedule or every form of application p.; cm Top three differentials in neuroradiology used is entirely at the user's own risk and responsibility The Includes bibliographical references authors and publishers request every user to report to the pubư ISBN 978-1-60406-723-1 (pbk : alk paper) - Iishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed If errors in this ISBN 978-1-60406-724-8 (e-book) work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www Title II Title: Top three differentials in neuroradiology [DNLM: thieme.com on the product description page Neuro- Sorne of the product names, patents, and registered radiography-Case Reports Central Nervous System-radiograư designs referred to in this book are in fact registered tradeư phy-Case Diagnosis, Differential-Case Reports Reports Central Nervous System Diseasesư radiography-Case Reports WL 141.5.N47] marks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text Therefore, the RC71.5 appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is 616.07'5-dc23 2014026028 â 2015 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain Thieme Publishers New York 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 USA, 1-800-782-3488 customerservice@thieme.com Thieme Publishers Stuttgart Rỹdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany, +49 (0]711 8931 421 customerservice@thieme.de Thieme Publishers Delhi A-12, Second Floor, Sector-2, NOIDA-201301, Uttar Pradesh, India, +91 120 45 566 OO jJ, FSC www.fsc.org MIX Paperfrom responsible sources FSC"' C021256 customerservice@thieme.in Thieme Publishers Rio, Thieme Publicaỗờies Ltda This book, including ail parts thereof, is legally protected by Argentina Building 16th floor, Ala A, 228 Praia Botafogo Rio de copyright Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside Janeiro 22250-040 Brazil, +55 21 3736-3631 the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the pubư Printed in India particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, ISBN 978-1-60406-723-1 lisher's consent, is illegal and Iiable to prosecution This applies in preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage The views expressed in this material are those of the author, and not reflect the official policy or position of the United Also available as an e-book: States Govemment, the Department of Defense, or the Departư eISBN 978-1-60406-724-8 ment of the Air Force Dedicated in memory of Robert L Meals, DO 12 March 1928-9 June 2005 â Susan Schary 2005 For decades, Dr Meals inspired thousands of students while serving as Academic Chairman of the Department of Radiology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dr Meals was more than an instructor; he was a mentor and a true friend To those who chose to pursue a career in radiology, he will always be a legend He is sorely missed but will never be forgotten Contents Foreworcl by Richard E Latchaw Preface Aclmowledgments vii viii ix Section Brain Subsection la Congenital and Developmental Subsection lb Attenuation and Signal Abnormality 44 Subsection le Masses and Masslike Lesions 110 Subsection Id Vasculature and Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces 186 Section IL Head and Neck vi Subsection Ha calvarium and Skull Base 260 Subsection IIb Temporal Bone 296 Subsection IIe Sinonasal 330 Subsection IId Maxillofacial 362 Subsection IIe Neck (induding spaces) 382 Subsection Hf Orbits 444 Section ID Spine 484 Index of Differential Diagnoses, by Case 607 Index of Key Findi 612 Foreword Unique/ derive from multiple diagnostic categories For some appearư ances, he even indudes some uncommon but potentially lbat is the best word to describe Top DijJerentials in important considerations ("Additional Diagnostic Consideraư Neuroradiology by William T O'Brien-unique in its approach tions"), thus providing more than just three possibilities for to the clinical practi of neuro-imaging, and unique in its cases with more nonspecific findings He finishes each case approach to education in this rapidly expanding subspecialty with dinical and imaging "Pearls," which provide quick difư The traditional clinical practi of a neurologist, neuroư ferentiating features He also provides some selected refer - surgeon, orthopedic surgeon-any physician ordering a ences for more in-depth reading on the topic neuro-imaging examination-is to evaluate the patient's hisư Sorne imaging appearances within each section are unique, tory in conjunction with signs and symptoms, corne ta a without differential diagnoses and not having a Top 3; they probable conclusion, and then request an imaging study to are called "Aunt Minnies." Dr O'Brien considers a number of confirm or deny that clinical conclusion The clinical practice of a radiologist