bộ câu hỏi ôn thi công chức môn anh văn ( đọc hiểu, trắc nghiệm, điền từ, đề môn tiếng pháp, tiếng trung năm 2017

bộ câu hỏi ôn thi công chức môn anh văn ( đọc hiểu, trắc nghiệm, điền từ, đề môn tiếng pháp, tiếng trung năm 2017 bộ câu hỏi ôn thi công chức môn anh văn ( đọc hiểu, trắc nghiệm, điền từ, đề môn tiếng pháp, tiếng trung năm 2017 bộ câu hỏi ôn thi công chức môn anh văn ( đọc hiểu, trắc nghiệm, điền từ, đề môn tiếng pháp, tiếng trung năm 2017 bộ câu hỏi ôn thi công chức môn anh văn ( đọc hiểu, trắc nghiệm, điền từ, đề môn tiếng pháp, tiếng trung năm 2017

CLOZE TESTS (20)

C1 Tibet (1) up images of a mystic land Snow-capped mountain peakspierce the blue sky and fierce chilly winds sweep the rolling grasslands.Maroon-robed Buddhist monks pray in remote monasteries and (2) _-horsemen pound the rugged earth People in this high plateau perform punishingrituals like prostrating hundreds of miles in tattered clothes on pilgrimage.Spirits, spells and flying apparitions are (3) of the Tibetan world In short,Tibet remains an exotica Such images are largely the result of books byWestern travellers and explorers in the last century, which helped in keeping themystique (4) And when the Communist rulers took over Tibet in the 1950sand began ——-(5)—— -Chinese language and culture on the people,

Tibet’s own history started to (6)——–in the background Thus, the only books

available in English to Tsering Wangmo Dhompa as a young girl growing(7) in India and Nepal as a refugee- (8) those written by Westerners,and so she came to view the country as a forbidden land, a place where fantasyand fable collaborated (9) a dramatic backdrop of mountains, black magicand (10) with strange customs and appearances

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C2 Many people believe high heels (1) women look good So much so,

it (2) _ that the organisers of the Cannes Film Festival reportedly barredwomen in flat shoes from walking the red carpet But all this glam comes at acost: wearing heels over 10cm (3) can damage your ankles A study byHanseo University in South Korea suggests that continuous (4) _ exposeswomen to the risk of strains, and makes them prone to losing their balance Atotal of 40 women who wear high heels at least three times a week took part inthe study The strength of their ankles (5) measured regularly:researchers found that two (6) the four main muscles became dominantafter a period of between one and three years This created (7) imbalance

in their feet Dr Yong-Seok Jee from Hanseo University said that the habit ofwearing heels (8) _ result in deformed feet, back pain and unhealthy(9) patterns He recommends that women limit the use of these kinds ofshoes and (10) their ankle muscles properly

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C3 Educational planning strives (1) to research, develop, implement andadvance policies, programs and reforms within educational institutions.Educational planners might (2) _ at the local, national or internationallevel to advance or improve education While educational (3) mightcenter on pre-school and K-12 education, you could also work (4) postsecondary education as well As an educational planner, you could workwithin educational institutions, government agencies, and private or not-for-profit (5) _ Educational planners typically (6) _ graduate degrees.You might also consider becoming a licensed teacher or (7) additionaldegrees in education Administrators within schools or districts (8) _commonly involved in educational planning Educational planning should aim at

meeting the educational needs of the entire population of all age groups Whilethe traditional structure of education as (9) three-layer-hierarchy fromthe primary stage to the university represents the core, we should not overlookthe periphery, which is equally important under modern conditions Educationalplanning, in (10) _ words, should take care of the needs of everyone.

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C4 Could a human have a (1) _ relationship with a robot? Perhaps thequestion is not as ludicrous as it first sounds You probably (2) that

silicon and circuits don’t do it for you, but they are already part of us Scientists

can use (3) _ chips to repair broken connections in the brain or to allow aman who was paralysed after an accident to play Guitar Hero with his thoughts

In fact, (4) _ machines play an increasingly personal role in our daily lives

We extend a sense of self into our (5) , and we develop a feeling ofattachment for the object Soon, neural implants will offer the chance to(6) our memories, thinking and sensory experiences This will have(7) in what people feel, even in shaping the (8) of the user.Gradually, and without realising (9) , we are experiencing not just amerging of body and bionics, but (10) _of mind and machine

