Letter S

CRAIG CONLEY ONE-LETTER WORDS A Dictionary For M. T. Wentz The conquest of the superfluous gives us greater spiritual excitement than the conquest of the necessary. — Gaston Bachelard, French philosopher INTRODUCTION WHEN THE WORDS GET IN THE WAY Ninety- nine down: a one letter word meaning something indefi nite. The indefinite article or—would it perhaps be the personal pronoun? But what runs across it? Four letter word meaning something With a bias towards its opposite, the second letter Must be the same as the one letter word. It is time We left these puzzles and started to be ourselves. And started to live, is it not? —Louis MacNeice, Solstices We live in a world of mass communication. As you read this, words are staring you in the face. But they’re not the only ones. Miles above you, words are flown in jets across the country and over the oceans. They are tossed at 5 a.m. on newspaper routes. They are deliv-ered six days a week by mail carriers. They’re propped up on display at book stores. They’re bouncing off satellites and showing up on television and cell phone screens. We are constantly bombarded by language pollution. And these empty words are overwhelming. Either they scream out to be noticed (as in TV commercials), or they hide in small print (at the bottom of contracts), or they bury their meaning behind jargon (generated by computers and bureaucracy). It’s enough to make you speechless. Have you ever started to write a letter only to realize that you have nothing to report? “Dear Jan: Nothing vi exciting has happened here this month.” No news may be good news, but it still doesn’t amount to anything. Sometimes you do have something to say, but “the words get in the way.” You can’t find the precise word for what you mean, and every word you can think of gives the wrong impression or is misleading. The solution is to get back to basics. Put your trust in the ABC’s. With this dictionary of one- letter words, you have the power to fight jargon and to simplify modern communication. It’s now up to you. vii THE SKINNY ON THE DICTIONARY OF ONE- LETTER WORDS “I’ll tell you a secret—I can read words of one letter! Isn’t that grand?” —The White Queen to Alice in Through the Looking Glass Ever since I wrote the very first edition of One-Letter Words: A Dictionary, I haven’t had to pay for a single drink. But I didn’t set out to create the ultimate secret weapon for win-ning bar bets. I mean, a dictionary is supposed to be scholarly, right? Then again, a dictionary like mine obviously doesn’t belong sitting on a dusty reference shelf next to a highbrow encyclopedia. Something this weird was bound to grow wings of its own, and it has now found itself at the center of an Internet phenom-enon, the recipient of a tribute song in Sweden, the subject of radio programs, and even a prop in stand-up comedy routines. Why? “Y” indeed! Upon being told about my dictionary, the average per-son will laugh in disbelief, then—certain that I must be joking—ask just how many one- letter words there could possibly be. Nine out of ten people will guess that there are just two: the pronoun I and the article a. The occasional smarty- pants will grant that O might make a third, as in “O Romeo!” It’s when I retort that there are 1,000 one- letter words that wagers get made—and won. The fact of the matter is that a word is any The sky The sun The moon A star The cloud On the On the farm In the playground At the park Where is she playing? She is playing at the park Is today sunny? Yes Today is sunny What can you on the beach? I can make a sandcastle Mai Thi Hai Yen – A2/K44/BBEACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFor much of improvement during the time when I took my apprentice at Vietnam Eximbank-Hanoi Branch along with a well-spring of helps and encouragements from all people around me, this 2009 internship report has been completed on time.First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Business English Faculty for providing best conditions for me during my study in Foreign Trade University for four academic years and now giving me a chance to practice my academic knowledge, skills and profession in reality in this final internship.I also wish to give my special thank to Ms Nguyen Thi Diem Ha, my dedicated instructor for her invaluable suggestions and continuing supports while this report was in progress. She was always available to input her constructive ideas and better edition to make my writing become more enjoyable. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to Ms Le Kim Lien – Manager of the international settlement department and all staff there who gave me a good opportunity to use my economic knowledge and face with the real facts and difficulties at the banking environment. Throughout my internship here, they have treated me as their real colleague, they are always ready to assist me to finish my task and supply me with valuable materials related to my report.Hanoi, May 4, 2009StudentMai Thi Hai YenField Study Report 2009 - 1 - Mai Thi Hai Yen – A2/K44/BBECONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….……………………………………………………iLIST OF ABBREVIATION ivLIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES… vINTRODUCTION viPART 1: LITERATURE REVIEW OF IMPORT AND EXPORT L/C 1 I. INERNATIONAL PAYMENT BY LETTER OF CREDIT 11. Letter of credit .11.1. Definition of Letter of Credit .11.2. Role of Banks in Documentary Letters of Credit 31.3. The Documentary Credit Cycle .32. Import LC 53. Export LC 7II. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF EXIMBANK .81. General information 82. Development process .83. Vietnam Eximbank Services .9 3.1. Vietnam Eximbank -Hanoi Branch 9 3.2. Services of Vietnam Eximbank Hanoi Branch 9PART II: THE CURRENT SITUATION OF LETTER OF CREDIT PAYMENT IN VIETNAM EXIMBANK – HANOI BRANCH 11I. THE CURRENT SITUATION OF L/C PAYMENT IN HANOI BRANCH .111. Payment method by Import L/C in Vietnam Eximbank 12 1.1 L/C Issuance… .12 1.2. B/L endorsement/guarantee issuance .121.3 Documents Processing and Payment 132. Procedures of Export LC settlements .143. Development of L/C payment in Vietnam Eximbank .143.1 Analysis on the current Import L/C payment activities at Hanoi Branch 153.2 Analysis on the current Export Layout of a Formal Letter The example letter below shows you a general layout for a formal letter. Pass your mouse over the different areas of it to find out more information (JavaScript needs to be turned on in your browser). Rules for Writing Formal Letters in English In English there are a number of conventions that should be used when writing a formal or business letter. Furthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to make the letter longer than necessary. Remember not to use informal language like contractions. Addresses: 1) Your Address The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter. 2) The Address of the person you are writing to The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address. Date: Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the right or the left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word. Salutation or greeting: 1) Dear Sir or Madam, If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name. 2) Dear Mr Jenkins, If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women. Ending a letter: 1) Yours Faithfully If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 2) Yours Sincerely If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 3) Your signature Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name. Content of a Formal Letter First paragraph The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request something, etc. The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should contain the relevant information behind the writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very long, so keep the information to the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical manner rather than expanding too much. Last Paragraph The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you expect the recipient to take- to refund, send you information, etc. Abbreviations Used in Letter Writing The following abbreviations are widely used in letters: • asap = as soon as possible • cc = carbon copy (when you send a copy of a letter to more than one person, you use this abbreviation to let them know) • enc. = enclosure (when you include other papers with your letter) • pp = per procurationem (A Latin phrase meaning that you are signing the letter on somebody else's behalf; if they are not there to sign it themselves, etc) • ps = postscript (when you want to add something after you've finished and signed it) • pto (informal) = please turn over (to make sure that the other person knows the letter continues on the other side of the Phương thức tín dụng chứng từ ( Letter of Credit- L/C) Ngày nay,phương thức thanh toán tín dụng chứng từ được sử dụng phổ biến trong thanh toán hàng hoá xuất nhập khẩu.Tuỳ theo thói quen và thông lệ từng nước mà được gọi với nhiều tên khác nhau :Tín dụng chứng từ(Document Letter of Credit),Thư tín dụng,L/C. 1.Khái niệm: Phương thức tín dụng chứng từ là phương thức thanh toán trong đó theo yêu cầu của khách hàng ,ngân hàng phát hàn một bức thư gọi là L/C cam kết trả tiền hoặc chấp nhận hối phiếu cho một bên thứ 3 khi người này xuất trình cho ngân hàng phát hành bộ chứng từ thanh toán phù hợp với những điều kiện và điều khoản quy định trong L/C. 2.Những nội dụng chủ yếu của thư tín dụng là: - Số hiệu, địa điểm và ngày mở L/C (No of L/C, place and date of issuing) - Địa điểm mở (Place of issuing) - Ngày mở (Issuing date) - Tên địa chỉ của người thụ hưởng (Beneficiary) - Ngân hàng mở L/C (opening bank; issuing bank) - Ngân hàng thông báo (advising bank) - Ngân hàng trả tiền (negotiating bank or paying bank) - Ngân hàng xác nhận (confirming bank) - Số tiền của thư tín dụng (Amount of money) - Thời hạn hiệu lực (Expiry date) - Thời hạn trả tiền của L/C (Latest payment date) - Những nội dung về hàng hoá (Description of goods) - Những nội dung về vận tải (Shipment term) - Những chứng từ mà người xuất khẩu phải xuất trình (Documents for payment - Sự cam kết trả tiền của ngân hàng mở L/C - Chữ ký của ngân hàng mở L/C 3.Các bên tham gia: -Người xin mở thư tín dụng (Applicant) :là người mua,người nhập khẩu hàng hoá. -Người hưởng lợi thư tín dụng (Beneficiary):là người bán,người xuất khẩu. -Ngân hàng mở thư tín dụng (Issuing bank):là ngân hàng đại diện cho người nhập khẩu ,có thể cấp tín dụng cho người nhập khẩu. -Ngân hàng thông báo thư tín dụng :thường là Ngân hàng đại lý của Ngân hàng mở thư tín dụng hoặc ngân hàng bên bán. -Ngân hàng xác nhận (C onf irming bank),ngân hàng chiết khấu((Negotiating bank),Ngân hàng trả tiền ((Reimbursing bank):các ngân hàng này có thể có hoặc không tuỳ thuộc vào yêu cầu của người mua trong đơn xin mở L/C và sự uỷ nhiệm của ngân hàng mở L/C. 4.Các loại thư tín dụng thương mại: -Thư tín dụng không thể huỷ ngang (irrevocable letter of credit). -Thư tín dụng không thể huỷ ngang có xác nhận(Confirmed irrevocable letter of credit) -Thư tín dụng giáp lưng(Back to Back lettet of credit) -Thư tín dụng ứng trước điều khoản đỏ(Advanced letter of credit, Red clause letter of credit) -Thư tín dụng tuần hoàn(Revolving letter of credit) -Thư tín dụng dự phòng(Stand by letter of credit) -Thư tín dụng chuyển nhượng (Transferable letter of credit) -Thư tín dụng đối ứng(Reciprocal letter of credit) Letters Letter Uniform Neighborhood Park Parking lot Post Office truck car Bag ...The sky The sun The moon A star The cloud On the On the farm In the playground At the park Where is she playing? She is playing at the park Is today sunny? Yes Today is sunny What can... playing at the park Is today sunny? Yes Today is sunny What can you on the beach? I can make a sandcastle