EOI 25,4 236 Equal Opportunities International Vol. 25 No. 4, 2006 pp. 236-250 # Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0261-0159 DOI 10.1108/02610150610706230 The role of leadership theory in raising the profile of women in management Uma D. Jogulu and Glenice J. Wood School of Business, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Abstract Purpose – To consider how leadership theories have helped or hindered raising the profile of women in management and leadership roles. Design/methodology/approach – This paper traces the earlier leadership theories through to the contemporary research on transactional and transformational leadership styles and offers a viewpoint on how each theory has contributed, or otherwise, to an awareness and acceptance of women in management and leadership roles. Findings – In 1990, research began to report gender differences in leadership styles with female managers being seen in positive terms as participative, democratic leaders. More recent work reports that women are believed to exhibit more transformational leadership style than their male colleagues, and this is equated with effective leadership. Research limitations/implications – All of the earlier theories on leadership excluded women and this exacerbated the problem of women not being seen as an appropriate fit in a management or leadership role. Recent findings clearly describe that the transformational qualities of leadership that women exhibit are required by the flatter organisational structures of today. Therefore, a more positive outcome for women advancing to senior roles of management or leadership may be observed in the future. Originality/value – The paper reviews the major leadership theories, and links these to a timeframe to illustrate how women were not visible in a management context until relatively recently. Such an omission may have contributed to the continuing low numbers of women who advance to senior management and leadership roles. Keywords Leadership, Women, Careers Paper type Conceptual paper Early research by Burns (1978) concluded that ‘‘leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth’’ (Burns, 1978, p. 3). The quest to enhance our understanding of leadership has led to an enormous body of research and literature which has spanned centuries. This chapter will critically review the early theories of leadership through to current leadership research on transformational and transactional leadership styles, with a view to considering if previous theoretical approaches have played a role in raising the profile of women in management. It will also discuss how the current findings on leadership are likely to impact on the career advancement of women in leadership roles in the future. Leadership defined The word ‘‘leadership’’ was originally used in the early 1800s in writings about the political influence and control of the British Parliament during the first half of the 19th century (Bass, 1990). In this period, leadership was ‘‘based on inheritance, usurpation or appointment’’ and was considered to occur most frequently in Anglo-Saxon countries (Bass, 1990, p. 11). Early definitions of ROLE OF UROKINASE IN MANAGEMENT OF PARAPNEUMONIC EMPYEMA IN CHILDREN Dr Le Thi Thanh Huyen Respiratory Department INTRODUCTION • Empyema is defined as pus in the pleural space • Complication of pneumonia, chest trauma, esophageal rupture, complication from lung surgery, or inoculation of the pleural cavity after thoracentesis or chest tube placement… Incidence of empyema increasing in US Trends in parapneumonic empyema-related hospitalization USA 1996-2008 Data from Nationwide Inpatient Sample At Respiratory department 1- ND2 • 2015 : 55 cases • 2016 : 35 cases Step • VATS • Fibrinolytic therapy Video-assisted thoracoscopy （VATS） • Primary modality for treating complicated empyema after initial therapy • Higher successful rate（90%）, shorter hospital stay • Morbidity low, chest tube can be removed 3-4 day Actually ??? VATS VATS Fibrinolytic Therapy Efficacy Cochrane 2004 2006 2014 PEDIATRICS Volume 134.Number 5, November 2014 2014 Clin Respir J 2014 Jul; 8(3):281-9, doi: 10.111/crj.12068 Epub 2014 Jan14 2015 Translation Pediatric, 2015 Uptodate 2016 2016 J Pediatr Surg 2016 Arp (1): 588-91 CHOICE OF AGENT • Streptokinase and Streptodornase : Significant systemic reaction, unsatisfactory, pleural bleeding • Purified streptokinase, urokinase ;Not allergic • Success rate: 80% for streptokinase（250000 U/100ml normal saline）, 90% for urokinase （100000U/100ml normal saline ） • Only urokinase has been studied in a placebocontrolled fashion in children, and thus is recommended by the BTS CONCLUSION Uptodate 5.2016 CONCLUSION • Intrapleural fibrinolytics shorten hospital stay and are recommended for any complicated parapneumoic effusion (thick fluid with loculations) or empyema (overt pus): [B] (BTS Guidelines 2014) • There is no evidence that any of the three fibrinolytics are more effective than others, but only urokinase has been studied in RCTs in children is recommended : [B] (BTS Guidelines 2014) • Tube thoracostomy with the subsequent instillation of fibrinolytic agents should be attempted as the initial treatment for pediatric patients with an empyema [1A] (AATS Guidelines 2014) Trends in Treatment of Infectious Parapneumonic Effusions in U.S THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!! 