mệnh đề quan hệ

Relative Clause là mệnh đề quan hệ. Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của câu, nó có thể bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc của cả một câu. Chúng ta đã biết tính từ là từ thường được dùng để bổ sung thêm tính chất cho một danh từ nào đó trong câu. Nhưng thường khi để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ này ta không thể chỉ dùng một từ mà phải là cả một mệnh đề. Mệnh đề liên hệ được dùng trong những trường hợp như vậy. Vậy có thể nói mệnh đề liên hệ dùng để bảo chúng ta rõ hơn về một đối tượng mà người nói muốn nói tới. Xét ví dụ sau: The man who is standing over there is my friend. Trong câu này phần được viết chữ nghiêng được gọi là một relative clause, nó đứng sau the man và dùng để xác định danh từ the man đó. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này ra chúng ta vẫn có một câu hoàn chỉnh: The man is my friend. Nhưng câu này không cho chúng ta biết cụ thể the man nào. Trong câu có mệnh đề liên hệ: The man who is standing over there is my friend (Người đàn ông mà đang đứng ở đằng kia là bạn tôi.) Mệnh đề liên hệ xác định cụ thể the man nào, the man who is standing over there. Nhìn vào mệnh đề liên hệ ta thấy có mặt từ who, nhưng who ở đây không phải là một từ hỏi mà nó đóng vai trò một đại từ quan hệ. Tất cả các từ hỏi Wh đều có thể được dùng làm đại từ quan hệ với các nghĩa như sau: Who :người, người mà What :điều, điều mà Which :cái mà Whose :của When :khi Whom :người mà … Who Chúng ta dùng who trong relative clause khi nói về người. Ví dụ: What’s the name of the man who lent you the money? (Tên người đàn ông cho anh mượn tiền là gì?) The girl who is singing is my lover. (Cô gái đang hát là người yêu của tôi.) An architect is someone who designs buildings. (Một kiến trúc sư là người mà thiết kế nhà cửa.) Chúng ta cũng có thể thay who bằng that trong relative clause. Ví dụ: The man that is standing over there is my friend. That, Which Chúng ta dùng that khi muốn nói đến điều gì hoặc vật gì. Ví dụ: I don’t like stories that have an unhappy endings. (Tôi không thích những câu chuyện có kết cục buồn thảm.) Everything that happened was my fault. (Mọi điều xảy ra là do lỗi của tôi.) The window that was broken has now been repaired. (Cái cửa sổ bị gãy bây giờ đã được sửa lại.) Cũng có thể dùng which khi nói đến đồ vật. The book which is on the table is mine. (Quyển sách đang ở trên bàn là của tôi.) Nhưng người ta thường dùng that hơn là which. Quan sát các câu trên ta thấy who/that đóng vai trò chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, trong trường hợp này ta không được phép lược bỏ who/that. Khi who/that đóng vai trò túc từ (object) trong mệnh đề quan hệ có thể lược bỏ who/that đi. Trong các ví dụ sau who/that đóng vai trò object trong relative clause. The man who I want to see wasn’t here. - The man I want to see wasn’t here. (Người đàn ông mà tôi muốn gặp không có ở đây.) Have you found the keys that you have lost? - Have you found the keys you have lost? (Anh đã tìm thấy chìa khóa anh bị mất không?) Is there anything I can do? (Có gì tôi làm được không?) Prepositions Trong các mệnh đề quan hệ thường có các giới từ (in, at, to, with,…). Xem kỹ các ví dụ sau để biết cách đặt giới từ sao cho đúng: The girl is my friend. You’re talking to her. - The girl who you are talking to is my friend. (Cô gái mà anh đang trò chuyện với là bạn tôi.) The bed wasn’t very comfortable. I slept in it last night. - The bed that I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable. (Cái giường mà tôi ngủ tối qua không được tiện nghi lắm.) The man I sat next to talked all the time. (Người đàn ông mà tôi ngồi cạnh lúc nào cũng trò chuyện.) Are these books (that) you’re looking for? (Đây là những quyển sách mà anh đang tìm phải không?) Như vậy giới từ luôn đi theo sau động từ mà nó bổ RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ) RELATIVE CLAUSES 1.Definition of relative clauses 2.Relative pronouns 3.Relatives adverbs 4.Type of relative clauses 1.Definition of relative clauses -Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ, bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước Example:   I saw the man He talked to you last night.   (Tớ nhìn thấy người đàn ông Ông nói chuyện với cậu tối qua.) = I saw the man who talked to you last night.   (Tớ nhìn thấy người đàn ông mà tối qua nói chuyện với cậu.) 2.Relative pronouns om Who & Wh hat Which & T f which O & e s o h W es v i t a l e R s adverb  1 When Where Why Who: Thay cho danh từ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ và đứng sau danh từ thay e.g.: : He’s the man He talked to me last night Who & Whom =>He’s the man who talked to me last night.  (Đó người đàn ông nói chuyện với tớ tối qua.) Whom: Thay cho danh từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ và đứng sau danh từ thay e.g.: The man was a doctor. I saw him last night =>The man whom I saw last night was a doctor.   (Người đàn ông tớ thấy tối qua bác sĩ.) Which & That Which: Thay cho danh từ chỉ vật, đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ e.g.: + I bought a book It was written in English => I bought a book which was written in English.   (Tớ mua sách viết tiếng Anh.) That: Thay cho cả người vật, đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ Thường dùng nhiều cấu trúc so sánh sau từ: all, none, few, something, nothing, anything, someone, anyone, everyone, no one… Whose & Of which Whose: dùng để sở hữu cho người vật e.g.: + She’sthe girl Her car is over there ⇒ She’s the girl whose car is over there.   (Cô cô gái có xe đằng kia.) Of which: dùng sở hữu vật e.g.: That’s the car the door of which is broken.  (Đó xe có cửa bị vỡ.) When: thời gian (thay cho cụm từ thời gian: giới từ + từ thời gian) e.g.: I'll never forget the day when I met you  (I met you on that day.)   (Anh không quên ngày mà anh gặp em.) Where Where: nơi chốn (thay cho cụm từ nơi chốn: giới từ + địa điểm) e.g.: The building where he lives is the highest one in town.  (He lives in the highest building.)   (Tòa nhà nơi sống tòa nhà cao thị trấn.) Why Why: lý e.g.: That’s the reason why he left her.   (Đó lí anh bỏ cô.) 4.Type of relative clauses 1.Defining relative clauses -Mệnh đề quan hệ HẠN ĐỊNH có chức xác định danh từ mà bổ nghĩa, phân biệt đối tượng nói đến với đối tượng khác làm rõ nghĩa cho câu Mệnh đề bỏ e.g.: The dog that bit you is a fierce one.   (Con chó cắn cậu chó dữ.) Mệnh đề xác định chó nói đến chó thực hành động cắn đối tượng nói đến chó khác 2 Non-defining relative clauses Mệnh đề quan hệ KHÔNG HẠN ĐỊNH: - Không có chức xác định danh từ mà có chức bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh từ - Có thể bỏ mệnh đề mà nghĩa câu hoàn chỉnh - Luôn ngăn cách mệnh đề dấu phẩy (,) e.g.: Peter, who is very kind, is my best friend.   (Peter, người mà tốt bụng, bạn thân tôi.) → Khi nhắc đến tên riêng nghĩa đối tượng rõ ràng tức xác định *NOTE: - Không dùng that trong mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định e.g.:  + My English teacher, who I admire most, is over there.  (Đúng)  + The teacher, that I admire most, is over there. (Sai) - Dùng với danh từ riêng  e.g.: Mary, who is a student, is my cousin.   - Dùng với danh từ đối tượng e.g.: My father, who is 56, has just retired.   - Dùng với danh từ xác định từ this, that, these, those, my, her… e.g.: This house, which is very expensive, was bought by a very rich man.   - Khi kèm với từ số lượng như all of, some of, most of… e.g.: I bought a lot of books, all of which are on animals.  (Tôi mua nhiều sách tất chúng nói động vật.) Chú ý: Phân biệt nghĩa hai câu ví dụ sau: My brother, who is living in London, is a doctor.  → Tôi có người anh trai My brother who is living in London is a doctor.  → Tôi có anh trai, người anh sống London bác sĩ Ex1: She gives her children everything they want A that           B who            C whom             D what Tell me you want and I will try to help you A that           B what           C who                D which The place we spent our holiday was really beautiful A what          B who            C where              D which 4.What was the name of the girl….passport was stolen? A whose         B who            C which              D when The bed I slept in was too soft A whose         B which           C what               D who Nora is the only person understands me which         B who            C what                D whose Why you always disagree with everything…I say? A who          B which           C when                D what this is an awful film It is the worst…I have never seen A who          B that             C what                D whom 9.The hotel …we stayed was not clean A who          B that             C where               D when 10 The last time …I saw her, she looked very beautiful A who          B that             C where               D when Ex2: Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative The first boy has just moved He knows the truth Pronouns: I don’t remember the man You ... Mệnh đề quan hệ có khi được gọi là mệnh đề tính từ, có lẽ vì nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ. Tuy nhiên, mệnh đề quan hệ không đơn giản như một tính từ và vị trí của nó cũng không như vị trí của tính từ. Có tất cả 3 loại mệnh đề quan hệ: hạn định, phi hạn định và liên kết. * Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định: - Không có dấu phẩy(,) đứng trước - Nội dung của mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ và có vai trò quan trọng trong việc làm rõ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó. The cup which is on the table is full of sugar. (Cái tách trên bàn có đầy đường trong đó) * Mệnh đề quan hệ phi hạn định: - CÓ dấu phẩy(,) đứng trước - Nội dung của mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ và có vai trò KHÔNG quan trọng trong việc làm