Gender Roles in the Family: Change and Stability in Vietnam

amily and kin relations mainly husband mainly wife husband and wife equally someone other than couple statistical significance Social life as a couple mainly husband mainly wife husband and wife equally someone other than couple statistical significance Gender of respondent Female Male Marriage cohort 1963-71 1977-85 1992-00 43.4 17.8 29.4 9.5 30.2 26.3 32.0 11.4 *** 28.6 32.7 28.1 10.6 35.5 22.0 31.5 11.0 *** 45.7 12.1 32.4 9.8 45.7 10.8 36.9 6.6 36.6 13.9 41.8 7.8 ** 32.8 22.1 37.6 7.5 42.0 9.9 41.3 6.8 *** 48.4 5.4 39.0 7.2 32.9 10.9 48.5 7.8 18.1 20.1 52.9 9.0 *** 22.5 19.5 50.3 7.7 26.5 17.2 47.9 8.4 ** 27.3 9.7 53.9 9.0 25.9 10.9 61.2 2.0 15.5 18.5 64.4 1.6 *** 19.0 19.4 59.7 1.9 21.7 13.1 63.1 2.1 21.3 11.6 65.7 1.4 Significance levels: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 * 21 Table Logistic regression (coefficients expressed as odds ratios) indicating husbands’ and wives’ roles in specified domestic decisions during the first few years of marriage Family and kin relations Social life as a couple Household production Expensive purchases Cohort 1977-85 1.41* 1.49** 1.27 1.22 Cohort 1992-00 2.26*** 2.04*** 1.43* 1.29 Female 0.56*** 0.68** 0.44*** 0.52*** Rural 1.16 1.52** 1.03 1.09 Wife has high education 0.87 1.03 0.71* 0.59** Cohort 1977-85 1.21 1.17 0.91 1.14 Cohort 1992-00 1.15 1.04 1.17 1.19 Female 1.19 1.28* 1.27* 1.14 Rural 0.56*** 0.63*** 0.78 0.82 Wife has high education 1.28 0.98 1.22 1.52** Dependent variable and covariates Decision was made mainly by husband Decision was made by husband and wife equally Notes: Reference (omitted) categories are cohort 1963-71, male, urban, wife has less than 12 grade education Results are limited to respondents who indicated that the particular decision was made by one or both members of the couple Significance levels: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 22 Table Percent reporting that someone other than husband or wife is main person doing child care tasks, by gender and marriage cohort of respondent Tasks when first child was 2-5 among respondents with a child aged or older Looking after the child Feeding the child Bathing the child Disciplining the child Playing with the child Any of above tasks Tasks when first child was 6-10 among respondents with a child aged or older Going to school meetings Helping child with homework Disciplining the child Any of above tasks Gender of respondent men women 1963-71 29.9 13.3 10.0 6.5 19.1 33.4 26.4** 14.7 9.3 6.2 17.8 28.5 35.2 20.1 13.2 10.0 22.7 38.0 24.3 11.3 6.9 5.6 16.2 27.1 24.7*** 10.2*** 8.7** 3.3*** 16.3* 27.5*** 1.5 0.9 1.1 3.0 2.1 3.4*** 2.1* 5.0 2.5 1.9 2.3 4.9 0.9 2.6 0.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 Significance levels: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 Marriage cohort 1977-85 1992-00 23 Table Reported division of labor in child care tasks, by marriage cohort Tasks when first child was 2-5 among respondents with a child aged or older Looking after the child Feeding the child Bathing the child Disciplining the child Playing with the child Any of the above chores Tasks when first child was 6-10 among respondents with a child aged or older Going to school meetings Helping child with homework Disciplining the child Any of the above chores Among those who report that husband or wife is main person doing task, % reporting that couple shares task equally or husband is main person 1963-71 1963-71 1977-85 12.9 19.6 18.6 8.1 11.5 13.3 9.3 12.7 15.6* 42.7 60.3 63.4*** 37.7 50.3 53.5*** 44.4 64.0 69.6*** 1992-00 48.1 38.2 38.4 59.7 56.9 63.2 1963-71 63.2 49.3 49.3 80.3 74.1 83.6 1977-85 66.7*** 52.4*** 53.2*** 84.7*** 81.2*** 88.3*** 1992-00 67.8 78.2 83.1 71.3 72.5 91.4 1977-85 75.9 83.8 86.3 71.3 74.1 92.8 1992-00 73.3* 82.2 82.2 73.5 75.1 92.4 41.8 50.1 58.5 61.5 59.7 67.4 75.2 77.1 64.7 71.9 87.2 89.1 50.7** 62.2* 86.6*** 88.6 60.4 52.3 61.8 74.8 62.1 55.8 59.5 78.6 65.2 72.1*** 66.2 86.6** 46.5 57.3 76.3 80.7 Significance levels: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 38.1 45.2* 75.1*** 78.9*** % reporting that husband did chore some or a lot % reporting that wife did chore a lot 24 Table Logistic regression (coefficients expressed as odds ratios) indicating husband did some or a lot of specified child care task for child aged 2-5 among respondents with a child aged or older Cohort 1977-85 Cohort 1992-00 Female Rural Wife has high education Other person than a spouse mainly does task (a) Looking after the child 1.77*** 2.14*** 0.64*** 0.85 0.87 Feeding the child Bathing the child 1.51** 1.69*** 0.62*** 0.66** 0.95 1.52** 1.79*** 0.65*** 0.75* 0.94 0.54*** 0.43*** 0.42*** Disciplining the child 2.74*** 3.65*** 0.66** 0.56*** 0.82 Playing with the child 2.10*** 3.29*** 0.73* 0.66** 0.90 Any of these chores 3.02*** 4.54*** 0.77* 0.54*** 0.79 0.23*** 0.37*** 0.85 Notes: Reference (omitted) categories are cohort 1963-71, male, urban, wife has less than 12 grade education Significance levels: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 (a) For regression referring to “any of these chores” this covariate is refers to whether someone other than a spouse is the main person doing at least chore 25 Table Logistic regression (coefficients expressed as odds ratios) indicating husband did some or a lot of specified child care task for child aged 6-10 among respondents with a child aged or older Cohort 1977-85 Cohort 1992-00 Female Rural Wife has high education Other person than a spouse mainly does task (a) Going to school meetings 1.26 0.71 0.46*** 0.52*** 0.81 0.39 Helping child with homework 1.28 0.82 0.75* 0.66** 0.81 0.35* Disciplining the child 2.27*** 2.29*** 0.68* 0.53*** 0.69 0.21** Any of these chores 2.53*** 2.48*** 0.71 0.45*** 0.63* 0.43* Notes: Reference (omitted) categories are cohort 1963-71, male, urban, wife has less than 12 grade education Significance levels: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 (a) For regression referring to “any of these chores” this covariate is refers to whether someone other than a spouse is the main person doing at least chore