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C5 (1) is what you use to buy things You may (2) money fromcompleting household chores, getting good grades, for your allowance, or forlosing a tooth Money is very important in our world and (3) _ in manydifferent forms People have been using money for hundreds of years Beforemoney gave specific values for things, people simply traded items In the UnitedStates, we use the (4) as our currency or money, but people in differentparts of the world use different (5) , though some countries also use oraccept our dollars People earn money from the (6) they work and usethat money to save for the future or pay for their houses, cars, good, taxes,medical needs, and (7) _ items, among (8) _ things Even things such(9) _ turning the lights on, using the air conditioning or (10) _, andconnecting to the internet cost money

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C6 Banks are (1) where people can keep their money Most people usebanks to save money in their savings (2) and to pay money from theirchecking accounts Today, when a person earns money from their (3) _,their paycheck is often electronically deposited (put) into their savings orchecking account Then, he or she can pay their bills by (4) checks fromtheir checking accounts or pay online where their bills are electronicallyconnected to (5) bank accounts Banks also give loans to people Banksuse the money that their customers deposit (6) lend to people to buy newhouses, cars, or to start businesses among other reasons The bank (7) _money from lending by charging interest In other words, people have to payback more than they (8) This amount depends on how risky (9) _

bank thinks the borrower is and how fast the (10) _ is paid back amongother things.

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C7 Hummingbirds are amazing little (1) _ They are the smallest of allbirds and weigh less than (2) _ a penny The bee hummingbird, at barelymore than two inches long, is the (3) _ bird in the world Unlike most birds,hummingbirds (4) _ iridescent feathers Iridescent feathers glitter and shine

in the sun Hummingbirds are often dazzling combinations of greens and reds orgreens and blues Others are violet, orange, golden, silver or other combinationsonly Mother Nature could dream (5) _ All hummingbirds have long bills toinsert into flowers Some hummingbirds have special bills to fit into specificflowers Hummingbirds are the (6) _ birds that can fly backwards.Hummingbirds are also unique among bird species in that they (7) _nectarfrom flowers You can attract hummingbirds to (8) yard with specialfeeders that are filled with (9) _ water These feeders are usually bright red

in color because hummingbirds are attracted to (10) _

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C8 The Amazon is the world's largest tropical (1) _ It covers an area ofnearly 2.8 million square miles, which is nearly the size of the (1) _ ofAustralia The Amazon Rainforest gets its life from the majestic Amazon River,the world's second (3) _ river, which runs directly through the heart of theregion The rainforest itself is simply the drainage basin for the river and itsmany tributaries The vast forest (4) _consists of four layers, each featuringits own ecosystems and specially adapted (5) _ and animals The forest floor

is the lowest region Since only two (6) _ of the sunlight filters through thetop layers to the understory, very few plants grow here The forest (7) _,however, is rich with rotting vegetation and the bodies of (8) _ organisms,which are quickly broken down (9) _ nutrients integrated into the soil Treeroots stay close to these (10) _ nutrients and decomposers, such asmillipedes and earthworms, use these nutrients for food

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C9 Dolphins are marine mammals that are related to whales and porpoises Amarine mammal is one that lives in the (1) _ Dolphins are found all over

the world’s oceans as well (1) _ in rivers and marshes Dolphins are

carnivores, meat eaters, and (3) _on fish, squid, and other marine life They

often swim together in groups called ‘pods’ They are thought to have powerful

eyesight and hearing, but do (4) _ have a sense of smell Dolphins come indifferent sizes Some are smaller than the average person, but others, such as theorca, can be 30 feet (5) _, or more than five times as long as the averageperson Dolphins are thought to be very (6) _t and communicate with eachother using clicks and whistles All dolphins are powerful (7) _ Have youever (8) _ (9) _ dolphin? Groups of dolphins can often be seen bobbing

in and (10) _ of waves close to the shoreline

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C10 Did you know that spiders are (1) _ insects? They are actually calledarachnids, a group of animals related to insects that have eight (2) _ and thathave venom There are many different kinds of spiders They live all over theworld and can be (3) _ in just about every habitat Most like (4) _places, (5) _ may include your home, closets, or basement Spiders are veryinteresting Some spin silk webs to (6) _ and eat prey, while others attacktheir prey Some spiders, like tarantulas, are large enough to eat lizards andmice! Many people are afraid (7) _ spiders because they bite Most spiders,however, will only bite (8) _they think they are danger and most areharmless Spiders are (9) _ helpful to people (10) _ many eat insectpests like cockroaches and mosquitoes.