rõ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó. John, WHO is going to marry Jill soon, is an engineer. (John, người sửa soạn cưới Jill, là một kỹ sư) * Mệnh đề quan hệ liên kết: - CÓ dấu phẩy(,) đứng trước - Đứng ở cuối câu để nói tiếp thêm ý cho cả câu hoặc bổ nghĩa cho cả câu. They asked me to go away, WHICH was very rude. (Họ bảo tôi đi chỗ khác, điều này thật thô lỗ!) * CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ: mệnh đề quan hệ thường đứng sau một trong những đại từ quan hệ sau: WHICH, WHOM, WHO, WHOSE, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, THAT. WHICH dùng cho danh từ là đồ vật, sự vật, hoặc con vật The novel which you talked ABOUT is very good. WHOM dùng cho người nhưng người này không phải là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year. WHO dùng cho người và người này là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. WHO hoàn toàn có thể được dùng thay cho WHOM, nhất là trong văn nói. A clown is someone who makes you laugh WHOSE dùng cho người hoặc con vật để nói về vật sở hữu của danh từ đứng trước WHOSE. The film is about a man whose children are kidnapped. (Phim này nói về một người đàn ông có con bị bắt cóc) WHEN dùng cho thời gian, có thể thay thế cho ON WHICH chỉ thời gian ngày hoặc IN WHICH chỉ thời gian tháng/năm 1982 was the year when he graduated from college. WHERE dùng cho nơi chốn, có thể thay thế cho AT WHICH (mà tại đó) hoặc IN WHICH chỉ nơi chốn (mà trongđó) Let's go to a country where the sun always shines. WHY dùng cho lý do That's the reason why I don't like this house. THAT có thể thay cho WHOM, WHO, WHEN, WHERE và WHY nhưng CHỈ trong mệnh đề quan hệ HẠN ĐỊNH. An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries. The plums that were in the fridge were delicious. THAT rất thường được dùng thay cho WHICH sau những từ sau: all, any(thing), every (thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing), and sau SO SÁNH NHẤT. It was everything that he had ever wanted. There were only a few that really interested him. * CÁCH RÚT GỌN ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ: - Cách rút gọn đại từ quan hệ đều giống nhau cho cả 3 loại đại từ quan hệ. Chỉ có thể Exercise on Relative Clauses ( Gồm 8 trang , 5 phần lớn ) A1: Explain the words in the blank using the suggestions in the box 1. (a driver ) : A driver is a person(someone) who drives a vehicle / A person who drives a vehicle is called a driver . 2. (a midwife) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. (a teacher ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. (a customer ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. (a cyclist ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. ( a playwright) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. ( a thief ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. ( a newsagent ) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. ( a student ) ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10. ( an athlete ) ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11. (a coach ) ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12. (a dictionary ) …………………………………………………………………………………………… A2 : Combine these sentences using : That , which , who , whom or whose 1. A woman answered the phone . She told me you was busy . 2. The bus is always crowded . I take it to school every morning . 3. They are singing a song. I don’t know the song . 4. A man spoke to me . He was very helpful . 5. A midwife is a woman. She assists other women in childbirth . 6. They are the children . Their team won the match . 7. The house is for sale . It has the green shutters . 8. My farther bought a motor bike . The motorbike costs 2 thousand dollars 9. They are the postcards . I sent them from Australia . 10. The house has been built in the forest . It doesn’t have electricity 11. The girl chatted with him yesterday . She arrived here at 6 : 30 12. I’m reading the book . I bought it in London in 1996 . 13. Trang couldn’t come to the party . This was pefectly true 14. Do you know the girl ? Tom is talking to the girl . 15. Tuan speaks English very well . He comes from Vietnam. 16. The man invited me to his party . He was really polite . 17. A lion is an animal . This animal lives in Africa . 18. I have a class . It begins at 8 a.m . 19. A globe is a ball . This ball has a map of the world on it . 20. The soup was too salty . I had it for lunch . 21.We are visiting Ha Long . Ha Long is in the north of Vietnam. 22. My father is an doctor . He has gone to abroad . 23. Ms Kim Anh will be our History teacher next semester . You talked with her yesterday . 24. The watch belongs to Lam . It is in the bathroom . 25. Do you know the new student ? I can’t remember his name . 