Vitamin A Supplementation for Prevention EDIT

PDF created: Mon, Aug 3, 1998 - 11:47 AM NASA SP-7084 Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalization A Handbook for Technical Writers and Editors Mary K. McCaskill Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia Preface Page iii Preface The four chapters making up this reference publication were originally written as part of an ongoing effort to write a style manual for the Technical Editing Branch of the NASA Langley Research Center. These chapters were written for technical publishing professionals (primarily technical editors) at Langley. At the urging of my branch head, I am making this part of the style manual available to the technical publishing community. This publication is directed toward professional writers, editors, and proofreaders. Those whose profession lies in other areas (for example, research or management), but who have occasion to write or review others' writing will also find this information useful. By carefully studying the examples and revisions to these examples, you can discern most of the techniques in my editing "bag of tricks"; I hope that you editors will find these of particular interest. Being a technical editor, I drew nearly all the examples from the documents written by Langley's research staff. I admit that these examples are highly technical and therefore harder to understand, but technical editors and other technical publishing professionals must understand grammar, punctuation, and capitalization in the context in which they work. In writing these chapters, I came to a realization that has slowly been dawning on me during my 15 years as a technical editor: authorities differ on many rules of grammar, punctuation, and capitalization; these rules are constantly changing (as is our whole language); and these rules (when they can be definitely ascertained) sometimes should be broken! Thus much of writing and editing is a matter of style, or preference. Some of the information in this publication, particularly the chapter on capitalization, is a matter of style. Langley's editorial preferences are being presented when you see the words we prefer, "we" being Langley's editorial staff. I do not intend to imply that Langley's style is preferred over any other; however, if you do not have a preferred style, Langley's editorial tradition is a long and respected one. I wish to acknowledge that editorial tradition and the people who established it and trained me in it. I am also grateful to Alberta L. Cox, NASA Ames Research Center, and to Mary Fran Buehler, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, for reviewing this document. Contents Page iv Contents Preface iii 1. Grammar 1 1.1. Grammar and Effective Writing 1 1.2. Nouns 1 1.2.1. Possessive Case 1 1.2.2. Possessive of Inanimate Objects 2 1.3. Pronouns 3 1.3.1. Antecedents 3 1.3.2. Personal Pronouns 3 1.3.3. Relative Pronouns 4 1.3.4. Demonstrative Pronouns 6 1.4. Verbs 7 1.4.1. Tense 7 1.4.2. Mood 9 1.4.3. Voice 9 1.4.4. Verb Number 10 1.5. Adjectives 12 1.5.1. Articles 12 1.5.2. Unit Modifiers 13 1.6. Adverbs 14 1.6.1. Misplaced Adverbs 15 1.6.2. Squinting Adverbs 15 1.6.3. Split Infinitives 15 Contents Page v 1.7. Prepositions 16 1.7.1. Prepositional Idioms 16 1.7.2. Terminal Prepositions 17 1.7.3. Repeating Prepositions 17 1.8. Conjunctions 17 1.8.1. Coordinating Conjunctions 17 1.8.2. Subordinating Conjunction 19 1.9. Verbals 20 1.9.1. Coordinate Gerunds and Infinitives 21 1.9.2. Idiom Requiring Gerund or Infinitive 21 1.9.3. Dangling Verbals 22 2. Sentence Structure 26 2.1. Sentence Structure and Effective Writing 26 2.2. Subjects and Verbs 26 2.2.1. Clarify Subject 26 2.2.2. Make Verbs VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION FOR PREVENTION OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA DR VU THI MAI UYEN Vitamin A  Involved in the regulation of lung development and injury repair  Low levels associated with increased BPD Shenai, Jayant P., Frank Chytil, Mildred T Stahlman "Vitamin A status of neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia." Pediatric research 19.2 (1985) Tyson, Jon E., et al "Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants." New England journal of medicine 340.25 (1999): 1962-1968 Darlow, Brian A., and P J Graham "Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐and long‐term morbidity in very low birthweight infants." The Cochrane Library (2011)  Long-term follow-up of infants at 18–22 months could not demonstrate any improvement in mortality, neurodevelopmental impairment, or respiratory outcomes from treatment with Vitamin A Ambalavanan, Namasivayam, et al "Vitamin A supplementation for extremely low birth weight infants: outcome at 18 to 22 months." Pediatrics 115.3 (2005): e249-e254 Conclusion: Whether clinicians decide to utilize repeat intramuscular doses of vitamin A to prevent chronic lung