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C11 The French and Indian War, also known (1) _ the Seven Years War,began in the Spring on 1754 The dispute arose over the presence of British andFrench settlers in the Ohio River (2) _ in and around present day Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, but resulted (3) _ battles that were fought far from there Boththe French and English wanted exclusive rights (4) _ the area because of itseconomic potential and plethora of fur-bearing wildlife Despite attempts inEurope to solve the territory battle diplomatically, no compromise (5) _ bemade French settlers began building forts (6) _ the Ohio River to protectthe land from the British Meanwhile, Robert Dinwiddie, lieutenant governor ofVirginia, had begun issuing land-grants (7) _ the region for (8) _ of hiscolony French and British military forces were (9) _ authorized by theirrespective governments to take the necessary measures to (10) _ the other

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C12 Siem Reap is a small town near the world famous (1) of AngkorWat The town is charming and worth exploring, with some fine examples ofKhmer and French colonial architecture set among the more moderndevelopments Nowadays, visitors (2) flocking in, using it as a base forvisits to the nearby temples From the 9th to the 14th centuries, when Europewas still (3) _ out of the Dark Ages, the Cambodian Empire of Angkorcovered most of present-day Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand The heart

of (4) empire during the 12th century was the ancient capital of

Angkor Thom, near present day Siem Reap, the site of the world’s largest

temple complexes, which were rediscovered (5) 1861 This spectacularcity was (6) over 30 years under the reign of King Suryavarman II(1113-1150) The area covers about 400 square kilometres and is full of thefinest examples of Khmer art and architecture Tourists are always amazed(7) _ the scale of the place In Angkor Wat you will find more than 100stone monuments (8) temple buildings, each of which containscountless statues, sculptures and reliefs that have weathered extremely little over(9) last 800 years To see the whole thing can take several days The

most important temples to visit in the area are Angkor Wat, especially at sunrise

or sunset; Angkor Thom, the (10 of the capital; Ta Prohm, a palaceovergrown by jungle; and Bayon

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C13 The Battle of Lake George was fought on September 8, 1755 Britishforces of 1,500 soldiers and 200 Mohawk Indians (1) _ the command ofWilliam Johnson defeated (2) _ much larger allied French and Indian force

of 3,500 under German General Baron Dieskau The battle (3) _ whenFrench and Indian forces ambushed a group of Massachusetts and Connecticutregiments on (4) _ road between Lake George and Ft Edward Although theregiments were pushed back, they were able to (5) _ off French and Indianassaults on their base camp Meanwhile, New Hampshire and New Yorkregiments were sent from Fort Edward to reinforce the (6) _regiments Onthe way, these regiments seized a French baggage train along with criticalsupplies An astonished General Dieskau (7) _also captured, and the Frenchand Indian troops (8) _ scattered away from (9) _ main battle Theevents of the battle of Fort William Henry were depicted in the famous novel(10) _ James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans

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C14 George Washington (1) _ born on February 22, 1732 in WestmorelandCounty, Virginia, although he grew up near Fredericksburg In his childhoodand adolescence, he studied math and surveying When he (2) _ 16, he went

to live with his brother Lawrence in Mount Vernon George was scarred withSmallpox before the age of 20, (3) _ inherited his brother’s land, including

Mt Vernon, when he died in 1752 Washington’s military career began in 1753,when he was sent into Ohio country during the French and Indian War to protectBritish interests in the area (4) _ 1754, he battled the French and was forced

to (5) _r Fort Necessity, near present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Hecontinued (6) _ an officer in Ohio country, and served (7) _ the Britishgeneral Edward Braddock when their army was ambushed by the French in

1755 Once again, Washington tasted defeat (8) _ their surrender of FortDuquesne to French forces Luckily for the future United States, the Frenchagreed (9) _ release him rather than keep him as a prisoner He helped(10) _ Fort Duquesne back in 1758

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C15 The Age of Exploration started in the 1400's Europeans were desperate(1) _get spices from Asia Spices were used to preserve foods and keepthem from spoiling Spices, however, (2) _ expensive and dangerous(3) _ get Traders had to travel parts of the dangerous Silk Road, a landroute from Europe to Asia to get them Because the Silk Road was frequentlyclosed (4) _ to various wars, European rulers (5) _ to pay forexplorations to find a sea route to Asia so they could get spices more easily andfor cheaper Portugal was the first European country that sent explorers to search

for the (6) _ route to Asia Prince Henry the Navigator started a school ofnavigation and financed the first voyages to the west coast (7) _ Africa Inthe 1400's, however, sailors were afraid of sea monsters and boiling hot water atthe Equator, so progress was slow After Bartholomew Dias and his crew(8) _it to Africa's Cape (9) _ Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and his crewbecame the first to sail (10) _ Africa and through the Indian Ocean to India.