initially requires the these to be fundamental to the knowledge base of the student, sa they are presented at the end of each section Each has an recognition of a combination of findings on an imaging study extensive discussion regarding pathophysiology and characư within the stated clinical context This is followed by the teristic imaging appearances, along with selected referens, iterative comparison of these findings to examples from similar to that found with the cases having Top differential diagnostic categories, including masses, demyelinating disư possibilities eases, ischemia, infection, degenerative disease, etc This How did Dr O'Brien validate his Top choices with so iterative pross may be mental or actually require compariư many varied appearances in diverse clinical contexts? By son with published examples The result is a differential doing extensive research as to the most common diagnoses diagnosis that may vary in specificity and depth One might for a given finding; by consulting with many radiologists who list the top three possible diagnoses, or one could list the most subspecialize in neuroradiology, head and neck radiology, likelywith that which is the most dangerous and thus must be and excluded, along with one that would be easy to exclude with that tend to be favorites in general and subspecialty board more studies examinations spinal radiology; and by incorporating entities How dowe traditionally educate a reader of neuro-imaging How will this book change how we practice and teach studies7 We usually ensure that the novice reader has seen neuro-imaging? lt is vital that neuro-imagers have ingrained examples from the various diagnostic categories with which in their brain the basic categories of neuropathology, so that we deal, and has leamed how diseases within each category they can be sure that they caver ail potential disease categoư differ from those in other categories The organization of our ries when confronted with an unknown case However, books and our teaching sessions is typically based upon such O'Brien's approach can easily be superimposed on that basic categories: Neoplasms, Congenital Disease, Infections, etc knowledge of disease organization lt is fast, accurate, and However, what happens when the imager is confronted removes the potential that the reader will be slowed down, with an "unknown," a finding that does not fit easily into trying to ensure that ail categories are covered This approach one of the categories to which he or she has become so provides a way to be "complete" in developing differential accustomed? Unfortunately, even though the imager has diagnoses rapidly and accurately leamed the appearances of the majority of entities within found reading this book to be a joy One can approach it by a given category of disease, the finding does not tell the playing the student, viewing each image as an unknown, imager to which category it belongs! So, the imager must determining what the most prominent finding is, and then now search the categorically based textbooks for a "look giving one's own Top Frankly, this is a book not just for the alike," which is very time-consuming and may not even be resident or fellow, but one that will give any academic faculty successful member a positive learning experien, just like the one that Dr O'Brien's approach ta both the clinical practice and the hadl education of neuro-imaging is quite unique amongst the textbooks have seen over many years as a neuroradiologist He has divided this book into three sections: Brain, Head and Richard E Latchaw, MD Neck, and Spine Within each section, he conntrates on the Professor of Radiology most apparent imaging finding(s) within the presenting clinư Neuroradiology Section ical context, and gives the "Top 3" potential diagnoses for that University of California, Davis Medical Center appearance (that "gamut"), including entities that may well Sacramento, California vii Preface It is a distinct pleasure to present Top Differentials in would not be considered in the Top for the particular version of the original "Top 3" book, Top Differentials in gamut Instead, the primary aim of the book is to generate Radiology, had been an aspiration of mine since its publicaư and have an understanding of a reasonable list of gamutư tion in 201O This subspedalty version is primarily designed based differentials rather than to obtain the "correct" for senior radiology residents, neuroradiology fellows, and answer staff radiologists preparing for the neuroradiology portion As with the earlier Top Differentials in Radiology, it is of initial and recertification board examinations; however, it important to realize that the differentials and discussions are may also prove useful for