disease may depend upon the local incidence of this outcome and the value attached to achieving a modest reduction in this outcome, balanced against the lack of other proven benefits and the acceptability of treatment Information on long-term neurodevelopmental status suggests no evidence of either benefit or harm from the intervention Chabra, Shilpi, et al "Vitamin A status after prophylactic intramuscular vitamin A supplementation in extremely low birth weight infants." Nutrition in Clinical Practice (2013): 0884533613479132 Tolia, Veeral N., et al "The effect of the national shortage of vitamin A on death or chronic lung disease in extremely low-birth-weight infants." JAMA pediatrics 168.11 (2014): 1039-1044 Tolia, Veeral N., et al "The effect of the national shortage of vitamin A on death or chronic lung disease in extremely low-birth-weight infants." JAMA pediatrics 168.11 (2014): 1039-1044 Gawronski, Catherine A., and Kristen M Gawronski "Vitamin A Supplementation for Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Cornerstone of Care or Futile Therapy?." Annals of Pharmacotherapy (2016): 1060028016647066 Route & dosage  Mostly IM  2000 IU IM every other day for 28 days  5000 IU IM times weekly for weeks Gawronski, Catherine A., and Kristen M Gawronski "Vitamin A Supplementation for Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Cornerstone of Care or Futile Therapy?." Annals of Pharmacotherapy (2016): 1060028016647066 Conclusions  BPD still remains a very important complication of neonatal intensive care • Vitamin A have been shown to reduce the incidence of BPD  Little is known about the optimal intake or the mode of VA delivery in preterm infants, especially in ELBW babies [...]... for concrete washout areas on-site, designate specific washout areas and design facilities to handle anticipated washout water Washout areas should also be provided for paint and stucco operations Because washout areas can be a source of pollutants from leaks or spills, Developing Your Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan: A Guide for Construction Sites 25 EPA recommends that you locate them at least... are either temporarily or permanently ceased in an area • Date(s) when an area is either temporarily or permanently stabilized • Ensure that construction support activities, including borrow areas, waste areas, contractor work areas, and material storage areas and dedicated concrete and asphalt batch plants are cleaned and maintained • Replace damaged BMPs, such as silt fences, that no longer operate... features at the site related to construction activities and stormwater management practices Developing Your Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan: A Guide for Construction Sites 15 the SWPPP, as well as post -construction stormwater BMPs • Areas of stabilization Identify locations where stabilization practices are expected to occur Mark areas where final stabilization has been accomplished • Other areas and... control measures are not stabilization measures Final Stabilization Once construction activity in an area is completed and the area is stabilized (typically by achieving 70 percent permanent vegetative cover), you can mark this area on your SWPPP and discontinue inspections in that area By bringing areas of your site to final stabilization, you can reduce your workload associated with maintaining and inspecting... subject to additional requirements to protect these waterbodies Wetland areas, including bogs, marshes, swamps, and prairie potholes may be found in areas adjacent to rivers, lakes, and coastal waters but may also be found in isolated places far from other surface waters Many types of wetlands are protected under the Clean Water Act and construction activities in and around these areas may require an additional... (www epa.gov/waters/enviromapper) or contact your state environmental agency for more information Assess Whether You Have Historic Sites that Require Protection Assess Whether You Have Endangered Plant or Animal Species in Your Area The federal Endangered Species Act protects endangered and threatened species and their critical habitat areas (States and tribes may have their own endangered species laws.)