An architecture for user configurable mobile collaborative geographic applications

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QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Information Technology Microsoft QUT eResearch Centre An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications Masters by Research Dissertation Prepared for August Student: Chien Jon SOON BEng(Hons)(Electronics) / BInfoTech(SoftwareEng) QUT Principal Supervisor: Professor Paul ROE Associate Supervisor: Dr Dian TJONDRONEGORO An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications Abstract Geographic information is increasingly being touted for use in research and industrial projects. While the technology is now available and affordable, there is a lack of easy to use software that takes advantage of geographic information. This is an important problem because users are often researchers or scientists who have insufficient software skills, and by providing applications that are easier to use, time and financial resources can be taken from training and be better applied to the actual research and development work. A solution for this problem must cater for the user and research needs. In particular it must allow for mobile operation for fieldwork, flexibility or customisability of data input, sharing of data with other tools and collaborative capabilities for the usual teamwork environment. This thesis has developed a new architecture and data model to achieve the solution. The result is the Mobile Collaborative Annotation framework providing an implementation of the new architecture and data model. Mobile Collaborative Mapping implements the framework as a Web 2.0 mashup rich internet application and has proven to be an effective solution through its positive application to a case study with fieldwork scientists. This thesis has contributed to research into mobile computing, collaborative computing and geospatial systems by creating a simpler entry point to mobile geospatial applications, enabling simplified collaboration and providing tangible time savings. i An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications ii An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications Table of Contents Abstract i Table of Contents iii Table of Figures ix Table of Tables . xi Statement of Original Authorship xiii Acknowledgements . xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Location Detection and Positioning 1 1.1.2 Spatial Location Information in Field Data Collection . 2 1.1.3 Web 2.0 and Rich Internet Applications 3 1.1.4 Online Collaboration . 3 1.2 Aims and Contributions 4 1.3 Research Questions 4 1.4 Requirements of a Mobile GIS for Fieldwork Ecologists 5 1.4.1 Mobility 5 1.4.2 Software Architecture . 5 1.4.3 Geographic 6 1.4.4 User Configurability 6 1.4.5 Collaboration 6 1.5 Roadmap 6 1.6 Summary 7 2 Literature Review 9 2.1 Mobile Computing 10 2.1.1 Mobile Computing Devices 10 iii An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications 2.1.2 Device Constraints and Limitations . 14 2.1.3 Overcoming Mobile Device Constraints and Limitations 16 2.1.4 Mobile Users 17 2.2 Context Awareness and Adaptation 17 2.2.1 Context 18 2.2.2 Location Awareness 19 2.2.3 Context Aware Adaptation 19 2.3 Geospatial Applications 20 2.3.1 Geographic Information Systems 20 2.3.2 Mobile Geographic Information Systems . 21 2.3.3 Online Map Rich Internet Applications 21 2.3.4 Map Mashups 22 2.3.5 Other Mobile Geospatial Applications 23 2.3.6 Context Aware Adaptation in Geospatial Applications 24 2.4 Service Oriented Architecture . 26 2.4.1 Origins of Service Orientation . 26 2.4.2 Principles of Service Oriented Architecture 26 2.4.3 Web Services 27 2.4.4 Resource Oriented Architecture and Representational State Transfer 28 2.5 Component Technology 28 2.5.1 Model View Controller 29 2.5.2 Service Component Architecture 29 2.6 Web 2.0 and Rich Internet Applications 31 2.6.1 Mashups 31 2.6.2 Mashups and the Semantic Web 32 2.6.3 Enterprise Mashups 33 iv An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications 2.6.4 Tagging and Folksonomy . 33 2.6.5 Feeds . 34 2.7 End User Programming 34 2.7.1 Spreadsheets 34 2.7.2 Object Linking and Embedding 35 2.7.3 Visual Programming 35 2.7.4 Model Driven Architecture 35 2.8 Collaboration 36 2.8.1 Topical Collaborative Applications 36 2.8.2 Online Revision Based Storage Systems 38 2.8.3 Social Collaborative Applications 39 2.8.4 Collaborative Architectures 39 2.9 Discussion 39 3 Selected Case Studies 43 3.1 Eco helper – Fieldwork Science Helper 44 3.1.1 Ideal Case 44 3.1.2 Current Situation 46 3.1.3 Requirements to Achieve the Ideal Case 47 3.2 Maintenance Buddy – Maintenance worker assistant 47 3.2.1 Ideal Case 47 3.2.2 Current Case 49 3.2.3 Requirements to Achieve Ideal Case . 50 3.3 Geographically Tagged Holiday Diary 50 3.3.1 Ideal Case 51 3.3.2 Current Case 52 3.3.3 Requirements to Achieve Ideal Case . 52 v An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications 3.4 Critical Case Selection 53 3.4.1 Requirements Derived from High Level Case Studies 53 3.4.2 Critical Case – Eco Helper 53 3.5 Summary 53 4 Prototype Architecture and Design 55 4.1 Systems Architecture . 55 4.2 Server and Communications Architecture . 