EBOOK Giới thiệu Hệ thống Quốc phòng Điện tử (Thư viện Radar Artech House) Filippo Neri EBOOK Giới thiệu Hệ thống Quốc phòng Điện tử (Thư viện Radar Artech House) Filippo Neri EBOOK Giới thiệu Hệ thống Quốc phòng Điện tử (Thư viện Radar Artech House) Filippo Neri EBOOK Giới thiệu Hệ thống Quốc phòng Điện tử (Thư viện Radar Artech House) Filippo Neri EBOOK Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems (Artech House Radar Library) Filippo Neri
Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems Second Edition Filippo Neri Artech House Boston London www.artechhouse.com Published by SciTech Publishing Inc Raleigh NC www scitechpub.com SciTech President: Dudley R Kay Production Manager: Susan Manning Page Composition: J.K Eckert Sr Coinpan! Cover Design: Brent Beckley This is the SciTech corrected and reprinted softcover version of the Second Edition published by Artech House under the ISBN 1-580i3-179-2 Printed in the U.S.A This book is available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales pron~otions.or for use in corporate training programs For more information and quotes, please contact: Director of Special Sales SciTech Publishing, Inc 91 Paverstone Dr - Ste B Raleigh NC 27613 Phone: (919)847-2434 E-mail:salesQscitechp~~b.com http://m.m.m~.scitechp~~b.com 02006 by SciTech Publishing Inc 02001 by Artech House, Inc /dl rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews ISBN 1-89112 1-49-9 Foreword In my government position I am responsible for military research and technology for the Italian armed forces During my coordination work with the Western European Armament Group: Panel I1 (Research and Technology), discussions have often been of a highly technical nature It is certainly easier to make management decisions with an adequate technical background, rather than having to grope with a poor knowledge of such technical issues As a result, I support any effort that has the objective of promoting an understanding of the many facets of military technology within the international community of people in charge of armament matters Therefore, I greatly welcome Filippo Neri's easy and straightforward explanations on the most recent developments in the electronic defense field, from stealth technology to decoys, from electronic support measures (ESM) to advanced jamming techniques In particular, the principles underlying low probability of intercept (LPI) threats, passive location techniques, the benefits afforded by advanced digital receivers, towed decoy jammers, new cross-eye jamming self-protection techniques, and high-power microwave weapons, have been illustrated in very simple terms This book illustrates the significant progress that electronic defense technology has made and is expected to achieve in the future with the advent of advanced integrated systems (e.g., multifunction W systems and direct energy weapons) The latter will not only represent effective aids to military operations, but also act as a deterrent to any likely conflicts Moreover, the book describes how modern electronic defense systems operate and how they can be put to use in the military operations of today and tomorrow xvi Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems Since this book has been revised and updated to account for the new advances in electronic defense techniques and technologies, I am certain that this second edition will be as popular as the first, which has been selected as a basic EW textbook by many military colleges both in Europe and in the United States As an Italian officer, I must confess to be proud of it I hope that the insight gained from reading this book will help defense personnel to better define their requirements and prompt the defense industries towards the development of high-performance, cost-effective, and affordable systems Now that EW has proven to be a real deterrent and force-multiplier, I hope that armed forces around the globe will realize the benefits that new technological developments can afford and that these new assets will convince decision-makers to abstain from undertaking sad wars based on hardkill weapons and to pursue less destructive and more effective solutions in order to arrive at