Analysing the sri lankan conflict using michael manns four dimensional model of social power

A NALYSING THE S RI L ANKAN C ONFLICT USING MICHAEL MANN’S FOUR-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF SOCIAL POWER Nilanthie Lanka Butler-de Silva BA (Hons), LLM (Hons), MBA/MAppFin (Dist) Submitted in full requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Research and Commercialisation Queensland University of Technology June 2013 Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power KEYWORDS Conflict, Michael Mann, IEMP, Power, Sri Lanka i Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power ABSTRACT This thesis provides an overview of the Sri Lankan internal conflict with a view to identifying some of the factors that contributed to the dispute between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam The conflict has been variously explained as an ethnic, political or complex conflict involving a number of factors, such as colonialism, ethnicity, religion, economy, politics and globalisation While appreciating the varied nature of approaches to the issues and the presence of the number of sociological models that are competing in their appeal, this thesis uses the four-dimensional model of social power offered by Michael Mann to understand the causal relationships to explain the conflict in Sri Lanka It argues that Mann’s theoretical framework helps to highlight some of the interconnected elements that contributed to the conflict ii Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power TABLE OF CONTENTS Keywords i  Abstract ii  Table of Contents iii  List of Figures vi  List of Tables vi  List of Abbreviations vii  Statement of Original Authorship viii  Acknowledgements ix  CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION 1  1.1  Background 1  1.2  Context 2  1.3  Purpose 2  1.4  Significance and Scope 3  1.5  Thesis Outline 4  CHAPTER 2  LITERATURE REVIEW 7  2.1  The Conflict in Brief 7  2.2  Examination of the Main Themes 10  2.2.1  An ethnic dispute 10  2.2.2  Rise of an Ethno-political Conflict 13  2.2.3  Rooted in Economic Factors 19  2.3  Conclusion: In Fact, a Complex Conflict 21  CHAPTER 3  THEORY AND METHODOLOGY 24  3.1  Mann and Sri Lanka 24  3.2  Mann’s Theory Explained 28  3.2.1  Central issue and theory 28  3.2.2  Four sources of social power in brief 31  3.3  Mann’s Work: A Synthesis of Marx, Weber and Durkheim 37  3.3.1  Mann and Marx 38  3.3.2  Mann and Durkheim 41  3.3.3  Mann and Weber 42  3.3.4  Conclusion 45  3.4  Research Methodology Used: Historical Sociology 46  3.4.1  Historical-sociological analysis 46  3.4.2  Application of research methodology 49  CHAPTER 4  IDEOLOGICAL POWER 51  4.1  Theoretical Considerations 51  4.1.1  Ideology defined 51  4.1.2  Mann’s ideological power 54  4.2  Ideological Power Organisation and Sri Lanka 57  4.2.1  Buddhism and its transformation as a transcendent power 57  iii Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power 4.2.2  Tamil-Sinhala cultural competitiveness and the use of immanent morale 59  4.3  Sri Lankan Ideology and its Track-laying Achievements 62  4.3.1  The resolution of the contradictions of imperial rule 62  4.3.2  The control of literacy 65  4.3.3  The extension of social identity 67  4.3.4  The narrowing of the state-subject divide 69  4.3.5  The capacity to supersede existing structures 70  4.3.6  The control of core social spheres 72  4.3.7  The development of military morale 73  4.3.8  Track laying achievements of ideological power and Sri Lanka 75  4.4  Conclusion 76  CHAPTER 5  ECONOMIC POWER 80  5.1  Theoretical Considerations 80  5.1.1  Economic power defined 80  5.1.2  Mann’s economic power 83  5.2  Economic Power in Sri Lanka 87  5.2.1  British colonialism and the introduction of the centralised governance structure (1815-1945) 87  5.2.2  Independence and import substitution industrialisation (1945-1977) 90  5.2.3  Introduction of economic liberalisation programmes (1977-2009) 92  5.2.4  Economic power in Sri Lanka 94  5.3  Class Relations in Sri Lanka 95  5.3.1  The traditional caste system of Sri Lanka 95  5.3.2  Classes, sections and segments 99  5.3.3  Class relations and struggles 100  5.3.3.1  Increased class disparities, working class movement and the Muslim and Sinhalese riots (1880-1920) 101  5.3.3.2  The emergence of class and ethnic consciousness (19201950) 