56 4.2.1 Definition Document Data model 57 4.2.2 Client replication of server functionality . 58 4.3 Client Application MVC Architecture . 58 4.4 Summary 59 5 Mobile Collaborative Annotation . 61 5.1 Data Model 61 5.1.1 Annotation 62 5.1.2 Attachment 64 5.1.3 XML Implementation . 64 5.2 Revision Storage Server 65 5.2.1 Collaboration 65 5.2.2 Storage Data Reduction 66 5.2.3 Multiple Data Representations . 66 5.3 Components for Replication of Server side Functionality . 67 5.3.1 Automatic Preparation for Offline Work . 67 5.3.2 Client Side Storage 68 5.3.3 Offline Work 68 5.4 Summary 69 6 Mobile Collaborative Mapping 71 vi An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications 6.1 Overview 71 6.2 MCM System Diagram 72 6.3 MCM Client 73 6.3.1 MCM Client Architecture 73 6.3.2 User interfaces for geographic information for mobile end users . 74 6.3.3 A simplified data model for end users 78 6.3.4 Simplifying review of geographically tagged information for end users 79 6.3.5 Collaborative Editing in Online Maps 80 6.3.6 Positioning in an Online Map 80 6.3.7 Use of External Data 81 6.3.8 A two part wrapper for Virtual Earth in Silverlight . 81 6.3.9 Support for Offline work . 82 6.4 MCM Server 83 6.4.1 Data Model 83 6.4.2 Supported Information Formats 86 6.4.3 MCM Server as a Spatial Wiki . 88 6.5 MCM Local . 88 6.5.1 Access to information from the local system by a browser based application 88 6.5.2 Using the Cache as a Backup Option . 89 6.6 Summary 90 7 Case Study – MCM as Eco helper . 91 7.1 Current Real world Scenario 91 7.1.1 Study Preparation 91 7.1.2 Initial On site Visits 92 7.1.3 Initial On site Data Recording . 93 7.1.4 Analysis of Initial Investigations and Additional Planning of Study 93 vii An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications 7.1.5 Study Progression 94 7.1.6 Additional Aspects of the Study 95 7.2 Application of MCM . 95 7.2.1 Importing Previously Prepared Data . 95 7.2.2 Data Templates for Experiment Layout 95 7.2.3 Preparation for Fieldwork . 96 7.2.4 On site navigation 96 7.2.5 Replication of Data Entry Forms 96 7.2.6 Collaborative Work . 96 7.2.7 Assisting Data Analysis 97 7.3 Evaluation 97 7.3.1 Quantitative Analysis 98 7.3.2 Qualitative Analysis . 100 7.3.3 Fulfilment of Requirements 102 7.4 Summary 104 8 Conclusion & Future Work 105 8.1 Future Work 105 8.1.1 Larger User Trial 105 8.1.2 Enhancing the User Interface 106 8.1.3 Security 106 8.1.4 Improving Collaboration Mechanisms 107 References 109 Appendix . A Appendix A. An approach to mobile collaborative mapping A Appendix B. Annotation architecture for mobile collaborative mapping B viii An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications for the fieldworker, which is an important consideration when moving about in the field. As MCM is not a failsafe system, the user must still carry backup recording equipment, but this is already common practice and can be stored at a vehicle or base station. For the purposes of multimedia playback in the field, such as the Call Playback of the Lewin’s Rail researchers, MCM is fully capable of replacing playback devices. As long as MCM is deployed to a mobile PC with multimedia capabilities, which is virtually every device on the market, MCM can take the place of playback devices. This removes another equipment item that the fieldworker needs to carry. 7.3.3 Fulfilment of Requirements Examination of the level of fulfilment for each requirement identified in 3.4.1 Requirements Derived from High Level Case Studies follows. The matrix in Table 11 – Requirements Fulfilment Matrix aligns the capabilities of MCM with the high level requirements mapped out for the critical case study. Table 11 – Requirements Fulfilment Matrix Requirement Provide a simpler tool for the users Have a user friendly user interface and overall experience Support mobile and offline work Location detection and position identification Reduce the costs associated with training and development Enable viewing of historical information Provide means for integrating with analysis tools Enable collaborative editing between participants Enable sharing with outsiders Publish material in a form that can be subscribed to Ruggedised mobile computing device Fulfilment           Possible 7.3.3.1 Provide a simpler tool for the users User opinion has shown that MCM provides a simpler tool for the users of the system when compared to other tools that are available. 7.3.3.2 Have a user friendly user interface and overall experience User opinion has shown that MCM provides a user friendly user interface and overall experience for the users of the system when compared to other tools that are available. The twin user interface Page 102 of 114 An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications model employed has been praised by users for its simplicity when mobile and power when working at a desk. 7.3.3.3 Support mobile and offline work MCM supports mobile and offline work through the designed architecture and implementation of MCA Server and extension into MCM Server and MCM Client. The mobile and offline work capabilities of MCM are also relatively simple to use and are accessible to novice computer users. 