1 SICK WATER? THE CENTRAL ROLE OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A RAPID RESPONSE ASSESSMENT Disclaimer The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, UN-HABITAT or contributory organisations. The designations em- ployed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, UN-HABITAT or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, company or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This report, compiled by GRID-Arendal has been an interagency col- laboration led by UNEP and UN-HABITAT in partnership with mem- bers of UN Water. Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. Sick Water? The central role of waste- water management in sustainable development. A Rapid Re- sponse Assessment. United Nations Environment Pro- gramme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal. www.grida.no ISBN: 978-82-7701-075-5 Printed by Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This pub- lication is printed on fully recycled paper, FSC certied, post-consumer waste and chlorine-free. Inks are vegetable-based and coatings are water- based. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Emily Corcoran (Editor in chief) Christian Nellemann Elaine Baker Robert Bos David Osborn Heidi Savelli SICK WATER? THE CENTRAL ROLE OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A RAPID RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 4 5 Over half of the world’s hospitals beds are occupied with people suffering from illnesses linked with contaminated water and more people die as a result of polluted water than are killed by all forms of violence including wars. The impact on the wider environment is no less striking. An estimated 90 per cent of all wastewater in developing countries is discharged untreated directly into rivers, lakes or the oceans. Such discharges are part of the reason why de-oxygenated dead zones are growing rapidly in the seas and oceans. Currently an estimated 245 000 km 2 of marine ecosystems are affected with impacts on fisheries, livelihoods and the food chain. The climate is also being impacted: Wastewater-related emis- sions of methane, a powerful global warming gas, and another called nitrous oxide could rise by 50 per cent and 25 per cent respectively between 1990 and 2020. Already, half of the world’s population lives in cities, most of which have inadequate infrastructure and resources to address wastewater management in an efficient and sustainable way. Twenty-one of the world’s 33 megacities are on the coast where fragile ecosystems are at risk. Without urgent action to better manage wastewater the situation is likely to get worse: By 2015, the coastal population is expected to reach approximately 1.6 billion people or over one fifth of the global total with close to five billion people becoming urban dwellers by 2030. By 2050 the global population will exceed nine billion. Some of these trends are inevitable. However the world does have choices in terms of the quantity and the quality of dis- charges to rivers and seas if a sustainable link is made from farms, rural areas and cities to the ecosystems surrounding them. In some cases, investments in improved sanitation and water treatment Please cite this paper as: OECD (2009), “The Role of Digital Identity Management in the Internet Economy: A Primer for Policy Makers”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 160, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/222134375767 OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 160 The Role of Digital Identity Management in the Internet Economy A PRIMER FOR POLICY MAKERS OECD Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/REG(2008)10/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 11-Jun-2009 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Working Party on Information Security and Privacy THE ROLE OF DIGITAL IDENTITY MANAGEMENT IN THE INTERNET ECONOMY: A PRIMER FOR POLICY MAKERS JT03266499 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP/REG(2008)10/FINAL Unclassified English - Or. English DSTI/ICCP/REG(2008)10/FINAL 2 FOREWORD This primer aims to provide policy makers a broad-brush understanding of the various dimensions of digital identity management (IdM). Consistent with the Seoul Ministerial Declaration, it also aims to support efforts to address public policy issues for securely managing and protecting digital identities, with a view to strengthening confidence in the online activities crucial to the growth of the Internet Economy. The primer is a product of the Working Party on Information Security and Privacy. It is part of a broader work programme on IdM that began with a workshop held in Trondheim, Norway in May 2007 (www.oecd.org/sti/security-privacy/idm). It was prepared by a volunteer group of experts led by Katarina de