no-casualty operations based on high-tech electronic defense in support of political activities Major General Pietro Finocchio Italian Air Force August 2001 In my work as a designer of electronic defense equipment, I have often realized that there is no book, readily available to the designer, that explains the principal functions of the different electronic warfare systems, what the vulnerable parts of radars are, what the limitations of weapon systems are, and what makes an electronic defense system effective Taking advantage of my experience as a designer of radar and weapon systems, I thought that a single volume describing the operating principles of both weapon systems and electronic defense systems might be useful to those wishing or needing to enter the field The book is addressed to those who are about to start working as designers of these systems, to those who are or will become their users, and to those who administer their procurement The formulas and the mathematical theory have been reduced to a minimum, and readers are frequently invited to consult the appropriate references for in-depth analyses The book can therefore be read and understood by anyone with a secondary education and interest in the systems used by the armed forces The book is divided into eight chapters Chapter explains briefly the usefulness of electronic defense, how it is organized, and what systems it includes In addition, it describes the operational objectives of electronic defense Chapter analyzes the sensors of weapon systems in order to highlight their merits and, above all, their limits The objective is to help the designer exploit their weaknesses xvii xviii Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems Chapter gives examples of ardlery and missile systems that use the electronic sensors described in Chapter 2, again with the objective of emphasizing how their effectiveness may be reduced -chapter describes and- analyzes electronic systems dedicated to passive interception, generally known as electronic support measures (ESM) Both those using radio-frequency emissions and those using infrared are described Chapter is devoted to the more striking part of electronic defense: electronic countermeasures (ECM); that is, the generation of signals that, by interfering with the receivers of "victim" systems, cause a degradation in the performance of the associated weapon systems Since weapon systems can undergo intentional jamming aimed at reducing their capabilities, they have been equipped with countercountermeasures (ECCM) systems These systems and their applications are described in Chapter 6, which gives an account of their effectiveness The thrust and parry of countermeasures and counter-countermeasures seem to have no end,-and new technologies ensure that it is now possible to attack the very operating principles ofweapon systems, which makes the development of effective counter-countermeasures very difficult Chapter describes this technological - advance Finally, to assist designers in achieving the optimum solution of the design problems described in Chapters and 5, Chapter lists the criteria that should be followed during the design stage of electronic defense systems Chapter also discusses the methods of evaluation and simulation that can determine whether a system is really effective This should be particularly helpful to those who have to decide on the choice of an electronic defense system I hope that this book will be found useful It is best seen as a simple reference book for the rapid evaluation and organization of material In the end, the quality of a system and the achievement of its operational objectives will depend, as always, on the ability, the preparation, and the dedication of those who have to perform the work Acknowledgments I thank Enzo Benigni (president of Elettronica SpA), Gabriele Gambarara (general manager), and Giuseppe Maresca (marketing & sales director), for the encouragement they gave me while I was writing the second edition of this book A special thank you to my first teacher on Radar Systems, Piero Guarguaglini (President of Finmeccanica) for the many discussions and suggestions on Radar and EW techniques I also thank