103  5.3.3.3  The solidification of ethnic dominance (1950-1977) 104  5.3.3.4  The consolidation of ethnic nationalisms (1977 onwards) 105  5.3.3.5  Class relations and struggles in Sri Lanka 106  5.4  Conclusion 106  CHAPTER 6  MILITARY POWER 110  6.1  Theoretical Considerations 110  6.1.1  Military power defined 110  6.1.2  Mann’s military power 112  6.2  Military Organisations in Sri Lanka and Military Activities 116  6.2.1  The colonialist 117  6.2.2  The government security forces 118  6.2.3  The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 119  6.2.4  Tamil paramilitaries and finally the LTTE 122  6.2.5  Indian Peace Keeping Force (1987-1990) 124  6.2.6  Military organisations in Sri Lanka 124  iv Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power 6.3  Domestic Militarism and Geopolitical Militarism 126  6.3.1  Domestic militarism and Mann’s levels of domestic repressions 127  6.3.2  Geopolitical militarism in Sri Lanka 131  6.4  Conclusion 135  CHAPTER 7  POLITICAL POWER 138  7.1  Theoretical Considerations 138  7.1.1  Political power defined 138  7.1.2  Weber and his political concepts 141  7.1.3  Mann’s political power 142  7.1.4  State and Mann’s ‘polymorphous crystallisation model’ 147  7.2  Political Power in Sri Lanka 151  7.2.1  Domestic political organisation 152  7.2.2  Geopolitical diplomacy 156  7.2.3  Despotic power 159  7.2.4  Infrastructural power 160  7.2.5  Mann’s political power and Sri Lanka 161  7.3  The Formation of the Modern State of Sri Lanka 162  7.4  Conclusion 165  CHAPTER 8  INTERCONNECTIONS 167  8.1  Mann’s Four-dimensional Model of Social Power 167  8.1.1  Overall IEMP model 167  8.1.2  Four power sources and their roles highlighted 169  8.2  Sri Lanka and the Four Sources of Power 171  8.2.1  Ideological power in Sri Lanka 171  8.2.2  Economic power 172  8.2.3  Military power 172  8.2.4  Political power 173  8.3  Re-reading Sri Lankan History Using the IEMP Model 174  8.3.1  British colonial rule and capitalist economic policies 175  8.3.2  Independence and united state elite 176  8.3.3  Ideology and the rise of mass party politics 177  8.3.4  Military organisations and military repression 178  8.3.5  IEMP model and state crystallisation 180  8.4  Conclusion 183  CHAPTER 9  CONCLUSION 186  9.1  Assessing the Usefulness of Michael Mann’s Model 186  9.1.1  Better understand state formation and development of society 186  9.1.2  Multifaceted approach to understanding social change 187  9.1.3  Four filters to evaluate historical data 188  9.2  Situating the Thesis in the Context of Existing Scholarships 189  9.3  Improving the Model and Further Research Recommendations 191  REFERENCES 194  v Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1:  Causal IEMP model of organised power 168  Figure 2:  IEMP model and Sri Lanka 181  LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Minar's ideas on Ideology 52  Table 2: Track-laying achievements of ideological power 55  Table 3: Two dimensions of state power 145  Table 4: The national questions; central versus local infrastructural power 150  Table 5: Large-scale change in the development of the Sri Lankan state 174  vi Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ENDLF Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front EPRLF Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front EROS Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students FACT Federation Association of Canadian Tamils IPKF Indian Peace Keeping Forces GDP Gross Domestic Product IEMP Ideological, economic, military, and political JHU Jathike Hela Urumaya JVP Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna LSSP Lanka Sama Samaja Party LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam NGO Non Government Organisation PA People’s Alliance PLOTE Peoples’ Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam RAW Research and Analysis Wing SLCP Sri Lanka Communist Party SLFP Sri Lankan Freedom Party SLG Sri Lankan Government TELO Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization TULF Tamil United Liberation Front UNP United National Party UPFA United People Freedom Alliance vii Analysing the Sri Lankan Conflict Using Michael Mann’s Four-Dimensional Model of Social Power STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made Signature: QUT Verified 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