7.3.3.4 Location detection and position identification MCM enables accurate location detection in online maps through the use of a novel method to communicate with positioning hardware on the local machine. Position identification is a manual process that must be carried out by the user, matching wanted location with detected location through the MCM Client display. 7.3.3.5 Reduce the costs associated with training and development The familiarity of the MCM user interface greatly reduces the costs associated with training from several weeks to just hours. The flexibility of the data model of MCM is enough to facilitate simpler field data entry tasks and is easily customisable by the end user. This removes software customisation cost burdens associated with other solutions. 7.3.3.6 Enable viewing of historical information MCM Server, through its revision based storage system, enables a full history of user entered data. The revision browser of MCM Client and the GeoRSS and CSV output representations of MCM Server allow end users to easily view the changes between versions of saved information. 7.3.3.7 Provide means for integrating with analysis tools MCM Server provides a means to easily transfer data to analysis tools through its support of the CSV format. Many analysis tools can accept the CSV format and the CSV format can be easily transformed to suit a particular analysis tool in a spreadsheet program. 7.3.3.8 Enable collaborative editing between participants MCM enables collaborative editing in online maps through the use of revision based storage on MCM Server and client side synchronisation routines on MCM Client. Page 103 of 114 An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications 7.3.3.9 Enable sharing with outsiders The open sharing system employed by MCM Server means that any outside user can access information through a URL. Information can be shared in three formats: raw XML, GeoRSS and CSV. 7.3.3.10 Publish material in a form that can be subscribed to The GeoRSS format is supported by MCM Server and enables the subscription to updates to data stored on the server through standard feed readers. When a user notices information updates, GeoRSS also enables the position correlated display of information in online maps and can be imported to GIS. 7.3.3.11 Ruggedised mobile computing device This is a physical device constraint. MCM can be deployed to any device with a web browser that supports Silverlight 2.0. For positioning, an operating system that is capable of running the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 is required. 7.4 Summary MCM has fulfilled the requirements set in 3.4.1 Requirements Derived from High Level Case Studies and is able assist ecologists in fieldwork by providing a user friendly system for data collection that:  Provides time savings  Is an enticement for users to collect more data  Is easier to use, allowing users to do more  Is easier to transfer data into analysis tools  Enhances the quality of the research, through the provision of simplified means for data sharing and collaboration Page 104 of 114 An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications Conclusion & Future Work This thesis has successfully answered the research questions posed through the application of a prototype application, MCM, to a real world ecological fieldwork case study. MCM prototype application has contributed to research into mobile computing, collaborative computing and geospatial systems by:  Creating a simpler entry point to geospatial applications than GIS  Enabling simplified collaboration from said entry point system  Providing time savings for scientists A model has been developed that provides a middle ground between the data models of GIS and online maps, thereby enabling greater flexibility to support customised user created content. MCM has enabled support for mobile, offline work in Web 2.0 applications or services. MCM has introduced asynchronous, close to real time, collaboration to spatial information processing applications. To meet the needs of lay users, MCM uses concepts from several technologies including geographic software, Web 2.0, rich internet applications, collaborative services and mobile devices; to build a framework supporting collaborative annotation, tagging and geographic information that is based upon simple templates, XML data and a revision based storage system. MCM solves the problems of using of highly customised data and collaboration in the creation of customised mobile online mapping applications for lay users. Scientists benefit from this as they are able to concentrate on their domain work and use MCM as a simple visual tool for enabling the design and creation of customised fieldwork software. 