my colleagues at Elettronica SpA and at other firms and organizations who have collaborated in the writing: Andrea De Martino and V Rossi for their help and for material on radar systems; M Grazzini for SAR technique; S Scarfb and A Zaccaron for contributions to and revision of the material on digital receiver, DRFM, and location techniques; S Spillo for ESM receivers; F Conte for ECM material revision; A Bacchelli for advanced identification techniques; G Pinto for microwave technology; A Zammit for electro-optics technology revision; G Broli and M Stinco for ELINT systems; Candidoro Giannicchi for revision of material on tracking systems; J Marks for chaff revision; D Autiero for shared apertures; Michele Russo for contributions on telecommunications systems; L Girardi, G Carlini, E Nitoglia, and L Caprioli for the artwork In particular, I thank: Ubaldo Menegotti, ESM & I W manager, Elettronica SPA, for information warfare; Vic Pheasant, international countermeasures director, Chemring Group Plc, for chaff and flares; and Silvano Padovani, technical director, FIAR SPA, for airborne radar Filippo Neri Rome, Italy August 2001 xix v Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Electronic Defense 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Systems in Use in the Armed Forces 1.2.1 The Air Force 1.2.2 The Navy 1.2.3 The Army 1.3 The Main Weapon Systems 1.4 The Objectives of Electronic Defense 1.4.1 The Organization of Electronic Defense 1.5 Electronic Defense Systems and Their Operational Objective 1.6 Information 1.6.1 Information Operation (IO) 1.6.2 Information Warfare (IW) 1.7 Need for the Study of Weapon Systems References Sensors 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Radar Sensors 2.2.1 Review of Electromagnetic Signal Transmission 2.2.2 The Radar Equation 2.2.3 Radar Equation in the Operational Environment 2.2.4 Radar Techniques 2.2.5 Search Radar 2.2.6 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 2.2.7 Tracking Radars 2.2.8 Airborne Radars (Interceptors) 2.3 Infrared Sensors 2.3.1 Review of Radiant Energy 2.3.2 Infrared Radiation Produced by Targets of Interest 2.3.3 IR Range Equation 2.3.4 Suppression of Background Effects 2.3.5 IR Systems References Weapon Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Artillery Systems 3.2.1 Firing Accuracy 3.2.2 Susceptibility to Jamming of an Artillery System 3.3 Missile Systems 3.3.1 Command Missiles 3.3.2 Beam-Riding Missiles 3.3.3 Semiactive Homing Missiles 3.3.4 Active Homing Missiles 3.3.5 Track-Via-Missile (TVM) Systems This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation xv xvii xix 1 3 11 18 21 23 23 24 33 34 34 36 36 37 37 37 37 44 67 86 111 127 135 170 196 196 204 210 216 217 219 223 223 225 226 229 230 232 234 235 240 240 vi 3.3.6 Passive IR-Guided Missiles 3.3.7 Sea-Skimming Missiles 3.4 Passive Antiradiation Missiles 3.5 Laser Weapon Systems 3.5.1 The Laser 3.5.2 The Laser Equation 3.5.3 Laser Applications 3.6 Stealth Aircraft 3.7 Communications Systems 3.7.1 Networks 3.7.2 Types of Transmission (Links) 3.7.3 The Message 3.7.4 Examples of Communications Systems 3.8 Information Operations (10) 3.8.1 Information Cycle: The OODA Loop 3.8.2 Information Processes and Tools 3.8.3 Information Contents (on Subjects or Events) 3.8.4 Parameters Defining Information Value 3.8.5 Information in War Operations References Electronic Intercept Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Equation of a Passive System 4.3 Radar Warning Receivers 4.3.1 RWR Sensitivity 4.4 Electronic Support Measures 4.4.1 Omnidirectional Antennas 4.4.2 Antennas for Direction Finding 4.4.3 Frequency Measurement Receiver 4.4.4 Channelized Receivers 4.4.5 Direction of Arrival (DOA) Measurement 4.4.6 Pulsewidth Measurement 4.4.7 MOP Measurements 4.4.8 Automatic Detection 4.4.9 Identification and Data Processing 4.4.10 Presentation 4.4.11 Problem Areas in ESM 4.4.12 Typical Characteristics of a Naval ESM System 4.4.13 Range Advance Factor in the Operational Environment 4.5 Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) Systems 4.5.1 ELINT Sensors 4.5.2 Surveillance Network 4.5.3 The ELINT Processing Center (EWAC) 4.6 Advanced Passive Location Techniques 4.6.1 Doppler