UNIT 6: POPULATION I. GRAMMAR POINTS: * RELATIVE PRONOUN AND RELATIVE CLAUSE:(Mệnh đề liên hệ và đại từ liên hệ). A. ĐỊNH NGHĨA: Đại từ liên hệ dùng để thay thế cho danh từ đứng trước nó, nó giới thiệu một mệnh đề phụ nhằm làm rõ nghóa cho danh từ mà đại từ liên hệ thay thế, mệnh đề này gọi là mệnh đề liên hệ. B. CÁCH DÙNG: 1. Who: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ. Eg: This is the man who helped me yesterday. The boy who studies the best in this class is my son. 2. Whom: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ. Eg: The man whom you met yesterday is my uncle. 3. Whose: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người làm sỡ hữu. Eg: The woman whose son is my friend is a good doctor. 4. Which: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ vật làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ. Eg: The house which has green door is mine. The car which you have just bought is new and comfortable. 5. Where: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ nơi chốn. Eg: This is the place where I was born and grew up. 6. When: thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ thời gian. Eg: The day when you came was on Sunday. 7. That: thay thế cho WHO, WHICH trong mệnh đề hạn đònh: mệnh đề không có dấu phẫy. Eg: This is the man who wrote this novel = This is the man that wrote this novel. This is the house which I bought last year = This is the house that I bought last year. 8. Of which: Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật làm sỡ hữu. Eg: The book of which cover is red is interesting. C. RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE: 1. Restrictive Relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn- mệnh đề hạn đònh) Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn dùng để bổ nghóa cho danh từ đứng trước, là một bộ phận quan trọng trong câu. Nếu bỏ nó đi, mệnh đề chính sẽ không được xác đònh và không có nghóa rõ ràng. Eg: The book which I borrowed from you is very interesting. Mệnh đề “ which I borrowed from you” là mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn, bổ nghóa cho danh từ “the book”. Nó rất cần thiết trong câu vì nếu bỏ nó đi ta sẽ không biết quyển sách nào sẽ được nói đến. Eg: The girl who came here yesterday is my cousin. We will never forget the day when we first came to London. This is the place where I was born. 2. Non- restrictive Relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn- mệnh đề không hạn đònh): Mệnh đề không hạn đònh còn gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ giải thích, dùng để bổ nghóa cho danh từ đứng trước, là phần giải thích thêm. Nếu bỏ nó đi, mệnh đề chính vẫn có ý nghóa rõ ràng. Danh đề đứng trước mệnh đề này thường đã được xác đònh rồi. 1 Eg: My father, who is fifty-five years old, is an engineer. Miss White, whom we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. I want to help Peter, whose parents died in the accident. He often comes to visit Nha Trang, where he grew up. * Note: Một số điểm cần lưu ý khi dùng mệnh đề không hạn đònh: 1. Mệnh đề không hạn đònh thường được tách khỏi mệnh đề chíng bằng dấu phẩy hoặc dấu gạch ngang. 2. Đại từ quan hệ THAT không được dùng trong loại mệnh đề này. 3. Không lượt bỏ đại từ quan hệ (Who/ Whom/ which) trong mệnh đề này. D. CÁCH NỐI HAI CÂU ĐƠN THÀNH MỘT CÂU PHỨC BẰNG CÁCH DÙNG CÁC ĐẠI TỪ LIÊN HỆ: 1. Xác đònh hai từ trùng lập nhau trong hai câu đơn. 2. Bỏ đi từ giống nhau trong câu thứ hai thay thế bằng một đại từ liên hệ thích hợp đặt ở đầu câu thứ hai. 3. Đem cả câu thứ hai lên đặt ngay sau từ giống nhau trong câu thứ nhất. EX: The man is my father. You met him yesterday. b1 b1 The man is my father. Whom you met yesterday. b2 The man whom you met yesterday is my father. B3 (thành phẩm) II. EXERCISES: A. PHONETIC: * Choose the word whose bold/ underlined part is pronounced differently frm that of the other three. 1. A. cause B. haul C. fault D. because 2. A. population B. average C. favorite D. station 3. A. people B. creosote C. theory D. geometric 4. A. growth B. math C. brother D. strength 5. A. education B. special C. economy D. uncommon * Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from that of the other three. 1. A. unwillingness B. population C. unemployment D. contraception 2. A. unhealthy B. poverty C. family D. energy 3. A. expression B. following C. enormous D. condition 4. A. water B. female C. shortage D. control 5. A. responsible B. illiterate C. estimation D. constructively B. VOCABULARY: * Find out the antonym of the following words or phrases: Word / Phrase Antonym 1. increased 2. failure 3. discouraged 4. slow 5. very small or limited 6. a family with a lot of children 7. the upper parts 8. emigrants 2 * Complete each sentence below by using a suitable antonym above: 1. There have been more and more ___________ in our modern society. 2. Entering the WTO, Viet Nam has got ___________ opportunities to develop its economic potentials. 3. Most young couples in that remote village are ___________ to delay having their first child as a birth - control method. 4. Unlike the situations in the upper and middle ones , ___________ of this river have a much larger population. 