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C16 The Dallas Cowboys have been an NFL team (1) _ 1960 They are one

of two teams that play professional football (2) _ the state of Texas It tookthe Cowboys eleven years before they (3) _ the Super Bowl, the NFLchampionship game They (4) _ that game to the Baltimore Colts by a score

of 16 to 13 The Cowboys soon got much better! In the 1970s, they played infive Super Bowls and won two of them After they defeated the Denver Broncos

in Super Bowl 12, people (5) _ calling them America’s Team Although theCowboys failed to make any Super Bowls in the 1980s, they played in threeSuper Bowls in the 1990s and won all three of them, including two in a row(6) _ the Buffalo Bills and one against their big rival, the PittsburghSteelers It was during this time, (7) _ Quarterback Troy Aikman, RunningBack Emmitt Smith and Wide Receiver Michael Irvin all became big stars Allthree would eventually (8) _ members of the Pro Football Hall-of-Fame.The Cowboys won their last Super Bowl (9) _ 1995 and haven’t made it

back since That hasn’t discouraged owner Jerry Jones from spending big bucks,

though In 2009, Cowboys Stadium opened It can hold over 110,000 people,making it the (10) _domed stadium in the world It cost over one billiondollars to build

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C17 In 1274, Italian explorers Marco (1) _ Niccolo Polo set out on a 24year (2) _ in which they traveled the famous Silk Road from Italy, throughbrutal deserts and towering mountains (3) _ eastern China They (4) _over 4,000 miles in all Marco and Niccolo were among the very first Europeans

to explore the fabled empire of China In China, Marco Polo even worked forruler Kublai Khan Polo (5) _ his experiences and findings in China bywriting a book Polo described materials and inventions never before (6) _

in Europe Paper money, a printing press, porcelain, gunpowder and coal wereamong the products he wrote about He also described the vast wealth of KublaiKhan, as well (7) _ the geography of northern and southern China.European rulers were very interested (8) _ the products Polo described.However, trading for them along the Silk (9) _ was dangerous, expensiveand impractical European rulers began to wonder if there was a sea route to theeast to get the products they wanted at a reasonable (10) _

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C18 Rainbows are often (1) _ when the sun comes out after or during arainstorm Rainbows are caused when sunlight shines through drops of (2) _

in the sky at specific angles When white sunlight enters a raindrop, it exits theraindrop a different (3) _ When light exits lots of different raindrops atdifferent angles, it produces the red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, andviolet that you see in a rainbow Together, these (4) _are known as thespectrum These colors can sometimes be seen in waterfalls and fountains aswell Did you know that there are double rainbows? In a double (5) _, lightreflects twice inside water droplets and forms two arcs In most doublerainbows, the colors of the top arc are opposite from (6) _ in the bottom arc.

In (7) _ words, the order of colors starts with purple on top and ends withthe red on bottom In addition, rainbows sometimes appear as white arcs(8) _ night These rainbows are called moonbows and are so rare that very(9) _ people will ever see one Moonbows are (10) _ by moonlight(rather than sunlight) shining through drops of water

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C19 Butterflies are (1) _ of the most interesting insects on the planet Earth.There are more than seventeen thousand different (2) _ of butterflies.Butterflies come in all shapes and sizes Butterflies go through four main stages

of life The first stage is the egg stage followed by the larva stage As a larva, orcaterpillar, the future butterfly (3) _ as much as possible As it grows, itsheds it outer skin, or exoskeleton This (4) _ happen four or five times.After a few weeks, the caterpillar enters the next stage of its life, the chrysalisstage In the chrysalis, the caterpillar will liquefy (5) _ a soup of living cells.Then, it will reorganize into a butterfly and the metamorphosis is complete Inlater parts of the chrysalis stage, you (6) _ see the forming butterfly throughthe chrysalis When the butterfly emerges from the chrysalis, it pumps its(7) _ to send blood through them so that (8) _ can fly.(9) _butterflies only live a couple of weeks, just enough time to drink flowernectar and to mate Some, like the Monarch Butterfly, (10) _, may livemany months

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C20 Raisins are (1) _ grapes that have been eaten for thousands of years.Nearly 3,500 years ago, the first raisins were discovered as grapes that(2) _drying in the sun on a vine In medieval Europe, raisins were used assweeteners, medicine, and even as a form (3) _money In America, raisinswere first grown after an 1873 heat wave in California destroyed its valuablegrape crop, leaving only dried, wrinkly, but tasty grapes on the vines Soon,farmers (4) _ developing seedless grapes in California that were thin-skinned and sweet These grapes (5) _ purposely dried in the sun andbecame the popular dark raisin we eat and enjoy today Later, a golden(6) _of raisin was made by treating grapes with a chemical (7) _ sulfurdioxide and using special methods to dry them Today, central California(8) _ the center of the world’s raisin industry, (9) _ nearly 95 percent of

the world’s raisins Its green valleys, sunny climate, and hot temperatures

provide the perfect conditions for grapes (10) _are dried into raisins

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READING COMPREHENSION (20)