Shift 4.6.2 LBI 4.6.3 PRI Shift 4.7 Infrared Intercept Systems 4.7.1 Missile Launch Warner/Missile Approach Warner 4.7.2 Forward-Looking Infrared Systems This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 241 248 250 253 253 255 256 257 260 260 262 267 270 272 273 275 277 278 280 280 283 283 284 286 287 290 298 298 298 309 324 331 331 341 345 345 347 348 349 351 352 354 354 356 356 358 360 361 362 363 vii 4.8 Communications ESM and Communication Intelligence 4.8.1 Communications ESM 4.8.2 COMINT References Electronic Countermeasures Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Operational Jamming Modes: SPJ, SOJ, and EJ 5.2 Onboard ECM Systems 5.2.1 Passive Systems 5.2.2 Active Systems 5.2.3 The Jammer Equations 5.2.4 The DRFM 5.2.5 Transmitters 5.2.6 ECM Antennas 5.2.7 The Pod 5.3 ECM Techniques 5.3.1 Spot Noise 5.3.2 Barrage Noise 5.3.3 Swept Noise/CW 5.3.4 Gated Noise 5.3.5 Amplitude-Modulated Noise/CW 5.3.6 Multiple False-Target Generation 5.3.7 Range Gate Pull-Off 5.3.8 Velocity Gate Pull-Off 5.3.9 Dual Mode 5.3.10 Inverse Gain 5.3.11 Countdown 5.3.12 Cooperative Jamming 5.3.13 Cross-Polarization 5.3.14 Cross-Eye (Virtual Off-Board Decoy) 5.3.15 Terrain Bounce 5.3.16 Illuminated Chaff 5.3.17 High-Resolution Radar Jamming 5.4 Infrared Countermeasures (IRCM) 5.4.1 Modulated Sources 5.4.2 Laser IRCM 5.5 Off-Board ECM Systems 5.5.1 Passive Systems 5.5.2 Active Systems 5.6 Communications Countermeasures (COM-ECM) 5.7 Information Warfare (IW) 5.7.1 Information Countermeasures (Counter Information) 5.7.2 Information Counter-Countermeasures References Electronic Counter-Countermeasures Systems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Search Radar Counter-Countermeasures 6.2.1 Induced Counter-Countermeasures 6.2.2 Dedicated Counter-Countermeasures 6.3 Tracking Radar Counter-Countermeasures This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 363 364 368 369 373 373 373 376 376 381 396 402 414 416 424 426 426 427 428 428 429 434 435 437 438 439 439 442 443 446 451 452 452 456 456 457 457 457 468 482 484 484 485 487 489 489 489 490 501 506 625 Index Terms Links voice Meteor-burst transmissions Microscan receiver defined dispersive delay lines (DDL) dynamic range illustrated See also Channelized receivers Microwave power module (MPM) defined illustrated Microwave transmissions Military strategic-tactical and relay satellite (MILSTAR) Minesweepers Missile approach warners (MAW) Missile launch/approach warning (MLAW) systems Missile launch warners (MLW) Missile systems active homing airframe beam-riding missiles command missiles elements guidance systems medium-to-long range organization passive IR-guided missiles sea-skimming missiles semiactive missiles track-via-missile (TVM) trajectory modification types of See also Weapon systems Missile warning system (MWS) MMICs high-power trends low-power devices multilayerlpackage solid-state power devices technology use of Modular expendable block (MEB) Modulation on pulse (MOP) measurement AMOP 267 264 314 314 314 316 315 315 415 415 416 264 265 270 14 362 263 558 362 22 240 230 231 231 230 231 231 231 241 247 248 232 240 231 223 479 513 519 525 531 535 532 536 533 531 537 531 477 101 327 332 223 224 230-50 234 232 235 233 234 243 244 245 246 250 236 237 238 239 514 520 526 532 536 533 537 534 532 515 521 527 533 516 522 528 534 517 523 529 535 518 524 530 536 535 533 534 535 536 102 328 337 323 329 338 324 330 339 325 331 326 232 242 248 249 235 241 224 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 626 Index Terms Links circuit architecture detection and analysis flags FMOP general PMOP UMOP Modulations Monolithic IR FPA Monolithic microwave integrated circuits See MMICs Monopulse Monopulse tracking radar AGC amplitude/phase comparison angle-error signals block diagram defined illustrated improvement factors for MTI with pulse compression and MTI See also Tracking radars Moving target indication (MTI) average output by pulse group clutter spectrum and delay-line canceller device basis ECCM elimination of blind phases filters frequency agility compatible ground (GMTI) improvement factor and single-delay line, response curve stealth aircraft and See also Radar techniques Moving