... Place all hazardous and toxic material wastes in secondary containment  Hazardous waste containers should be inspected to ensure that all containers are labeled properly and that no leaks are present P2 Principle 2: Establish proper building material handling and staging areas Your SWPPP should include comprehensive handling and management procedures for building materials, especially those that are... state or EPA develops a plan for correcting the situation This plan is called a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) If stormwater from your project could reach an impaired water with or without an approved TMDL (either directly or indirectly through a municipal storm drain system), your permit Developing Your Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan: A Guide for Construction Sites may include additional requirements... enters a public road Figure 14 Illustration of a stabilized construction exit Dewatering practices are used to remove ground water or accumulated Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases    A Guide for School Administrators, Nurses, Teachers, Child Care Providers, and Parents or Guardians Department of Health and Senior Services Bureau of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573) 751-6113 (866) 628-9891 e-mail: info@health.mo.gov Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases A Guide for School Administrators, Nurses, Teachers, Child Care Providers, and Parents or Guardians Editors: Barbara Wolkoff Autumn Grim Harvey L. Marx, Jr. Department of Health and Senior Services Bureau of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573) 751-6113 (866) 628-9891 e-mail: info@health.mo.gov www.health.mo.gov i FOREWORD HELP CONTROL COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Vaccines are now available to control the majority of diseases that have caused illness and death in children in the past. Medical treatments help to control many others, but schools and child care centers must continue to play an important role in controlling the spread of communicable disease. By enforcing the state communicable disease regulations, excluding children who are ill, and promptly reporting all suspected cases of communicable disease, personnel working with children can help ensure the good health of the children in their care. Be alert for signs of illness such as elevated temperature, skin rashes, inflamed eyes, flushed, pale or sweaty appearance. If a child shows these or other signs of illness, pain or physical distress, he/she should be evaluated by a health care provider. Children or staff with communicable diseases should not be allowed to attend or work in a school or child care setting until they are well. Recommendations for exclusion necessary to prevent exposure to others are contained in this document. Please report all suspected cases of communicable disease promptly to your city, county or state health department. Prompt reporting is the first step to insuring appropriate control measures. Additional information concerning individual communicable diseases is contained in the Communicable Disease Investigation Reference Manual located on the Department of Health and Senior Services website at: http://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/communicabledisease/cdmanual/index.php. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the Hennepin County Human Services and Public Health Department, Hopkins, Minnesota, who allowed us to use their materials in the development of this manual. ii REVIEWER LIST We would like to thank the following public health professionals for their valuable comments and suggestions in reviewing this manual. Bureau of Environmental Health Services Mark Jenkerson Bureau of HIV, STD, & Hepatitis Melissa Van Dyne Office of Veterinary and Public Health Karen Yates Section for Child Care Regulation Sue Porting Section of Epidemiology for Public Health Practices George Turabelidze, MD, PhD Center for Emergency Response and Terrorism (CERT) Robert H. Hamm, MD, MPH Bureau of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Eddie TOPICS ON CERVICAL CANCER WITH AN ADVOCACY FOR PREVENTION Edited by Rajamanickam Rajkumar Topics on Cervical Cancer with an Advocacy for Prevention Edited by Rajamanickam Rajkumar Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Masa Vidovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Topics on Cervical Cancer with an Advocacy for Prevention, Edited by Rajamanickam Rajkumar p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0183-3 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Predictors of Cervical Cancer Screening: An Application of Health Belief Model 1 Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian Chapter 2 Community Based Cancer Screening – The 12 “ I ”s Strategy for Success 25 Rajamanickam Rajkumar Chapter 3 Challenges to Cervical Cancer in the Developing Countries: South African Context 39 Nokuthula Sibiya Chapter 4 Cervical Cancer in Sub Sahara Africa 51 Atara Ntekim Chapter 5 The Indicators of Predicting Disease Outcome in HPV Carcinogenesis 75 Coralia Bleotu and Gabriela Anton Chapter 6 Cervical Cancer Treatment in Aging Women 103 Kenji Yoshida, Ryohei Sasaki, Hideki Nishimura, Daisuke Miyawaki and Kazuro Sugimura Chapter 7 Cervical Cancer Prevention by Liquid-Based Cytology in a Low-Resource Setting 115 Mongkol Benjapibal and Somsak Laiwejpithaya Chapter 8 Microinvasive Carcinoma of the Cervix 131 Fernando Anschau, Chrystiane da Silva Marc, Maria Carolina Torrens and Manoel Afonso Guimarães Gonçalves Chapter 9 The