C1.Ant colonies have their own personalities, which are shaped by theenvironment, a US study suggests Colonies of several hundred ants showdifferences in the way they behave, just like individual people do The study ispublished in the journal 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B'.According toecologists, having a personality means showing a consistent pattern of behaviourover time Researchers from the University of Arizona studied colonies of rockants across the western US, both by following them in the wild and by takingwhole colonies back to the lab.They found that certain risky behaviours, likeforaging widely for food and responding aggressively to a threat, went together,and colonies further north tended to take more of these risks The study suggeststhose more adventurous personalities could be an adaptation to the limitedwindow of activity left by the long, snowy northern winter

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C2.Scotland has voted to stay in the United Kingdom Around 85% of votersturned out to vote in the referendum A total of 2,001,926 people voted 'No' toindependence, whilst 1,617,989 voted 'Yes' It's been history in the making Thepeople of Scotland have decided to continue their 300-year union with England

So the UK survives Pro-independence campaigners say they're disappointed,but insist the high turnout shows there's an appetite for change Few woulddisagree, and accept the result doesn't mean Britain goes back to business asusual In the hours and days ahead, the Prime Minister David Cameron and theother party leaders will now have to deliver on their promise in the last days ofthe campaign to give Scotland more powers And no-one believes that can bedone without a wider shake-up of how the rest of the UK is governed

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C3 Walking or cycling to work instead of driving a car can improve people'sfeelings of health and happiness That's what a study at the University of EastAnglia in the UK suggests For many people commuting is a necessary evil.Most see going by car or van as the 'least worst' option This study by theresearchers at the University of East Anglia challenges that assumption Itsuggests walking, cycling or travelling by public transport can lift the mood.Crucially, it suggests those who switch from the car to an active commute feelbetter across a range of psychological measures, including concentration,decision making and the ability to face up to problems The researchers saypolicies encouraging people to leave their cars at home could have a dramaticimpact on public wellbeing

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C4 The Earth's protective ozone layer is starting to repair itself, according to apanel of United Nations scientists The main reason behind its recovery, theysay, is the fact that certain chemicals, such as those used in aerosol cans, weregradually banned in the 1980s It was in the 1980s that many of us becameaware that small individual actions could harm the planet itself.Hairsprays werecited as one of the causes of the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer People weretold to wear sunscreen to avoid skin cancer as the layer thinned and more UVlight got through.By 1987 world governments had agreed to ban most of theozone-eating chemicals.The World Meteorological Organisation say at last theozone layer is showing signs of thickening, although it will be a while beforethey know if the hole is actually healing.The same organisation warned earlierthis week that climate change was heading in the opposite direction withgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a record level.

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C5 You can live without air conditioning and indoor plumbing, but there aresome true necessities of life You can't survive for long without food, water,sleep, or air Survival experts apply the ‘rule of threes’ to lasting withoutessentials You can go about three weeks without food, three days withoutwater, three hours without shelter, and three minutes without air However, the

‘rules’ are more like general guidelines Obviously, you can last a lot longer

outside when it's warm than when it's freezing Similarly, you can last longerwithout water when it's humid and cool than when it's hot and dry.The technicalname for starvation is inanition It is extreme malnutrition and caloriedeficiency A starving person is less sensitive to thirst, so sometimes death isfrom the effects of dehydration Vitamin deficiency may also lead to death If aperson lasts long enough, the body starts using protein from muscles, includingthe heart, as an energy source Usually, the cause of death is cardiac arrest fromtissue damage and electrolyte imbalance

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C6 Water is an essential molecule for life Depending on your age, gender, andweight, you consist of around 50-65% water, which is used to digest food, carryoxygen and nutrients through the bloodstream, remove wastes, and cushionorgans Since water is so critical, it should come as no surprise that dying fromdehydration is an unpleasant way to go Oh, in the end, a victim is unconscious,

so the actual dying part isn't so bad, but that only occurs after days of pain andmisery.Lack of water causes cracked skin and a dry, raspy cough Coughingwon't be the worst, though While you might be out of fluids, that won't preventvomiting The increased acidity of the stomach can produce dry heaves Bloodthickens, increasing heart rate Another unpleasant result of dehydration is aswollen tongue While your tongue swells, your eyes and brain shrink As thebrain shrinks, the membrane or meninges pulls away from the bones of the skull,potentially tearing Death can result from liver failure, kidney failure, or cardiacarrest