dinicians and surgeons who based on the key finding or gamut and not necessarily the routinely utilize neuroimaging illustrative cases that are shown This is by design, because This book is organized into three main sections: brain, felt it would be more high-yield to base the differentials and head and neck, and spine imaging; and further divided into discussions on the overall gamut/key finding rather than the subsections based upon anatomie region or pattern of imagư illustrative case presented Having an understanding of ing abnormality Each section begins with a series of gamut-based differentials will allow one to subsequently unknown differential-based cases and ends with "Roentgen tailor the Iist of differentials for any case that is shown within dassics," which are cases with imaging findings characterư the gamut, whereas basing the differentials on the selected istic of a single diagnosis images would be more limited in terms of future utility On the first page of each case, readers are presented with Given the vast, evolving field of neuroimaging, this book is images from an unknown case, along with a clinicat history not meant to be a comprehensive reference book; rather, it is and an image legend The images are meant to illustrate a meant to serve as a high-yield review for board preparation, key imaging finding, which is the basis for the subsequent as well as a quick reference for clinical practice With these case discussion The second page Iists the key imaging intentions in mind, the selection and ordering of differentials finding, from which a list of differentials is broken down for each gamut were based upon a combination of the most into the Top 3, along with "additional diagnostic consideraư likely diagnoses to be enrountered in a board setting, as well tions." The discussion section of each case provides a brief as clinical practice Sorne "additional diagnostic consideraư review of important imaging and clinical manifestations for tions" were selected over others (which may actually be more all entities on the list of differentials, making this a highư rommon) in order to provide the opportunity to discuss as yield reference for board preparation lmaging pearls are many diagnostic entities as possible throughout the book provided at the end of each case to allow for a quick review viii fact, many illustrative cases have a final diagnosis that Neuroradiology: A Case Review Developing a neuroradiology sinrely hope that you find this Top case-based of key points The final diagnosis is provided for each case; approach enjoyable and useful, and I wish you all the best however, it is by no means the focus of this review book In in your future endeavors Spine Case 298 Fig 298.1 Axial (a) and coronal (b) T2 images with fat suppression reveal multiple, large, lobulated, hyperintense paraspinal, extradural, and intradural extramedullary masses Cord compression is seen at the Cl -2 level (a) The coronal image (b) shows focal scoliosis within the upper thoracic spine associated with numerous paraspinal masses, as well as foraminal extension and expansion within the upper cervical spine Clinical Presentation A 9-year-old girl with skin lesions, disfigurement, and scoliosis ( Fig 298.1) 600 Case 298 Key lmaging Finding Multiple paraspinal, extradural, and intradural extramedullary masses Diagnosis Neurofibromatosis type (NFl) NFl, also known as von Reckư enlargement), and intraorbital extension of a PNF Vascular linghausen disease, is the most common of the neurocutaneous abnormalities include regions of stenosis, moyamoya, and syndromes It may occur sporadically or be inherited in an autoư aneurysm formation These are best visualized on magnetic resư somal dominant fashion The genetic defect affects chromoư onance angiography studies some 17q12 and results in decreased production of neurofibroư Spinal manifestations of NF1 indude multiple bilateral NFs min, which acts as a tumor suppressor The disease affects the with extension through and expansion of the neuroformina brain, skull, orbits, spine, musculoskeletal system, and skin/ NFs are more Iikely than schwannomas to demonstrate the utarư integumentary system Diagnostic criteria for NF1 indude the get sign," which refers to peripheral increased and central presence of two or more of the following: first-degree relative decreased T2 signal intensity Large retroperitoneal PNFs are with NF1, six or more cafộ-au-lait spots, two or more neurofiư prone to malignant degeneration, which is best characterized bromas (NFs) or one plexiform NF (PNF), optic pathway glioma, by interval growth Additional spinal manifestations indude bony dysplasia, axillary or inguinal freckling, and two or more kyphoscoliosis, durai ectasia with posterior