window detectors defined false-alarm probability illustrated See also Automatic detectors Multibeam antenna Multifunction RF systems airborne naval schematic block diagram Multilayer multichip modules (MMCM) Multiple false-target generation effectiveness generation of 337 334 335 332 331 332 334 269 541 338 335 339 336 340 337 341 339 332 340 340 333 341 334 515 151 154 152 154 153 137 152 157 158 516 152 153 154 155 156 86 91 90 93 90 90 86 493 94 90 499 190 92 88 259 86 92 87 93 88 94 89 90 91 500 92 93 116 116 118 117 117 118 505 506 543 545 546 536 434 434 434 544 546 542 151 545 547 546 548 537 435 435 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 549 627 Index Terms Links illustrated Multistatic radars 434 126 Narrowband superheterodyne receivers NATO Air Defense Ground Equipment (NADGE) system Naval ESM system performances receiving antenna Naval IR countermeasures Naval multifunction RF systems Navy aircraft carriers cruisers electronic defense 307 frigates minesweepers patrolling sea-skimming missile ship-to-ship engagement tasks weapon systems Networks defined matrix types of Nodding defined reduction Noise amplitude-modulated barrage coherent CW gated generation of power collection power density spot swept CW types of white Noise equivalent power (NEP) Noise jammers block diagram characteristics defined JSR noise generation Noise jammers 489 348 348 348 480 545 12 13 11 17 13 14 13 16 15 11 15 260 260 261 261 308 349 349 481 546 547 548 549 12 13 14 15 16 434 14 14 261 262 430 427 431 432 433 428 383 429 384 385 386 426 428 427 31 386 381 382 383 381 401 384 385 386 60 100 429 386 386 386 386 382 385 499 386 386 386 383 212 30 385 381 381 30 399 382 382 31 400 383 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 384 628 Index Terms Links pulse Doppler radar and purpose of signal Null steering 401 31 31 518 Off-board ECM systems active passive See also Electronic countermeasures (ECM) Omnidirectional antennas Onboard ECM systems active systems antennas DRFM jammer equations passive systems pod transmitters See also Electronic countermeasures(ECM) OODA loop examples illustrated shortening tactics Open-loop automatic detectors defined illustrated See also Automatic detection Operating bandwidth (OBW) Operational effectiveness Operational ground support (OGS) Operational ground support equipment (OGSE) Passive decoys in airborne context concept corner reflectors See also Decoys Passive IR-guided missiles Passive off-board ECM systems chaff decoys 457-81 468-81 457-68 298 376426 381396 416 422 402 408 414 396 376 414 420 414 299 273 275 274 274 274 342 342 343 417 423 403 409 418 424 404 410 397 377 415 421 415 398 378 416 422 416 274 275 275 343 344 318 582 583 583 407 583 457 459 457 458 458 241 247 457 463 459 465 457 242 248 458 464 460 466 458 419 420 421 405 411 406 412 407 413 399 400 401 417 423 418 424 419 425 243 244 245 246 459 465 461 467 459 460 466 462 468 461 467 463 462 468 464 459 458 459 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 629 Index Terms Links See also Electronic countermeasures(ECM) Passive onboard ECM systems reduction of RCS of antenna signature reduction See also Electronic countermeasures(ECM) Phase-comparison direction finders Phased-array antennas active in ECM equipment number of radiators phase shifters power distribution Phase-locked loop (PLL) Phase MOP (PMOP) identifying measurement Phase-shift keying (PSK) Planck's law Plan position indicator (PPI) Plume Pods aircraft with conformal illustrated installation positioning See also Electronic countermeasures (ECM) Position location reporting system (PLRS) Power density Precision guidance munitions (PGM) Preselective filters Presentation Cartesian illustrated situational tabular types See also Electronic support measures (ESM) PRI shift defined detection of Probability theory Processing bandwidth (PBW) Programmable read only memory (PROM) Propagation in duct conditions effect of obstacles on of radiant energy trapped 376 377 376 377 378 377 328 379 422 420 417 418 418 420 439 102 334 340 269 200 47 206 424 425 426 425 424 425 329 417 423 421 272 39 556 507 345 345 345 346 346 345 378 379 379 380 380 381 381 418 424 422 419 420 421 423 424 