26. Mary is a bit deaf . She didn’t hear the phone 27*. We’ll meet Peter tomorrow . He has 2 brother and one sister . Created by Mr Toan – Page - 01 28. We are talking to Viet Nam . Viet Nam has a population of 87 million people . Part A: Sentence combining( nối câu sử dụng đtqh ) a. train people in sport i. assist other women in childbirth b. buy something from a shop j. work at schools c. write plays k. steal things d. ride a bicycle l. sell newspapers and magazines from a shop . e. take part in Games m . study at schools or college (university). f. drive a vehicle n . explain the meaning of words . 29. We are talking to Viet Nam . Its population is 87 million people . 30. I should phone the man . I borrowed his car yesterday . 31. She can’t speak English . It is a disadvantage . 32. I’m staying with Henry . His father works in a bank . 33. Do you remember Mrs Lan ? She taught us history 34. The museum was built in 1805 . Our class visited it last weekend. 35. The man works in the hospital . I told you about him . 36. Do you like the person ? The person sits next to you . 37. The house costs a lot of money . My father bought it last year . 38. We are visiting the children . Their parents died in the storm . 39. My sister is rather childish . She was trained to be a sewer . 40. Colin told me about his new job . He enjoys it very much . 41 . We know a lot of people . They live in London . 42. We know her grandparents . They live in London. 43. We met some people . Their car had broken down . 44. We Drilling exercises I.Choose the correct answer: 1, Nam is one of my friends…… try hard to succeed. a. who b. whom c. when d. whose 2. This is the school………gate is pink. a. that b. which c. whose d. where 3. I bought a computer…… screen was not very good. a. whom b. whose c. which d. that 4. I saw a stranger……… was walking in the street in front of my house at midnight. a. that b. whom c. which d. whose 5. What’s the name of the man ……… gave us a lift? a. he b. what c. which d. who 6. Were you able to locate the person………wallet you found? a. which b. that his c. whose d. that’s 7. Every one…….the building was searched by the police. a. enter b. entered c. Entering d. Enters 8. I had just one reply. Abco was the…… company to reply to my letter. a. last b. most c. only d. second 9. What was that notice……………… ? a. at that you were looking b. you were looking at c. you were looking at it d. which you were looking 10.Little Women,…………………in 1868, is my favorite book. a. is a novel published b. a novel published c. a novel was published d. was a novel published I. Change the relative clauses to phrases: 1. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us? 2. The road that joins the two villages is very narrow, 3. Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported. 4. my grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house. 5. Kuala. Lumpur, which is the capital city of Malaysia , is a major trade center in Southeast Asia. 6. The woman who lived here before us is a romantic novelist. 7. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 8. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky way, 9. All students who do not handing in their papers will fail in the exams. 10.Simon Bolivar, who was a great South American general, led the fight for independence early in the 19 th century, 11.Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come. 12.Ann is the woman who is responsible for the error. 13.Mr. Jackson , who has been working in the company for over ten years, was nominated as the new director. 14.English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. 15.We noticed a pile of stones which had been left in the road. II . Change the relative clauses to phrases, using to-infinitive or infinitive phrases ( for+ O + to-infinitive) 1. We used to have a room in which we could play music. 2. The child will be happier if he has someone that he can play with. 3. David was the only person who offered his help. 4. we had to sit on the ground because we hadn’t anything that we could sit on. 5. She didn’t have anyone to whom she could send cards. 6. There is a big yard that your children can play in. 7. Emma Thompson is the most famous actress who will appear on stage here. 8. We have some picture books that children can read. 9. He was the second man who was killed in this way. 10.Here are some novels that she should read. III. Comment on each situation. Use the to-infinitive structure: 1. David offered his help. No one else did. -> David was the only person to offer his help. 2. Oliva’s daughter swam a length of the pool. No other girl as young as her did that. -> Oliva’s daughter was 3. The secretaries got a pay rise. No one else did. -> The secretaries were……………………. 4. The pilot left the aircraft. Everyone else had left before him. The pilot was……………………… 5. Mrs. Harper became Managing Director. No other woman had done that before. -> Mrs. Harper was…… 6. Daniel applied for the job. No other candidate as suitable as him applied. -> Daniel was………… 7. Janet solved the puzzle. She did it before everyone else. -> Janet was…………………………. 