Brisis of Norway, with additional assistance from Nick Mansfield, consultant to the Secretariat, and Mary Rundle, who provided assistance in her capacity as a Research Associate with the Oxford Internet Institute through a project funded by the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation. This report was declassified by the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy on 5 June 2009. It is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD and is available online at: www.oecd.org/sti/security-privacy. © OECD/OCDE 2009. DSTI/ICCP/REG(2008)10/FINAL 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 2 THE ROLE OF DIGITAL IDENTITY MANAGEMENT IN THE INTERNET ECONOMY: A PRIMER FOR POLICY MAKERS 4 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. CORE CONCEPTS AND PROCESSES 6 3. EXAMPLES OF IDM USAGE 8 4. TECHNICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS 10 5. PUBLIC POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 12 6. CONCLUSION 14 ANNEX 1 16 1. Siloed identity systems 16 2. Centralised identity systems 16 3. Federated identity systems 16 4. “User-centric” identity systems 17 ANNEX 2 20 DSTI/ICCP/REG(2008)10/FINAL 4 THE ROLE OF DIGITAL IDENTITY MANAGEMENT IN THE INTERNET ECONOMY: A PRIMER FOR POLICYMAKERS “WE DECLARE that, to contribute to the development of the Internet Economy, we will . . . strengthen PhD Program in Economics and Management Advanced Financial Accounting Ph.D. Program in “Economics and Management” Accounting and governace The role of Corporate Disclosure 3 rd Term Saverio Bozzolan Department of Economics and Management Via del Santo, 33 E-mail: Saverio.bozzolan@unipd.it Skype: Federica_francesca Federica Ricceri Department of Economics and Management Via del Santo, 33 E-mail: Federica.ricceri@unipd.it Skype: Federicceri PhD Program in Economics and Management Advanced Financial Accounting Course description Accounting information plays two important roles in market-based economies. First, it allows capital providers (shareholders and creditors) to evaluate the return potential of investment opportunities (the ex-ante or valuation role of accounting information). Second, accounting information allows capital providers to monitor the use of their capital once committed (the ex-post or stewardship role of accounting information). Information asymmetry harms these two main roles of accounting. In this course we focus on disclosure as a way firms might use to reduce the level of information asymmetries existing among market participants. Looking at contemporary empirical financial accounting research, the course introduces students to the main theories behind disclosure (from agency theory – unrevealing principle – to cheap talk models) and to the main empirical research themes in existing disclosure literature. Emphasis will be placed on issues like the determinants behind a disclosure choice, the characteristics of the discloser (i.e. credibility) and of the information disclosed (i.e. verifiability) and how these characteristics interact with the expected effects of the disclosure. Finally, particular focus will be given to disclosure of narrative and non-financial information. Grading The grades will be based on the following components: • Class participation, materials reading and comprehension: 20% • Paper presentation and discussion: 30% • Term Paper: 50% Readings Each student is supposed to have read the papers indicated in this syllabus before attending the courses. Each student will be assigned specific references (3 or 4 articles) that will be presented and discussed during the course. Term paper Each student is expected to write a term paper on a topic relating to the course. The topic will be decided together by the student and the instructors before the end of the course. The paper could be a conceptual study consisting in a literature review or in a meta-analysis or a research proposal for an empirical study. In this case, the paper should contain a complete literature review with the aim of identifying sound and relevant research question(s), the research design and the methodology intended to address the research question(s) The paper is expected to be between 6,000 and 10,000 words inclusive of all exhibits and references. The deadline for the submission is the last day of the final exam period. PhD Program in Economics and Management Advanced Financial Accounting Program Classes 1 / 2: Disclosure theories (Saverio Bozzolan) Akerlof G.A. (1970), The market ... thoracentesis or chest tube placement… Incidence of empyema increasing in US Trends in parapneumonic empyema- related hospitalization USA 1996-2008 Data from Nationwide Inpatient Sample At Respiratory... subsequent instillation of fibrinolytic agents should be attempted as the initial treatment for pediatric patients with an empyema [1A] (AATS Guidelines 2014) Trends in Treatment of Infectious Parapneumonic. .. rate: 80% for streptokinase（250000 U/100ml normal saline）, 90% for urokinase （100000U/100ml normal saline ） • Only urokinase has been studied in a placebocontrolled fashion in children, and thus