420 332 341 206 48 207 425 426 508 346 346 426 347 347 360 356 360 569 407 325 82 79 198 81 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 630 Index Terms Links in water Pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) Pulse compression advantagesldisadvantages defined ECCM capabilities of problems solved by radar receiver block diagram when to use Pulse deception jammer block diagram carrier and signal generation delay law and FML type memory duration parameter values See also Deception jammers; jamming Pulse descriptor word (PDW) Pulse Doppler radar integration losses noise jammers and? 401 See also Airborne radars Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) HPRF LPRF MPRF staggeredlrandom Pulse repetition intervals (PRI) Pulsewidth measurement Quantum well IR photo detector (QWIP) Radars 2D 3D airborne air traffic control (ATCR) antennas bistatic block diagram coherent conical scan conical scan on receive only (COSRO) electromagnetic spectrum elements false-alarm probability lobe switching 266 267 532 101 106 107 101 493 103 105 102 388 388 389 390 391 390 390 533 102 107 103 108 494 495 489 341 56 56 55 184 183 183 492 90 331 104 105 490 491 492 131 185 160 186 183 184 493 131 186 183 119 119 124 120 125 47 125 126 514 515 391 57 57 541 114 114 123 170196 111 46 114 46 87 137151 137 38 45 54 137 121 46 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 122 631 Index Terms Links lobing on receive only (LORO) losses LPI measurement monopulse multistatic operating principle of phased-array plan position indicator (PPI) pulse pulse compression pulse Doppler pulse signals SAR search signature reduction SLAR surveillance for target detection and weapons guidance tracking weapon-locating (WLRs) Radar cross section (RCS) aircraft of antenna, reduction of backscatter calculation defined denoted ground clutter pattern simulation of randomly oriented half-wave dipole sea clutter ship stealth aircraft targets from Swerling values See also Radar equation Radar equation atmospheric attenuation and clutter and ducting effect and equivalent noise temperature lobing and in operational environment radar horizon and radar range calculation example RCS Radar horizon computing distance to 137 55 108 44 151 126 45 380 47 56 101 56 53 131 114 120 376 111 60 21 30 61 377 461 49 57 49 69 61 460 71 61 259 62 62 44-67 67 67 80 62 72 67-86 77 65 57 77 78 514 56 109 515 152 153 154 155 156 127 133 47 116 122 128 134 111 117 123 129 135 112 118 124 130 378 379 380 381 68 81 63 73 69 82 64 74 70 83 65 75 71 84 72 85 76 77 78 66 58 78 79 67 59 79 80 61 62 48 102 57 114 132 115 121 113 119 125 135-70 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 60 80 632 Index Terms Links illustrated optical horizon and Radar range ambiguity, avoiding calculation in free space calculation in operation environment drastic reduction of groundlsea surface influence on increase in operationd environment Radar rays Radar sensors Radar techniques CFAR receivers defined digital receiver frequency agility LPI radars moving target indication (MTI) pulse compression types of Radar warning receivers (RWR) block diagram classifications crystal-video type defined with DRX effectiveness of intercepted signals and memory photograph ranges sensitivity sensitivity requirement See also Electronic intercept systems Radiant energy absorption, reflection, and transmission of of blackbody from gases propagation of Radiant flux Radiant intensity Radiators directive IFF L-band isotropic total radiation given by Rain clutter 79 78 285 89 65 85 259 72 97 85 78 37-196 86-110 94 86 109 96 108 86 92 101 107 86 27 291 290 289 283 324 578 286 286 291 288 287 289 196 202 202 199 203 198 197 39 39 174 38 60 71 66 67 98 86 95 110 97 109 87 93 102 108 96 98 99 100 101 88 94 103 89 90 91 104 105 106 286 292 287 293 288 294 289 290 288 289 290 197 203 198 204 199 200 201 204 72 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 633 Index Terms Links illustrated volumetric nature of See also Clutter Random conical scan Range advance factors (RAFs) attainable calculation in operationd environment Range gate pull-in (RGPI) Range gate pull-off (RGPO) amplitude modulation added to countering