vertebral body scalư Llsch nodules loping, and lateral thoracic meningoceles Rarely, intramedulư Intracranial central nervous system (CNS) manifestations indude characteristic NF uspots" and law-grade neoplasms The NF spots may wax and wane for the first decade of Iife and then lary lesions, typically low-grade astrocytomas, may present in patients with NFl Extra-CNS and spinal manifestations indude cutaneous NFs, regress in bath size and signal abnormality The most common cafộ-au-lait CNS neoplasms associated with NF1 are law-grade optic pathư and bowing deformities, "ribbon" ribs, and hypertrophy or spots, extremity long-bone pseudoarthroses way gliomas (OPG) Bilateral optic nerve gliomas are pathognoư overgrowth of ail or a portion of a limb NF1 is associated with monic for NF1 Law-grade cerebellar, brain stem, tectal plate, an increased incidence of several tumors, induding pheư and basal ganglia gliomas are also common in the setting of ochromocytoma, NF1 In addition to OPG, orbital findings include sphenoid wing intestinal stromal tumors, melanoma, Wilms tumor, leukemia, dysplasia with pulsatile exophthalmos, buphthalmos (globe and lymphoma medullary thyroid carcinoma, gastroư Pearts NF1 is the most common neurocutaneous syndrome and results from a genetic defect affecting chromosome 17q12 Scoliosis, durai ectasia with posterior vertebral body scallopư ing, and lateral meningoceles are common in NFl Common spinal manifestations indude multiple NFs with foraminal extension and bony remodeling Suggested Readings DiMario FJ,jr, Rarnsby G Magnetic resonan irnaging lesion analym in neuroư fibromatosis type Arcll Newlll 1998; SS: SOO-SOS EgelhoffJC, Dates DJ, RossJS, Rothner AD, Cohen BH Spinal MR findings in neuroư fibromatosis types and :z Am] Neuroradiol 1992.; 13: 1071-1077 Rodriguez D Young PoussaintT Neuroimaging findings in neurofibrornatosis type and :Z Neuroirnaging Clin N Am 2004; 14: 149-170 vil 601 Spine Case 299 Fig 299.1 Axial CT image through the C2 vertebral body (a) demonstrates abnormal lucency surrounding the entire fixation screw on the left and distal tip on the right Coronal reformatted image (b) better depicts the lucency and also shows disruption of the cortex superiorly Similar findings are noted on the left at C l Fixations screws on the right reveal less pronounced lucency along the margins of the fixation hardware Clinical Presentation A 13-year-old boy with neck pain ( Fig 299.1 ) 602 Case 299 Key lmaging Finding Lucency surrounding spinal fixation screw Diagnosis Spinal hardware complication/loosening Spinal stabilization pedide because this location allows for maximal anchoring and fusion is perfonned to correct and restore anatomie alignư Care must be taken not to disrupt the medial cortex because ment and function secondary to underlying congenital, postư inadvertent penetration may result in narrowing of the spinal traurnatic, neoplastic, or postinfectious/inflammatory defects canal With posterior fusion, the tip The surgical approach and hardware utilized depends upon approach but not extend through the anterior cortex of the verư of the pedide screw should bath the underlying condition and the individual surgeon tebral body Improper (or less than optimal) screw placement Complications may arise in the immediate postoperative period indudes those that extend into the spinal canal, foramen transư or present years after the initial surgery versarium, intervertebral dise spa, or paraspinal soft tissues Postoperative imaging typically consists of plain radiographs and computed tomography (cr) and is utilized to look for Properly plaeed screws may become fractured or loosened over time Fractured hardware is not difficult to identify, but it appropriate alignment, eviden of hardware complication, and is important to comment on the degree of displament of the to evaluate for bony fusion, when applicable Pedide screws are hardware components Loosening is best evaluated on cr and commonly used in the spine and require meticulous placement presents as a rim of lucency surrounding the pedide screw due to their proximity to critical neurovascular structures Ideư Loosening allows for migration of the hardware that may result ally, pedide screws will traverse along the medial cortex of the in instability Pearts Spinal stabilization and fusion is performed to correct and restore anatomie alignment and function Pedide screws require meticulous placement due to their proximity to critical neurovascular structures Less than optimal placement indudes involvement of the spinal canal, foramen transversarium, and dise space Hardware loosening is best evaluated on cr and presents as a rim of lucency surrounding the pedide screw Suggested Reading Young PM, Beniuist