C7.Any new parent can verify it's possible to go days without sleeping Yet, it's

an essential process While scientists are still unraveling the mysteries of sleep,it's known to play roles in memory formation, tissue repair, and hormonesynthesis Lack of sleep (called agrypnia) leads to decreased concentration andreaction time, diminished mental processes, reduced motivation, and alteredperception.How long can you go without sleep? Anecdotal reports indicatesoldiers in battle have been known to stay awake for four days and that manicpatients have lasted three to four days Experiments have documented normalpeople staying awake for eight to ten days, without any apparent permanentdamage after a night or two of normal sleep to recover.The world record holderwas Randy Gardner, a 17-year-old high school student, who stayed awake for

264 hours, around 11 days, for a science fair project in 1965 While he wastechnically awake at the conclusion of the project, he was completelydysfunctional by the end.However, there are rare disorders, such as Morvan'ssyndrome, which can cause a person to go without sleep for several months! Thequestion of how long people can stay awake ultimately remains unanswered

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C8.How long a person can go without air is really a question of how long he can

go without oxygen It's further complicated if other gases are present Forexample, breathing the same air over and over is more likely to be lethal because

of the excess carbon dioxide rather than the depleted oxygen Death fromremoving all oxygen,like a vacuum, may occur from the results of the pressurechange or possibly temperature change.When the brain is deprived of oxygen,death occurs because there is insufficient chemical energy to feed brain cells.How long this takes depends on temperature, metabolic rate, slower is better,and other factors.If oxygen deprivation occurs some other way, perhaps fromdrowning, for example, a person loses consciousness between 30 and 180seconds At the 60 second mark brain cells start to die After three minutes,lasting damage is likely Brain death typically occurs between five and tenminutes, possibly fifteen minutes.However, people can train themselves to makemore efficient use of oxygen The world record holder for free diving held hisbreath for 22 minutes and 22 seconds without suffering brain damage!

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C9 Studies suggest that teenagers often sacrifice their sleep time when it comes

to making choices about time management The problem is, studies also showthat they need a lot more sleep than they probably get More and more studiesare showing that there is a direct link between sleep and academicsuccess.According to a study by sleep expert Mary Carskadon, PhD, teensshould receive more than nine hours of sleep every night.Dr Carskadon's studysuggests biology might be the cause for sleep deprivation among teens Theirinternal time clocks are just a little different during teenage years and late

nights and sleep-ins are a natural part of growing into adulthood.Lack of sleepmakes it more difficult for students to concentrate in school, especially duringthose early-morning classes.A more recent study shows that sacrificing sleep tostudy actually does more harm than good The sleep that you miss when you

stay up late to study will cause ‘academic problems’ the following day It's just

not worth sacrificing sleep to study!

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C10 What can you do if you know you aren't getting enough sleep?Turn off the

TV at night The TV noises and flashing lights will only keep you from getting asound sleep If you can remember anything you hear during your sleep, it's asure sign you're not sleeping well.Reduce caffeine by switching to somethinghealthier, like bottled water.Limit after-school activities It's hard to do, but try

to limit your extracurricular activity Sometimes you just have to make a hardchoice and stick to it.Don't think too hard right before bed time Turn off the cellphone Keep track of time Often, students have great intentions, but other tasksseem to keep them up late, time after time Play music if you want, but not tooloud Many people play music at night If it doesn't bother you, go ahead Doyou really need that after-school job? This might be a really tough decision, too.Some students need to work so they can pay for car insurance or save up forcollege You'll just have to decide on your own, what's necessary and what's not

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C11 Sleeping in the ocean is definitely different than sleeping on land As welearn more about sleep in marine life, we're learning that marine animals don'thave the same requirements for long periods of undisturbed sleep that we do.Here you can learn more about how different types of marine animalssleep.Cetaceans,i.e whales, dolphins and porpoises are voluntary breathers,meaning they think about every breath they take A whale breathes through theblowholes on top of its head, so it needs to come up to the water surface tobreathe But that means the whale needs to be awake to breathe How's a whalegoing to get any rest? The answer may surprise you Research on captiveanimals shows that cetaceans rest one half of their brain at a time, while theother half stays awake and makes sure the animal breathes.Sharks need to keepwater moving over their gills so that they receive oxygen So that means theyneed to keep moving all the time or do they? Some sharks do need to move allthe time, and these sharks seem to be ‘sleep swimming,’ with some parts of theirbrain more active than others Other sharks can rest, using spiracles to draw inoxygenated water

