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Database Design and Implementation with SQL Server 2000 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION G/ADP/N/1/HRV/2 G/SCM/N/1/HRV/2 24 November 2004 (04-5107) Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Original: English NOTIFICATION OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS UNDER ARTICLES 18.5 AND 32.6 OF THE AGREEMENTS CROATIA The following communication, dated 18 November 2004, is being circulated at the request of the Delegation of Croatia _ Pursuant to Article 60 paragraph 1, Article 61 paragraph 7, Article 62 paragraph and Article 63 paragraph of the Trade Act (Official Gazette Nos 11/96, 75/99, 76/99, 62/01, 109/01, 49/03 final draft, 96/03, 103/03, 170/03 and 55/04), the Government of the Republic of Croatia on its session held on 30 September 2004 has passed THE REGULATION ON PROCEDURE AND METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF ANTI-DUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTY I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article By this Regulation procedures and methods of anti-dumping and countervailing duties determination and procedures and methods of anti-dumping or countervailing duties regulation shall be arranged Article For the purpose of this Regulation the following terms shall mean: "Dumping import" shall mean the import of a product to the customs territory of the Republic of Croatia at price lower than its normal value 2 "Subsidized import" shall mean the import to the customs territory of the Republic of Croatia of a product that in the process of production or export received subsidy, directly or indirectly, in the country of origin or country of export "Like product" shall mean a product that is identical by its characteristics, or in the absence of such a product, another product which although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration "Export price" shall mean the price actually paid or payable for the product when sold for export from the exporting country to the Republic of Croatia "Interested parties" shall mean governments of the exporting countries, exporters, importers and domestic and foreign producers of the like products or of directly competitive products, other domestic and foreign natural and legal persons or trade and business organizations that during the procedure shall prove their direct legal or economic interest concerning products under consideration "Exporting country" shall mean the country of origin of the product, and in case of product that is not exported to the customs territory of the Republic of Croatia directly form the country of origin, it is a country from which the product is imported "Domestic production" shall mean the production on the customs territory of the Republic of Croatia of the like products or directly competitive products and concerns all the producers of these products or producers who produce a predominant part of its whole production "Commercial connection" shall mean the connection of the producers with the exporters or importers in case that one of them directly or indirectly controls the other or in case the one or the other are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person or both of them together directly or indirectly control the third person "Dumping margin" shall mean a difference between the export price and normal value as the result of their comparison 10 "Subsidy granting authority" shall mean the Government and central bodies of the exporting country's government administration and any other legal person that grants or administers subsidies in the exporting country 11 "Subsidy's beneficiary" shall mean a legal or natural person participating in trade and benefits from any form of subsidy 12 "Questionnaire" shall mean a written request for data collection from the interested parties 13 "Provisional and definitive anti-dumping or countervailing duties" shall mean the increased tariffs Article An anti-dumping duty may be prescribed in order to eliminate the dumping effect for any product whose release for free circulation in the customs territory of the Republic of Croatia shall cause injury or threatens injury in the sense of Article 46 of the Trade Act The anti-dumping duty shall be prescribed on the basis of carried out investigation by which is determined the existence of dumped import, injury caused by such an import and causal link between such an import and injury for domestic production A countervailing duty may be prescribed in order to eliminate the effect of subsidy granted directly or indirectly for production, export or transport of a product whose release for free circulation in the customs territory of the Republic of Croatia shall cause injury or threatens injury in the sense of Article 46 of the Trade Act The countervailing duty shall be prescribed on the basis of carried out investigation by which is determined the existence of subsidy against which it is possible to undertake measures, benefits that exporter or producer has realized by this subsidy, injury caused by the import of such product and causal link between such ...The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File SystemMendel Rosenblum and John K. OusterhoutElectrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Computer Science DivisionUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720mendel@sprite.berkeley.edu, ouster@sprite.berkeley.eduAbstractThis paper presents a new technique for disk storagemanagement called a log-structured file system. A log-structured file system writes all modifications to disksequentially in a log-like structure, thereby speeding upboth file writing and crash recovery. The log is the onlystructure on disk; it contains indexing information so thatfiles can be read back from the log efficiently. In order tomaintain large free areas on disk for fast writing, we dividethe log into segments and use a segment cleaner tocompress the live information from heavily fragmentedsegments. We present a series of simulations that demon-strate the efficiency of a simple cleaning policy based oncost and benefit. We have implemented a prototype log-structured file system called Sprite LFS; it outperformscurrent Unix file systems by an order of magnitude forsmall-file writes while matching or exceeding Unix perfor-mance for reads and large writes. Even when the overheadfor cleaning is included, Sprite LFS can use 70% of thedisk bandwidth for writing, whereas Unix file systems typi-cally can use only 5-10%.1. IntroductionOver the last decade CPU speeds have increaseddramatically while disk access times have only improvedslowly. This trend is likely to continue in the future and itwill cause more and more applications to become disk-bound. To lessen the impact of this problem, we have dev-ised a new disk storage management technique called alog-structured file system, which uses disks an order of ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✁ The work described here was supported in part by the Na-tional Science Foundation under grant CCR-8900029, and in partby the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and theDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contractNAG2-591.This paper will appear in the Proceedings of the 13th ACM Sym-posium on Operating Systems Principles and the February 1992ACM Transactions on Computer Systems.magnitude more efficiently than current file systems.Log-structured file systems are based on the assump-tion that files are cached in main memory and that increas-ing memory sizes will make the caches more and moreeffective at satisfying read requests[1]. As a result, disktraffic will become dominated by writes. A log-structuredfile system writes all new information to disk in a sequen-tial structure called the log. This approach increases writeperformance dramatically by eliminating almost all seeks.The sequential nature of the log also permits much fastercrash