rn, Bancroft LW, PetersonlJ Complications ofspinal instrumenư UtiDIL Radiographies 2007; 27; 775-789 603 Spine Case 300 Rg 300.1 Frontal (a) radioã graph of the chest and abdomen demonstrates rhizomelic limb short:enlng {rlght humerus) thkkened and shortened rlbs, abnormal pelvlc configuration with "tombstone ifỹ1c bones secondary to deaeased acetabã ular angles and a champagne glass pelvlc lnlet and decreased interpediculate disl:inces involvã ing the lawer lumbar spine Lateral (b) radlograph of the thoracolumbar splne reveals posterlor vert:ebral body scalư loplng, anterlor vert:ebral body beaklng and wedglng, glbbus deformll1es wlth focal kyphosls, exilggerated lumbar lordosis, and an acute angle between the lumbar splne and sacrum Saglttll Tl magnetlc resonance Image of the braln and cranloư l"Yical junction (c) shows a large head, promlnent forehead, small for.amen magnum wlth splnal stenosls at the aanlocerư vical junction, and hydrocephaã lus There ls also maaoglossla that ls not a typkal feature of thls pal1ent's underlylng condition Clinical Presentation Ayoung boy with short stature ( Fig 300.1) 604 Case 300 Key lmaglng Flndlng Rhizomelic dwartism with spinal, craniocervical, thoradc, and pelvic anomalies Diagnosls Achondroplasia The most COilllDon nonlethal skeletal dysplasia, demonstrates shortened iliac bones with decreased (horizontal) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized acetabular angles and a "tombstone" appearance, as well as an achondroplasia by skeletal abnonnalities attributable to decreased cartilage inner pelvic contour with a "champagne glass" configuration matrix production and endochondral ossification Patients have Evaluation of the cranial vault and craniocervical junction predictable rhizomelic (proximal) limb shortening, enlarged demonstrates a disproportionately enlarged head, prominent trunk, and spinal malformaư forehead, depressed nasal bridge, and small skull base with head, midface hypoplasia, a long tions Cognitive function and development is normal stenosis at the foramen magnum There is often brain stem/ Conventional radiographs of the extremities demonstrate cord compression and instability at the craniocervical juncư proximal rhizomelic limb shortening with flared metaphyses tion In newboms and young children, there is often ventricuư The bands and fingers are shortened with a trident appearance, lomegaly and enlargement of the extraaxial cerebrospinal especially during early bony development Chest or thoradc (CSF) spaces Hydrocephalus may result from impaired flow of spine radiographs show a long, narrow thorax with thick, CSF at the craniocervicaljunction and venous hypertension shortened ribs Patients often suffer from chronic otomastoiditis secondary Characteristic findings in the lumbar spine indude decreased to midface hypoplasia, which results in shortened eustachian descending interpediculate distance within the lower lumbar, tubes, a small pharynx, and relatively large adenoids and tonư increased lumbar lordosis, anterior vertebral body bealdng sils Dental manifestations indude a protruding jaw, and poorly or wedging (most common at thoracolumbar junction), aligned crowded teeth posterior vertebral body scalloping, and spinal stenosis There is often an acute angle at the lumbosacral junction The pelvis Hypochondroplasia is a Jess severe form of achondroplasia in which findings may be mild and limited to the spine y' Pearts Achondroplasia is the most common nonlethal skeletal dysư plasia and is autosomal dominant Patients have rhizomelic limb shortening, a long trunk, enlarged head, and spinal/pelvic malformations Hypoplasia of the skull base results in spinal stenosis and often instability at the craniocervicaljunction Lumbar spine findings indude decreased interpediculate disư tance, increased lordosis, and spinal stenosis Suggested Reading Baujat G, Legeai-Mallet I Finidori G, Connier-Daire V, Le Merrer M Achondroplasia BestPractRes ClinRheumatol 2008; 22; 3-18 605 Index of Differential Diagnoses, by Case Aberrant internai carotid artery 148, 161 Absss - EpidlU"ai, intracranial 89 - EpidlU"ai, spine 259 - Head Ili Neck 190, 192, 193, 200, 201, 213 - Parenchymal 76 Ad!ondroplasia 300 Arute disseminated encephalomyelitis - Brain 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 35, 75, 76 - Brainstern 31, 34, 57 - Deep gray matter 37, 41 - Spine 240, 244 Adenocarcinorna, sinonasal 165 Adenoid cystic cardnoma 147, 196, 233 Adnexal mass 253 Adrenoleukodystrophy 24 Agenesis of the corpus callosurn 5, 10, 13 Aggressive sinus disease 167 Agyria Alexander disease 24, 28 Aller-gic fungal sinusitis 164, 165 Alzheimer disease 93, 103 Ameloblastorna 180 Anal fistula 255 Anaplastie astrocytmna 26 Anaplastie cardnorna, thyroid 