Research method for construction 2008

Bài giảng môn học phương pháp nghiên cứu khoa học năm 2008 Bản English (sử dụng cho trương trình thạc sỹ).

Research Methods for Construction Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page i — #1 Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page ii — #2 Research Methods for Construction Third Edition Richard Fellows Department of Real Estate and Construction The University of Hong Kong and Anita Liu Department of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page iii — #3 This edition first published 2008 © 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007 Blackwell’s publishing programme has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA Editorial office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fellows, Richard, 1948Research methods for construction / Richard Fellows and Anita Liu – 3rd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-7790-0 (pbk : alk paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-7790-X (pbk : alk paper) Building–Research–Methodology I Liu, Anita II Title TH213.5.F45 2008 624.072–dc22 2008002534 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/13pt Palatino by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed in Singapore by Utopia Press Pte Ltd 2008 Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page iv — #4 Contents Preface to Third Edition Preface to Second Edition Part Producing a Proposal viii x 1 Introduction The concept of research Classifications of research Theories and paradigms Research styles Quantitative and qualitative approaches Where to begin Summary References 3 12 20 26 30 32 32 Topic for Study Selection of a topic Writing the proposal Summary References 35 35 42 50 50 Part Executing the Research 51 Initial Research The research process Initial search Assembling the theoretical framework Philosophy and methodology Theoretical models and constructs Proper referencing Summary References 53 53 60 66 67 73 77 77 78 v Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page v — #5 Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page ii — #2 vi Contents Approaches to Empirical Work Role of experience Research design Qualitative approaches Quantitative approaches Experimental design (including experiments and quasi-experiments) Case study research Modelling Simulation Summary References 102 110 114 118 121 121 Hypotheses Essentials of a valid hypothesis Roles of hypotheses Objective testing of hypotheses Role of sampling Common statistical measures Null hypotheses Validities Summary References 125 125 129 130 131 133 141 143 145 146 Data Collection Data requirements Collecting data from respondents Sampling Sample size Scales of measurement Obtaining data Summary References 147 147 150 159 163 167 175 183 183 Data Analysis Analysing data Plotting data Statistical methods Non-parametric tests Parametric tests Other analytical techniques 186 186 191 194 194 202 225 Copy edited by Sharon 81 81 83 91 97 FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page vi — #6 Contents Summary References Ethics in Research The concepts of morals and ethics Research ethics Data analysis, intellectual property and data protection Summary References Part Reporting the Results Results, Inferences and Conclusions Requirements for valid results Potential sources of error Reliability Results Inferences Conclusions Summary References 242 242 246 246 249 256 259 259 261 263 263 264 265 266 270 276 279 279 10 Reports and Presentations Report production Communication Contents of the report Oral presentation Summary 281 281 282 284 293 294 Index 295 Copy edited by Sharon vii FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page vii — #7 Preface to Third Edition We welcome the opportunity to both update and improve this book in order to extend and enhance its usefulness for researchers The amendments reflect comments and suggestions from colleagues on the first two editions of the book as well as our own research progression into new areas of interest and study and the methods we have adopted and considered, together with feedback from students on undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees whom we have supervised and to whom we have provided modules in research methods We extend our thanks to all who have taken the trouble to advise us of potential improvements Throughout the production of this edition, as previously, we have endeavoured to be rigorous in scope and depth of content and to incorporate practical examples of applications of the methods to construction-oriented research Our involvement with CIB (Conseil International du Bâtiment (International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction)) groups, conferences and publications has proved invaluable in bringing us into contact with world-leading researchers in many construction fields which has greatly enriched our appreciation of the ever-growing wealth of research relating to construction both directly and indirectly However, we are also ever more aware of the pressures under which researchers must work, especially in terms of funding restrictions and quantity, as well as quality, of outputs – particularly, papers in refereed journals At one end, information searching is vastly facilitated by the internet, whilst, at the other, journals proliferate Both developments raise important issues of validity and reliability – the web remains (largely) unrefereed and unpoliced and so, the individual information-seeker must be the initial judge of reliability of what is retrieved whilst the proliferation of journals requires many more referees, and editors, to be ‘gatekeepers’ for maintenance and enhancement, of quality Despite the pressures and gripes, research is, for us, at least, the most stimulating and rewarding of pursuits, both in carrying out scholarship and empirical investigations ourselves and in assisting others as colleagues or viii Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/5/21 — 14:29 — page viii — #8 .. .Research Methods for Construction Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/ 5/21 — 14:29 — page i — #1 Copy edited by Sharon FELLOWS: “fellows_c000” — 2008/ 5/21 — 14:29... office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the... applications of the methods to construction- oriented research Our involvement with CIB (Conseil International du Bâtiment (International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction) )