recovery: current Unix file systems typically mustscan the entire disk to restore consistency after a crash, buta log-structured file system need only examine the mostrecent portion of the log.The notion of logging is not new, and a number ofrecent file systems have incorporated a log as an auxiliarystructure to speed up writes and crash recovery[2, 3]. How-ever, these other systems use the log only for temporarystorage; the permanent home for information is in a tradi-tional The Duality of Memory and Communicationin the Implementation of aMultiprocessor Operating SystemMichael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub,Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black and Robert BaronComputer Science DepartmentCarnegie-Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213Appeared in Proceedings of the 11th Operating Systems Principles,November, 1987AbstractMach is a multiprocessor operating system being implemented at Carnegie-Mellon University. An importantcomponent of the Mach design is the use of memory objects which can be managed either by the kernel or by userprograms through a message interface. This feature allows applications such as transaction management systems toparticipate in decisions regarding secondary storage management and page replacement.This paper explores the goals, design and implementation of Mach and its external memory management facility.The relationship between memory and communication in Mach is examined as it relates to overall performance,applicability of Mach to new multiprocessor architectures, and the structure of application programs.This research was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), ARPA Order No.4864, monitored by the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command under contract N00039-85-C-1034. Theviews expressed are those of the authors alone.Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not madeor distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication andits date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association of Computing Machinery.To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. 11. IntroductionIn late 1984, we began implementation of an operating system called Mach. Our goals for Mach were:• an object oriented interface with a small number of basic system objects,• support for both distributed computing and multiprocessing,• portability to a wide range of multiprocessor and uniprocessor architectures,• compatibility with Berkeley UNIX, and• performance comparable to commercial UNIX offerings.Most of these early goals have been met. The underlying Mach kernel is based on five interrelated abstractions;operations on Mach objects are invoked through message passing. Mach runs on the majority of workstations andmainframes within the Department of Computer Science, and supports projects in distributed computing and parallelprocessing such as the Camelot distributed transaction processing system [21], the Agora parallel speechunderstanding system [3] and a parallel implementation of OPS5 [7]. Mach has already been ported to more than a1dozen computer systems including ten members of the VAX family of uniprocessors and multiprocessors , the IBMRT PC, the SUN 3, the 16-processor Encore MultiMax , and the 26-processor Sequent Balance 21000. Mach isbinary compatible with Berkeley UNIX 4.3bsd and has Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Recently wireless mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have received much attention from the research community for their important applications in emergence and military situations, and other areas. Most current multi-hop wireless mobile ad-hoc network implementations suffer from severe throughput limitations, less robustness and do not scale well. Typically, MANETs are resource constrained nodes, e.g. battery power can be limited, and therefore higher data throughput cannot always be achieved by increasing transmission power. Overall data throughout for MANETs is also an issue as communications are often multi-hop in nature. It is therefore a challenging research problem to send more information with low power to optimize the throughput. To improve network throughput, a novel idea of network coding for the current packet switched networks has been proposed by Ahlswede et al. [1]. Traditionally, the intermediate node in the network just forwards the input packets to the intended nodes. However, network coding allows the intermediate node to combine some input packets into one or several output packets based on the assumption that the intended nodes are able to decode these combined packets. Figure 1 is a simple illustration for this promising idea which shows how network coding can save a great deal of transmissions, and thus improving the overall wireless network throughput. In the three-node scenario in Figure 1, Alice and Bob want to send packets to each other with the help of a relay. Without network coding, Alice sends packet p1 to the relay 1 and then the relay sends it to Bob. Likewise, Bob sends packet p2 to Alice. Therefore, a total of 4 transmissions are required for Alice and Bob to exchange one pair of packets. With network coding, the relay combines packets p1 and p2 together simply using XOR and then broadcasts it to both Alice and Bob. Alice and Bob then extract the packets they want by performing the required decoding operation. The total number of transmissions is therefore reduced to 3. This illustrates the basic idea of how network coding is able to improve the network throughput. (a) No coding (b) Coding Figure 1: A simplified illustration of network coding, showing how network coding saves bandwidth consumption. It shows Alice and Bob to exchange a pair of packets using 3 transmissions instead of 4. Recently the research focus on network coding has shifted towards the practical aspects of research, in particular, for wireless mesh networks. For example, COPE [2] is regarded as the first practical implementation of network coding in wireless mesh networks. In [2-5] the authors introduce COPE as a new packet forwarding architecture which combines several packets together by bit-wise exclusive OR (XOR) operation, 2 coupled with a completely opportunistic approach in routing packets. COPE inserts a coding shim between the IP and MAC layers, which identifies coding opportunities and benefits from them by forwarding multiple packets in a single transmission. What is more, by taking advantage of the opportunistic property and simple XOR coding algorithm, COPE manages to address practical issues when integrating network coding in the current communication protocol stack. The details of the opportunistic property and practical considerations will be described in the next chapter. Experimental results [2-5] have shown that COPE can substantially improve the throughput of wireless mesh networks by 3 to 4 folds in simple one-hop topologies and it also slightly improves the throughput in large scale multi-hop wireless mesh networks. 1.2 Motivations Though S. Katti [2] has shown COPE to work well in wireless mesh networks, there are still a number of issues to be further investigated. For example, it is shown that in a large scale multi-hop wireless environment, COPE is unable to deal with TCP traffic as well as UDP traffic. This was because the retransmission scheme and ... confer a benefit, unless the provision is made for less than adequate remuneration or the purchase is made for more than adequate remuneration The adequacy of remuneration shall be determined... the Ministry of Finance - Customs Administration a written application for refund of anti-dumping or countervailing duties together with data concerning the amount of anti-dumping or countervailing... costs increased by a standard amount of administrative costs, sales costs and general costs is not considered ordinary course of trade if such sales are made within an extended period and in a