202 Anernia 133 Aneurymt - lntracranial 60, 102, 106 - Head Ili neck 197 Aneurysmal bene cyst - Mandible 180 - Spine 247 Ankylosing spondylitis 286, 294 Anterior sacral rneningocele 253 Anticonvulsant therapy - Cerebellar atrophyfvolume Joss Antrochoanal polyp 176 Apical petrositis 149 Aqueductal stenosis 104 Arachnoid cyst - lntraventricular 83 - Posterior fussa - Temporal bone/CPA 151 Arachnoid granulations 128 Arachnoiditis 282 Arrested pneumatization 166 Arterial dissection, neck 203, 204, 215 Arterial fenestration 111 Arteriovenous fistula - lntracranial 113 - Neck 204 - Spine 257 Arteriovenous rnalforrnation - lntracranial 56, 78, 79, 102, 109 - Spine 257 Aspergillosis 167 Astrocytorna - Calcified brain mass 78 - Cerebellar 35 - Cortical/subcortical 23, 32 - Deep grayrnatter 37 - lntraventricular 81 - Spine 240, 244, 256 - Supratentorial, infant 74 Ataxia telangiectasia Atherosderosis - lntracranial 101 - Neck 203 AtlantDaxial iru5tability 286 AtlantDaxial rotatory subluxation 287 Atlantoocdpital assimilation 138 Atlantn-ocdpital (AO) dislocation 285 Atrophy, brain parenchyma 93, 97 Atrophy, rebellar Atypical infection 24, 26 Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor 55, 74 Axial myopia 221 Azygous anterior rebral artery 124 Baastrup phenornenon 272 Basal ganglia - Calcifications 41, 42, 43 - Signal abnormality 38, 39, 41, 42 Base oftongue mass in a child 199 Basilar impression 138 Basilar invagination 138 Bell palsy 147 Benign rnacrocrania 97 Blowout fracture, orbital 226 Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome 131 Brachial plexitis 264 Brachial plexus ẻl\ẻury 264 Brachyphaly 143 Brain death 122 Brainstern glioma 31, 34, 55, 57 Brainstern signal abnormality 31, 57 Branchial deft cyst 196, 200 Brown tumor 130, 133 S-thalassernia 133 Burr hole 130 Burst fracture 288 CADASIL 22, 36 Calcific tendinopathy, !ongus colli 194 Calcified brain mass 78 Calvarial fracture 118, 144, 145, 146 Calvarial lytic lesion 129, 130 Calvarial thidning 133, 134 c:anavan disease 24, 28, 38 capillary telangiectasia 34, 115 caput sucdaneurn 132 Carbon rnonoxide poisoning 38, 39,43 Carotid artery injury 197, 203, 204, 215 Carotid artery stenosis 203, 204 Carotid body tumor 197 Carotid-cavemom fistula 63, 110, 225, 232 Carotid occlusion 144 Carotid spa mass 197 cauda equina enhanrnent 242 caudal regression syndrome 283 cavemous hernangioma, orbital 228 Y51UJUS rnalforrnation - Brairu5tem 34 - Parem:hymal 40, 45, 56, 78, 79, 108 Y51UJUS sinus mass/ enhanment 63 ựY51UJUs sinus thrombosis 232 Cernentoblastorna 181 Cernento-osseous dysplasia 181 Central neurocytoma 80, 81 Central pontine rnyelinolysis 34, 37, 38,39 Central spinal canal prominen 256 Cephalole 14, 168 Cephalohernatmna 132, 134 Cerebellitis 35 Cerebellopantine angle mass 151 Cerebellum - AtrophyfVolume Joss - Signal abnorrnality 31, 35 Cerebral arnyloid angiopathy 40, 79 Cerebral autosmnal dominant arteriopathywith sulx:ortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) 22, 36 Cerebral edema 33, 53 Cerebral hernisphere asyrnmetry Cerebritis 23, 25, 32 Cerebrospinal fluid leak 260 Cervical spine segmentation anomaly 266 Oiarnberlain line 138 Oian fracture 292 Cllarmt-Marie-Tooth disease 262, 264 Oiernotherapy-indud brain injury 43,45 Clliari Oiiari Il - Craniorvical 9, 16 - Lumbosacral 252 Oiiari III Clloanal atresia 175 Oiolesteatmna - EAC 155 - Middle ear 148 - Petrous apex 149 Cllolesterol granulorna 148, 155 Oiondrosarcoma 136, 149, 166, 193 Cllordorna - Prevertebral spa mass 195 - Sacral 263 - Slrull base 136, 166 Oioroidal detadunent 238 Clloroidal fissure cyst 125 Oioroidal hernangiorna 223 Clloroidal osteoma 223, 224 Clloroid plexus - Cyst 83 - Turner 74, 80, 82 - Villom hyperplasia 126 - Xanthogranulorna 83 Cllronic inflamrnatmy demJll!linating polyneuropathy (ODP) 243, 252, 264 Clay-filloveler fracture 293 Oeftlip 184 Oeft palate 184 Oeidocranial dysostosis 135 Oival mass 136 Coalescent rnastoiditis 153 Coats disease 222 Cocaùne nose 167 Cochlear aplasia 152 Cochlear nerve deficiency 160 Collateral vascular flow 94 Colloid cyst, intracranial 84 Colloid cyst, thyroid 202 Coloborna 221 Cornrnunicating hydrophalus 93, 97 Condensing osteitis 181 Omfluent white matter disease - Adult 26 - Oiild 24 Congenital spinal fusion 266 Omgenital spinal stenosis 273 Col\ẻoined nerve roots 2n Omtusion - Parenchyrnal 25, 32, 76, 79 - Cord 240 Cornelia de Lange syndrome 183 Corpm callosum - Agenesis 5, 1o 13 - Atrophyfvolume Joss - Hypogenesis - 11\iury - Mass 75 - Signal abnormality 30 Cortical dysplasia 23, 67 Cortical Iarninar necrosis 54 Cortical malformation Cortical/subcortical signal abnorrnality 23, 25, 27, 32 Cortical tubers 25 franial setting 138 Ctaniopharyngiorna 59, 60, 61, 65, 69 Ctaniosyntostosis 143