5. The total number of newborn babies in my neighborhood has ____________ sharply during the last three years. 6. Our city receives approximately half a million __________ to strengthen its labor force each year. 7. To many people living in the countryside, having at least a son is often considered their greatest ___________ in life. 8. Most immigrants from various rural areas find it extremely difficult to adapt themselves to the ______________ changes in this big city. C. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURE: * EXERCISE 1: Choose the most correct written out form of each fraction below: 1. 1 / 2 A. one half B. one second C. oneth two D. one two 2. 9 / 10 A. ninth ten B. nine tenths C. nine tenth D. nine tens 3. 67 / 100 A. sixty seven percent B. sixty seventh percent C. sixty seventh percents D. sixty seven percents 4. 5 / 4 A. five over four B. five quarters C. five forths D. five over fourth 5. 1 / 100 A. one percent B. one a hundredth C. a one hundredth D. All are correct * EXERCISE 2: Choose the best answer: (ẹaùi tửứ lieõn heọ, Although, Though,Even though, Despite, In spite of .) 1. . what I said last night, I still respect you. A. Until B. Despite C. Although D. Even though 2. . the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. A. Despite B. In spite of C. But D. Although 3. A lot of things went wrong . I had planned everything carefully. A. but B. because C. although D. in spite of 4. I dont like stories . have unhappy endings. A. that B. who C. in which D. whose 5. The man . came from Vinh was the guide for our group during my holiday. A. whom B. which C. whose D. who 6. I recently went back to the town . I was born. A. which B. where C. in where D. at where 7. I would like to live in a country . there is plenty of sunshine. A. when B. which C. where D. of which 8. My classmate, . I wanted to see, was on holiday. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose 9. Thats the old lady . husband won the Nobel Prize. A. whose B. who C. whom D. that 10. My friend, . hates travelling, refused to go with me to Ha Long Bay. A. who B. whose C. that D. whom 11. Edward, . father is my boss, has just moved to Paris. A. who B. which C. where D. whose 12. We climbed to the top of the mountain, . we had a picnic. A. that B. where C. which D. on where 3 13. We don’t want to swim in the sea, . looks very dirty. A. where B. which C. when D. who 14. He gave me the important information, . I noted down at once. A. which B. that C. what D. why 15. Did he explain . went wrong? A. that B. what C. where D. when 16. He’s the painter . last exhibition was such a failure. A. who B. which C. that D. whose 17. I’m looking forward to the programme . is on after the news. A. it B. its C. which D. whose 18. I told the policeman . had happened. A. that B. what C. where D. when 19. I never got the time . we spent the holiday together. A. when B. that C. in which D. what 20. I don’t know the reason . he didn’t enjoy the party. A. when B. where C. what D. why 21. Women used to hang the carpets outside and beat them with carpet beaters . clean them. A. in order to B. so that C. although D. however 22. . he behaved so badly, he was punished. A. Although B. Since C. So D. So that 23. . does John go to church on Sundays. A. No longer B. No C. No any more D. Not any longer 24. . the rain, we went out. A. Although B. Since C. For D. In spite of 25. . modern appliances mean that household chores can be done more quickly than before, it still takes a lot of time to do house work. A. Although B. In spite of C. Unless D. If 26. He walked slowly . his injured legs. A. because B. because of C. since D. for 27. Your explanation . reasonable. A. is not sound B. does not sound C. is not sounded D. is not sounding 28. It’s the best book . I’ve ever read. A. which B. who C. that D. what 29. That is the businessman . company is so successful. A. whose B. of which C. who’s D. of whom 30. Is that the town . you were born? A. which B. that C. whose D. where 31. You can go . you like. This isn’t private land. A. nowhere B. somewhere C. anywhere D. there 32. The librarian went to look in the cupboard . rare books were kept. A. which B. that C. where D. when 33. I’ve put Mr Matthew’s papers in your green file, . is on your desk. A. of which B. that C. which D. whom 34. Just try and imagine . life would be like without water. A. how B. what C. that D. if 35. Two men, neither of . I had ever seen before, came into my office. A. whom B. that C. whose D. which 36. My radio, . isn’t very old, had suddenly stopped working. A. that B. which C. of which D. whose 4 37. They asked me a lot of questions, some of . I couldn’t answer. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 38. He always did well at school . having his early education disrupted by illness. A. on account of B. in addition to C. in spite of D. although 39. It was raining, but the baseball game wasn’t cancelled. A. The baseball game wouldn’t be cancelled until it stopped raining. B. Though it was raining, the baseball game wasn’t cancelled. C. In spite of raining, the baseball still went ahead. D. The organizer put off the baseball game untill after the rain. 40. We stayed in that hotel despite the noise. A. The hotel was not noisy, so we stayed there. B. We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it. C. Although the hotel was noisy, we stayed there. D. The noise kept us staying in the hotel. 41. Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car. A. She doesn’t have enough money to buy the car she likes. B. Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car. C. The car is too expensive for her to buy. D. She wants to buy the bike but it costs a lot. 42. Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert. A. Bill arrived late for the concert whether he took a taxi or not. B. Bill arrived late for the concert because of the taxi. C. In spite of taking the taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert. D. Bill took a taxi to the concert, but he couldn’t catch it. 43. This is the man ……………. saved the child . A. who B. whom C. whose D. which 44. Mary is the girl ……………. they are talking . A. about who B. about whom C. whose D. to which 45. Do you know the way ……………. leads us to the city ? A. where B. what C. when D. which 46. The house ……………. roof is red belongs to my uncle . A. whose B. which C. in which D. that 47. Do you remember the day …………….we first meet each other ? A. where B. which C. whose D. when 48. This is the village …………….we were born . A. which B. in which C. where D. B & C are correct 49. Can you tell me the reason ……………. he left his school ? A. that B. why C. which D. because 50. We hear the same story ……………. you have told me . A. who B. where C. whose D. which 51. I’m looking for the man ……………. shirt is blue . A. who B. whom C. whose D. that 52. There is the boy ……………. mother won the Nobel prize . A. whose B. whom C. where D. that 53. It’s the English pronunciation ……………. causes me a lot of difficulties . A. which B. that C. what D. A & B 54. It’s Mary ……………. received all the letters yesterday . A. that B. who C. whom D. whose 5 55. I don’t like being told ……………. to do . A. where B. who C. that D. what 56. M. Curie , ……………. discovery of radium is famous , was a French scientist . A. whose B. whom C. who D. that 57. I couldn’t come to the party , ……………. was a pity ! A. that B. it C. what D. which 58. The woman ……………. he fell in love left him after a few weeks . A. with whom B. who C. to whom D. for whom 59. The party ……………. wasn’t very enjoyable . A. we went B. where we went to C. which we went to last night D. that we go to last night 60. The week ……………. Mike went camping was the wettest of the year . A. which B. when C. how D. who 61. Mrs Jackson , ……………. used to be very beautiful , is now suffering from a fatal disease . A. who B. whose C. she D. that * EXERCISE 3 : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order to make the sentence correct: 1. This is the person to that I sold my car. A B C D 2. I couldn’t run enough fast to catch the shop-lifter. A B C D 3. My bike, I had left at the gate, had disappeared. A B C D 4. Although the cold weather, we all went for a walk. A B C D 5. Despite of the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class. A B C D 6. John’s family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship. A B C D 7. In spite of the car was cheap, it was in good condition. A B C D 8. Peter comes from Witney, that is near Oxford. A B C D 9. The tree which branches are dead should be cut down. A B C D 10. He works at Heathrow Airport, that is one of the biggest airports in the world. A B C D 11. Da Lat, where is located on High Land, is famous for mild climate. A B C D 12. Nha Trang has a beautiful beach at which many tourists often sunbathe. A B C D 13. My brother works in Ca Mau, that is to the farthest end of Viet Nam. A B C D 14. The tour guide is introducing to the visitors the church which architecture is very special. A B C D 15. A huge amount of tourists come to this city every year. A B C D 6 16. It is too nice weather that I would like to go to the beach. A B C D 17. If it didn’t rain yesterday, we would have had our barbecue outdoors. A B C D 18. Despite she didn’t understand what the man who stopped her on the street wanted, she tried to A B C D be helpful. EXERCISE 4: Combine these pairs of sentences by using relative pronouns: 1. Many readers have used this card catalogue. It is very helpful in finding the titles of the books. 2. The picture is very beautiful. Tom is looking at it. 3. Do you know the dentist? He pulled Mary’s tooth yesterday. 4. The girl is my classmate. She is reading a magazine. 5. The acrobat is his uncle. We saw him on T.V last night. 6. The man was Mr. John. I saw him. 7. I am looking for the boy. His shirt is blue. 8. The man is very friendly. His son is a friend of mine. 9. The books are on science. The books are on the desk. 10. The movie was interesting. We want ti see it. 11. That is the boy. He broke your windows yesterday. 12. The doctor is famous. I visited him yesterday. 13. He is the young boy. His father is a famous writer. 14. He has just bought a table. Its surface is made of precious wood. 15. Nobody thinks of the poor workers. Their life is very hard. 16. She wears the uniform. It was made last week. 17. The tall man is the teacher of English. My father is talking with him at the gate. 18. What was the name of the man? His car was broken down. 19. The boys must start their duties tomorrow. Their names were taken down. 20. Pasteur was an English biologiost. His discovery of a cure for rabies made him famous. 