Clinical Outcome of Patients with Microinvasive Cervical Carcinoma 139 Špela Smrkolj VI Contents Chapter 10 New Therapeutic Targets 147 Magali Provansal, Maria Cappiello, Frederique Rousseau, Anthony Goncalves and Patrice Viens Chapter 11 A Transcriptome- and Marker-Based Systemic Analysis of Cervical Cancer 155 Carlos G. Acevedo-Rocha, José A. Munguía-Moreno, Rodolfo Ocádiz-Delgado and Patricio Gariglio Chapter 12 Evaluation of p53, p16 INK4a and E-Cadherin Status as Biomarkers for BioMed Central Page 1 of 7 (page number not for citation purposes) AIDS Research and Therapy Open Access Research Vitamin supplementation for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and pre-term delivery: a systematic review of randomized trial including more than 2800 women Edward J Mills* 1 , Ping Wu 2,3 , Dugald Seely 3,4 and Gordon H Guyatt 1 Address: 1 Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, 2 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK, 3 Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Canadian College Of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Canada and 4 Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Email: Edward J Mills* - millsej@mcmaster.ca; Ping Wu - pwu@ccnm.edu; Dugald Seely - dseely@ccnm.edu; Gordon H Guyatt - guyatt@mcmaster.ca * Corresponding author HIVVitaminsVitamin AMother-to-child transmissionPreterm delivery Abstract Background: Observational studies have suggested that low serum vitamin levels are associated with increased mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and increased preterm delivery. We aimed to determine the efficacy of vitamins on the prevention of MTCT and preterm delivery by systematically reviewing the available randomized controlled trials [RCTs]. We conducted systematic searches of 7 electronic databases. We extracted data from the RCTs independently, in duplicate. Results: We included 4 trials in our review. Of the three trials on Vitamin A, two suggested no difference in MTCT, while the third and largest trial (n = 1078) suggested an increased risk of MTCT (Relative Risk 1.35, 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.11–1.66, P = 0.009). Two of the vitamin A trials addressed the impact of supplementation on pre-term delivery; one suggested a benefit (RR 0.65, 95% CI, 0.44–0.94) and the other no difference. All three vitamin A trials found no significant effect on infant mortality at 1 year. Of the two trials that looked at multivitamin use, only one addressed the prevention of MTCT, and found a non-significant RR of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.82–1.32). Two of the multivitamin trials found no significant effects on pre-term delivery. The single multivitamin trial examining children's mortality at 1 year yielded a non-significant RR of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.17–1.17). Conclusion: Randomized trials of vitamins to prevent MTCT have yielded conflicting results without strong evidence of benefit and have failed to exclude the possibility of harm. Introduction In Africa, 55% of HIV-1-positive adults are women, most of childbearing age [1]. Data from antenatal clinics show that in several parts of southern Africa, more than 30% of pregnant women are infected with HIV-1. The fastest growth has been in South Africa, where the prevalence of Published: 06 May 2005 AIDS Research and Therapy 2005, 2:4 doi:10.1186/1742-6405-2-4 Received: 20 January 2005 Accepted: 06 May 2005 This article is available from: http://www.aidsrestherapy.com/content/2/1/4 © 2005 Mills et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. AIDS Research and Therapy 2005, 2:4 http://www.aidsrestherapy.com/content/2/1/4 Page 2 of 7 (page number not for citation purposes) infection in adults increased from 5% in 1990, to over 25% in 2002 [1]. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 can occur during pregnancy, delivery, and post- partum through breastfeeding. In observational cohort studies, the cumulative rates of transmission are between 25% and 45% of all children born to HIV-1-infected mothers in Africa compared with 10–30% in wealthier countries [1]. This difference is greatly but not totally accounted for by the risk of postnatal transmission in populations in which breastfeeding is common. ... infants at 18–22 months could not demonstrate any improvement in mortality, neurodevelopmental impairment, or respiratory outcomes from treatment with Vitamin A Ambalavanan, Namasivayam, et al... Gawronski, Catherine A. , and Kristen M Gawronski "Vitamin A Supplementation for Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Cornerstone of Care or Futile Therapy?." Annals of Pharmacotherapy (2016): 1060028016647066... intervention Chabra, Shilpi, et al "Vitamin A status after prophylactic intramuscular vitamin A supplementation in extremely low birth weight infants." Nutrition in Clinical Practice (2013):