8.1 Future Work Further work in MCA and MCM has been considered for three key areas: a larger user trial, enhancing the user interface and security. There is also the potential for implementing the other two scenarios specified in Chapter 0 Selected Case Studies using MCA as a platform for other RIAs or augmenting MCM. 8.1.1 Larger User Trial A larger user trial is needed to truly gauge the effectiveness of the application of MCM to the case study. The study described in Chapter 0 Page 105 of 114 An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications Case Study – MCM as Eco helper provides a firm basis for further user studies to be conducted. An interesting study is the provision of MCM as a tool for students that are learning to use GIS or other geospatial data tools. Questionnaires could be conducted to assess the effectiveness of MCM as a simpler solution for these students. The converse is also true in a study of proficient GIS users, to gauge how much MCM can provide for them and the possible improvements to the system that would allow adoption by these users. Unfortunately, the user group in this work was very small and the collaborative aspects of MCM could not be fully examined. A user study that examines the collaborative aspects of MCM is also needed to assess the effectiveness of collaboration options provided by MCM. Data from these studies would be used to improve user interface design, functional workflow and assist in focusing on important features for the users of the system. Another possibility is that of engaging a third party that has knowledge of the user’s project, such as a research supervisor, and taking their commentary and opinions on the effects of applying MCM to the user’s work. 8.1.2 Enhancing the User Interface MCM is built in Silverlight 2.0 which provides a very rich system for user interface design. The MCM user interface can still be improved in two ways: Streamlining of the functional workflow User interface design in terms of aesthetics Certain aspects of the functional workflow need to be addressed in MCM particularly around the merging of other map annotations into existing work when searching and the examination of document revisions. The user interface of MCM can be improved, in terms of aesthetics, by providing more visually appealing interfaces. The current user interface design lacks commercial fit and finish. Some performance tradeoffs were made in the implementation of MCM, with the Virtual Earth Wrapper causing performance issues when the many user interface manipulations are made quickly. A full implementation of Virtual Earth, or another mapping system, in Silverlight would provide the necessary performance improvements to make MCM a very responsive RIA. Page 106 of 114 An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications 8.1.3 Security MCA currently has no security applied to it, though it should be a relatively straightforward implementation using inbuilt security capabilities of ASP.NET. User management is also an area where MCA and MCM are lacking functionality. The goal in MCA and MCM was to most easily enable collaborative work in a RIA. However, to be a truly capable collaborative work system, MCA and MCM must implement role based user management. 8.1.4 Improving Collaboration Mechanisms Close to real time collaboration is achievable for MCM through the use the RSS data format, which is present in MCA. A user’s project would be subscribed to RSS updates, so that it would be notified of updates to itself by others and subsequently notify the user. The user would then be able to use the annotation comparison capabilities of MCM to resolve conflicting changes appropriately. 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Twelfth IEEE International Workshops on, 2003, pp. 81 86. 111. V. Sacramento, et al., “MoCA: A Middleware for Developing Collaborative Applications for Mobile Users,” IEEE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS ONLINE, vol. 5, no. 10, 2004. 112. “Flickr,” 2007; [cited 2007 February 2]. Available HTTP: http://www.flickr.com/. 113. “Picasa,” 2007; [cited 2008 November 16]. Available HTTP: http://picasa.google.com. 114. “YouTube,” 2007; [cited 2007 February 2]. Available HTTP: http://www.youtube.com. 115. “Yahoo! Travel,” 2008; [cited 2008 November 16]. Available HTTP: http://travel.yahoo.com/trip. Page 114 of 114 An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications Appendix Appendix A. An approach to mobile collaborative mapping Soon, C. J., Roe, P., and Tjondronegoro, D. 2008. An approach to mobile collaborative mapping. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (Fortalesa, Ceara, Brasil, March 16 20, 2008). SAC '08. ACM, New York, NY, 1929 1934. DOI= http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1363686.1364152 An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications Appendix B. Annotation architecture for mobile collaborative mapping Soon, C. J. and Roe, P. 2008. Annotation architecture for mobile collaborative mapping. In Proceedings of the 6th international Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia (Linz, Austria, November 24 26, 2008). G. Kotsis, D. Taniar, E. Pardede, and I. Khalil, Eds. MoMM '08. ACM, New York, NY, 211 218. DOI= http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1497185.1497230 ... simplified collaboration and providing tangible time savings. i An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications ii An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications. .. xi An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications xii An Architecture for User Configurable Mobile Collaborative Geographic Applications. .. 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