21. Marie Curie was a French physicist. Her discovery of radium made her famous. 22. The man wanted to see the headmaster. His son has been expelled from school. 23. The horse-tamer isn’t at home. You want to meet him. 24. The young man taught me English at secondary school. He lives next to my house. 25. Napoleon was a French emperor. His final battle was in Waterloo. 26. Angels was a German philosopher. His discoveries had a great inflience on workers. 27. James Watt was a Scottish scientist. His invention of steam engine is famous throughout the world. 28. Isaac Newton was a great English scientist. His discovered the theory of gravitation. 29. M. Faraday was an English physicist. His father was very poor. 30. A person is a football player. His interest is in football. 31. Did you buy the house? Its cost is $ 100.000. 32. The school is very nice. We have learnt there for four years. 33. Nam has just received a letter. He is my roommate. 34. That nurse always takes care of her patients well. She is a dedicated girl. 35. I found your bunch of keys. It is on the table over there. 36. That’s the train from Ha Noi. I have just had a good trip with it. 37. Smoking is a bad habit. Many people are addicted to it. * Exercise 5: Fill in the blank with suitable RELATIVE PRONOUNS: 1. What is the name of the song ___________ you are whistting? 7 2. He is a very man ___________ caused the accident. 3. People _________ names begin with A always get taken first. 4. He didn’t know the language __________ made it difficult for him to get a job. 5. I am sure that ___________ you say is true. 6. I read a book __________ was written by a friend of yours. 7. My wife ___________ works as a journalist is an exellent cook. 8. His previous marriage ___________ ended in divorce lasted five years. 9. The man _________ she is getting married to is an artist. 10. She was once bitten by a monkey, _________ made her dislike monkeys for the rest of her life. 11. We travelled second class _________ is cheaper than first class but more crowded. 12. They sang as they marched, __________ helped them to forget how tired they were. 13. The students _________ names are below the line on this list must take the examination again. 14. The crime wasn’t discovered till 40 hours later, _________ gave the criminals plenty of time to get away. 15. He poured water on the burning oil stove, __________ was a crazy thing to do. 16. There are a lot of people in your office __________ want to talk to you. 17. One everning, he and the writer went to a restaurant ___________ they had a wonderful meal. 18. The wine _______ they drank came from Japan. 19. For years he lived a life ___________ was very pleasurable. 20. Most of the people _________ were injured in the crash recovered quickly. 21. Britain imports many cars _________ are made in Japan. 22. In the street there were several people _________ were waiting for the shop to open. 23. Monday is the day on __________ they left. (on which = when) 24. He admires Mrs. Brown, ___________ surprises me. 25. I have interest outside my daily professional work, _________ gives me great pleasure. 26. The dog, _________ was barking, frightened the children. 27. Don’t believe everything _________ you read in the newspapers. 28. In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m ___________ is much too early. 29. The frogs croaked all night, _________ kept me awake. 30. Tell me _________ you want me to do. 31. A widow is a woman _________ husband is dead. 32. I don’t like children __________ cry all day. 33. The cowboy _________ had been wounded by an arrow fell off his horse. 34. They turned on the street lights, ________ made it suddenly seem much darker than it really was. 35. Do you know the dog ________ was bitten by the snake in the garden? 36. Wilson, ________ wife and daughter are very kind, is a good man. 37. He played the violon all night, __________ annoyed the neighbors. 38. She expects me to do this exercise in haft an hour, _________ is impossible. 39. I couldn’t remember the number of my own car, _________ made the police suspicious. 40. You will be punished for __________ you’ve done. 41. John, ________ I’ve known for 8 years, is one of my closest friends. 42. The new stadium, _________ holds 90.000 people, will be opened next month. 43. We decided not to swim in the sea ________ looks rather dirty. 44. Two men, neither of _________ I had seen before, came into my office. 45. He tried on three jackets, none of _________ fitted him. 46. Yesterday, we visited the city museum _________ I had never been to before. 47. Fortunately we had a map, without _________ we would have got lost. 48. Mr Carter, to ________ I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan. 8 THE END! 9 . the concert because of the taxi. C. In spite of taking the taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert. D. Bill took a taxi to the concert, but he couldn’t catch. a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert. A. Bill arrived late for the concert whether he took a taxi or not. B. Bill arrived late for the concert