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C12 Money doesn't have any inherent value Unless you enjoy looking atpictures of deceased national heroes, money has no more use than any otherpiece of paper until, as a country and an economy, we assign value to it At that

point, it does have value, but the value isn't inherent; it's assigned and generallyagreed upon by users worldwide It didn't always work this way In the past,money generally took the form of coins composed of precious metals such asgold and silver.The value of the coins was roughly based on the value of themetals they contained, because you could always melt the coins down and usethe metal for other purposes Until a few decades ago paper money in differentcountries was based on the gold standard or silver standard or some combination

of the two This meant that you could take some paper money to thegovernment, who would exchange it for some gold or some silver based on anexchange rate set by the government The gold standard lasted until 1971 whenPresident Nixon announced that the United States would no longer exchangedollars for gold This ended the Bretton Woods system, which will be the focus

of a future article Now the United States is on a system of fiat money, which isnot tied to any other commodity So these pieces of paper in your pocket are justthat: pieces of paper

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C13.If we print more money, prices will rise such that we’re no better off than

we were before Why will prices go up after a money supply increase?In short,prices will go up after a drastic increase in the money supply because:If people

have more money, they’ll divert some of that money to spending Retailers will

be forced to raise prices, or run out of the product.Retailers who run out ofproduct will try to replenish it Producers face the same dilemma of retailers thatthey will either have to raise prices, or face shortages because they do not havethe capacity to create an extra product and they cannot find labor at rates whichare low enough to justify the extra production.Inflation is caused by acombination of four factors:

The supply of money goes up.The supply of goods goes down.Demand formoney goes down.Demand for goods goes up.This gets us to why drasticallyincreasing the money supply on the surface seems like a good idea When we

say we’d like more money, what we’re really saying is we’d like more wealth

The problem is if we all have more money, collectively we’re not going to beany more wealthy Increasing the amount of money does nothing to increasingthe amount of wealth or more plainly the amount of stuff in the world Since thesame number of people are chasing the same amount of stuff, we cannot onaverage be wealthier than we were before

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C14.Between 2000 and 2012, deforestation occurred on 888,000 square milesglobally This was partially offset by 309,000 square miles where forests grewback The net result is an average forest loss of 31 million acres per year duringthat period – that’s about the size of the state of Mississippi, each year.Thisforest loss trend is not distributed evenly over the planet Several areas areexperiencing important reforestation, the regrowth of recently cut forest, and

afforestation, the planting of new forests were none were in recent history, i.e.,less than 50 years.Intensive forestry in subtropical areas and in boreal forests is amajor agent of forest loss The vast majority of forest loss in tropical areasoccurs when forests are converted to agriculture production and pastures forcattle Forests are not logged for the commercial value of the wood itself, butinstead they are burned as the fastest way to clear land Cattle are then brought

in to graze on grasses that now replace the trees In some areas plantations areput in, notably large palm oil operations In other places, like Argentina, forestsare cut to grow soybeans, a major ingredient in pig and poultry feed

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C15.The loss of forests means disappearing habitats for wildlife and degradedwatersheds, but it also impacts our climate in a multitude of ways Trees absorbatmospheric carbon dioxide, the number one greenhouse gas and contributor toclimate change By cutting down forests we reduce the planet’s capacity to pullcarbon out of the atmosphere and achieve a balanced carbon dioxide budget.Slash from forestry operations is often burned, releasing in the air the carbonstored in the wood In addition, the soil left exposed after the machinery is gonecontinues to release stored carbon into the atmosphere.Forest loss affects thewater cycle, too The dense tropical forests found along the equator releasephenomenal amounts of water in the air through a process called transpiration.This water condenses into clouds, which then release the water further away inthe form of torrential tropical rains It is too soon to really understand how

deforestation’s interference with this process affects climate change, but we can

be assured that it has consequences within and outside tropical regions

it When the student has that particular ‘need’ or function fulfilled by analternate means, the mal-adaptive or unacceptable behavior is less likely toreappear If a child needs attention, and we give them attention in an appropriateway because of appropriate behavior, we cement the appropriate behavior andmake the inappropriate or unwanted behavior less likely to appear

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C17 The clearest evidence of how a behavior functions for a child is seen in theAntecedent and the Consequence The Antecedent is everything that happens

immediately before the behavior occurs It is sometimes also referred to as ‘the

Setting Event’ but a setting event may be part of the antecedent, but not the

whole The teacher/ABA practitioner needs to ask ‘Is there something in theenvironment that may lead to the behavior i.e., escaping loud noises, a personwho always presents demand, a change in routine that might seem frightening to

a child?’ Is there something that happens in that environment that seems to have

a causal relationship, like the entrance of a pretty girl, attention, or a loudnoise?The Consequence In ABA, the term consequence has a very specificmeaning, which at the same time is broader than the use of ‘consequence’, as it

usually is, to mean ‘punishment’ The consequence is what happens as the result

women’s rights including woman suffrage.But the 1893 financial depression,

plus the drought afflicting the rural part of Nebraska where the family lived,meant that plans had to change Grace studied at and graduated in 1898 fromGrand Island College, a Baptist school She moved to Custer County to teachafter graduation, but then returned home to recover from a bout of typhoid In