8. Mark wrote a letter of thanks. No one else did. -> Mark was………………………… IV. Make one sentence from two. Use of them as a relative phrase. 1. Astronomy is one of the world oldest sciences. It is the study of planets 2. The vegetables are grown without chemicals. They are sold in supermarkets. 3. people have REDUCED FORMS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES A / who / which / that ———> subject * Relative clauses (Active) : V.ing . . . * Relative clauses (Passive) : V3 / ed . . . * the only to verb . . . (active) ordinal number (the first, the second, the third . . . ) + relative clauses : superlative comparison to be + V3 / ed . . . (passive) Examples : 1 . People who travel to work by bus often buy their tickets in advance. People travelling to work by bus often buy their tickets in advance. 2 . The man who came to see me last night is standing overthere. The man coming to see me last night is standing overthere. 3 . The man who was sentenced to 40 years in prison had taken part in the bank robbery. The man sentenced to 40 years in prison had taken part in the Great bank robbery. 4 . The book which was bought by my father last week is on wild life. The book bought by my father last week is on wild life. 5 . He was the only person who survived the air crash. He was the only person to survive the air crash. 6 . The fifth man who was interviewed was quite unsuitable. The fifth man to be interviewed was quite unsuitable. 7 . This is the largest ship that was built in Vietnam. This is the largest ship to be built in Vietnam. NOTE : • The boy who is sleeping on the floor is my son. The boy sleeping on the floor is my son. ( on the floor is the modifier of the verb sleeping ) • The boy who is sleeping is my son. The sleeping boy is my son. (the verb sleeping has no modifier) B / whom / which / that ———> object * conveying the meaning of an obbligation * conveying the meaning of a purpose : to verb . . . Examples : 1 . I’ve got a lot of exercises that I have to finish before school. I’ve got a lot of exercises to finish before school. 2 . I need a peg which I can hang my coat on. I need a peg to hang my coat on. C / Relative Clause ———> Noun Phrase (an Apposition) 1 . Ha Noi , which is the capital city of Viet Nam , is very ancient. Ha Noi , the capital city of Viet Nam , is very ancient. N N —> (an apposition) EXERCISES ON THE REDUCED FORMS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES A / REWRITE THE RELATIVE CLAUSES BY USING PHRASES : 1. The man who’s talking to the policeman has just returned home from Paris. 2. The boys who’re playing in the school-yard are in our class. 3. The novel which was bought by my sister is very interesting. 4. The students who make noise in class will be punished. 5. People who are waiting for the bus often shelter in my doorway. 6. Passengers who travelled on this bus bought their tickets in books. 7. Do you see the notice which warns people not to enter the military zone ? 8. There is a law which forbids hunting and fishing in this area. 9. The man who robbed you yesterday has been arrested. 10. The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery. 11. We had a river in which we could swim. 12. The child is lonely; he’d be happier if he had someone that he could play with. 13. I’d be more interested if I had a family that I had to cook for. 14. I’ve got a bottle of wine, but I haven’t got anything with which I could open it. 15. I have some letters that I must write. 16. I don’t want to go alone; nor do I have anyone with whom I can go. 17. I don’t like my children playing in the streets. I wish I had a garden that they could play in. 18. We had to eat standing up b/c we hadn’t anything on which we could sit. 19. She didn’t buy any cards b/c she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards. 20. He was the first man who left the building which was burning. 21. You are the last person who saw her alive. 22. My brother was the only one who realized the danger. 23. The pilot was the only one who survived the air crash. 24. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights. 25. I was the only person who saw the difficulty. 26. He was the second man who was killed in this way. 27. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. 28. Lady Astor was ... 3.Relatives adverbs 4.Type of relative clauses 1.Definition of relative clauses -Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ, bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước Example:   I saw the man He talked to you last... 1.Defining relative clauses -Mệnh đề quan hệ HẠN ĐỊNH có chức xác định danh từ mà bổ nghĩa, phân biệt đối tượng nói đến với đối tượng khác làm rõ nghĩa cho câu Mệnh đề bỏ e.g.: The dog that bit... one.   (Con chó cắn cậu chó dữ.) Mệnh đề xác định chó nói đến chó thực hành động cắn đối tượng nói đến chó khác 2 Non-defining relative clauses Mệnh đề quan hệ KHÔNG HẠN ĐỊNH: - Không có chức