1899, when Edith left her teaching position at the high school in Grand Island,Grace took her position.Grace was able to study law at the University ofNebraska from 1902 to 1903 She was the only woman in the class She taught

at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration from

1934 to 1939, where her sister was the dean She also served, during thoseyears, as editor of The Social Service Review which her sister had founded in

1927 with Sophonisba Breckenridge In 1935 and 1937, she was a United Statesdelegate to the International Labor Organization In 1938, she published the 2-volume treatment of federal and state laws and programs protectingchildren, The Child and the State

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C19 The name ‘Canada’ comes from ‘kanata’,the Iroquois-Huron word forvillage Aboriginal people used the word to describe the village of Stadacona(present-day Quebec City) to French explorer Jacques Cartier during his tripalong the St Lawrence River in 1535 Cartier used the word Canada to refer toboth the settlement of Stadacona as well as the surrounding area, which was thenunder the purview of Iroquois Chief Donnacona.By 1547, maps were showingthe name Canada applied to everything north of the St Lawrence River Cartierreferred to the St Lawrence River as the ‘riviere du Canada’ and the namebegan to take hold Even though the French called the region New France, by

1616 the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St Lawrence was

still called Canada As the country expanded to the west and the south in the

1700s, ‘Canada’ was the unofficial name of an area spanning the American

midwest, extending as far south as what is now the state of Louisiana After theBritish conquered New France in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province ofQuebec As British loyalists began heading north during and after the AmericanRevolutionary War, Quebec was divided into two separate parts

of socialism by its proponents, it ultimately removes group decision making infavor of the choices of one all-important individual.Socialism originallyinvolved the replacement of private property with a market exchange, buthistory has proven this ineffective socialism cannot prevent people fromcompeting for what is scarce Socialism, as we know it today, most commonly

refers to ‘market socialism,’ which involves individual market exchangesorganized by collective planning.People often confuse ‘socialism’ with theconcept of ‘communism’ While the two ideologies share much in common, in

fact, communism encompasses socialism, the primary difference between the

two is that ‘socialism’ applies to economic systems, whereas ‘communism’

applies to both economic and political systems

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MULTIPLE CHOICES (200)

1 They would _consider him their son

2 If you don't understand what , please ask him after class

3 The clowns in the circus made us a lot

4 Under no circumstances _ animals

5 We don’t take the umbrella We wish that we would _it

6 doesn’t surprise me at all

7 The Pyramids by the ancient Egyptians

8 me so disappointed

9 You not read those magazines

10 Youthink that he will help you doing your homework, _?

11 She is afraid of

12 They like Mathematics better

13 The match brought excitement to thousands of TV _too

14 Measles _ sometimes a serious disease

15 A film is .

16 I'm tired such repeating work

17 help us see and hear things happening on the other side of theearth

18 You don’t want another cake, ?

19 I did

20 You don't need to start _

21 She has seen

22 Paul spends much time _games every day

23 Peter is not old enough there

24 Don't drink so much beer It’s harmful _your stomach

25 My sister has complained about her teeth

26 She's not sure where she may go for summer holidays _the end, shedecides to stay at home

27 Must the decaying tooth come out? _

28 My uncle will go to Ho Chi Minh city _ the end of this month.

29 Do you enjoy a computer?

30 Let's go to the beach for summer holiday, ?

31 The young man _a phone call

32 He met his wife _ a party

33.He often goes every morning

34 Jack and his friends are talking to _

35 Because they don't have enough money to buy a bigger house, they mustmake up their _here

36 She has a _bill

37 Daisy has been a teacher three years

38 Everybody was surprised the news

39 Shall we ring a taxi?

40 This dress is too small _me

41 He lives _ Hoang Dieu street

42 If Daisy gets up early, she _time for breakfast.

43 Peter is 37 years old, but he still lives _his parents

44 This girl is clever to make fine things from paper

45 Mr Young is not only healthy _also cheerful

46 He was delighted the show

47 Peter is not proud what he did

48 Her show was quite different _what I expected

49 Don't eat sweets, they're bad your teeth

50 Jane to Hanoi three times this year

51 Would you like a piece of cake _ your coffee?

52 I'm afraid there isn't enough _ in the car for everyone

53 _ beautiful collection of coins you have!

54 My father _three years ago

55 Do you mind if I turn on the radio? _

56 The train _ to Rome before I arrived