effectiveness frequency agility and illustrated unsuccessful Range measurement Range-tracking errors radial acceleration range glint scale and calibration thermal noise total error in range See also Tracking radars Real beam mapping (RBM) Receiver losses Reference scenario defined events losses in absence of ED equipment probability of survival Reflection coefficient amplitude and phase specular Remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) Risk analysis Rosette scan seeker Satellite links Scintillation along range axis defined error Sea clutter equivalent surface of illustrated RCS of See also Clutter Search radar ECCM automatic frequency selection (AFS) 72 71 514 285 350 349 349 434 387 437 437 435 438 436 438 256 159 161 161 162 159 162 350 435 435 351 498 436 437 160 162 161 162 572 573 160 191 56 570 570 570 571 572 571 573 572 74 73 21 567 246 247 265 266 162 58 164 70 70 70 71 71 489506 504 505 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 634 Index Terms Links back-bias receiver capabilities of pulse compression CFAR receivers Dicke-fix receiver DRX fast time constant (FTC) frequency agility frequency agility compatible MTI jammer strobe MTI multibeam antenna sensitivity time control (STC) sidelobe blanking sidelobe canceller staggeredlrandom PRF See also Electronic countercountermeasures (ECCM) Search radars 2D 3D airborne antennas automatic detectors bistatic defined early detection with ECM and jamming multistatic reliability SAR standoff jamming against strategic centers tactical centers types of See also Radar(s) Sea-skimming missiles defined glint reduction illustrated interception point calculation problems See also Missile systems Seekers block diagram with focal plane arrays rosette scan with rotating reticles 502 493 496 501 500 491 497 499 502 493 505 148 503 504 492 114 114 123 47 115 114 111 126 229 126 111 114 132 375 111 111 114 494 497 492 498 495 499 500 503 506 490 491 493 119 119 124 111-27 120 125 121 116 125 117 126 118 127 133 128 134 129 135 130 131 248 248 249 248 249 249 249 250 241 247 242 247 246 242 242 248 243 244 245 246 122 127 247 243 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 635 Index Terms Links with stationary reticle without reticle See also IR-guided missiles Self-protective jamming (SPJ) Semiactive missiles defined effectiveness kinematic conditions and miss causes passive seeker seeker block diagram signal spectrum susceptibility to jamming system illustration See also Missile systems Sensitivity time control (STC) Sensors ELINT infrared introduction to radar Shared apertures airborne multifunction RF systems factors naval multifunction RF systems Short-range air defense (SHORAD) missile system Short time Fourier transform (STFT) Short-wave IR (SWIR) SiC Sidelobe blanking canceller clutter Side looking aperture radars (SLAR) Signal intelligence (SIGINT) COMINT defined ELINT Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at compressor output distance corresponding to minimum output, due to digital encoding radar target at receiver input for signal detection Signature reduction Simulations 243 246 373 232 235 239 237 236 235 238 236 239 235 245 235 236 490 491 353 354 543 549 544 543 543 544 545 545 546 148 37-218 352 196218 37 37-196 542 548 237 238 239 545 546 547 547 548 549 26 284 27 465 317 196 535 503 504 182 24 26 24 24 54 103 66 410 396 65 54 376 565 27 25 55 397 377 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 636 Index Terms Links Single target track (STT) Situational awareness mode (SAM) Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) Specular reflection coefficient Spot noise ECCM techniques rendering less effective effective use of See also Noise Spot SAR (SSAR) Standoff jamming (SOJ) against search radars defined noise jamming State of the art perspectives Stealth aircraft illustrated low RCS MTI devices and technology principles Stealth techniques Stefan-Boltzmann law Strike aircraft Strip-map SAR Subclutter visibility (SCV) Submerged platforms, links with Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) Surface acoustic-wave (SAW) filters Surface duct Surface-to-air missile (SAM) system for defending ground troops defined illustrated Surface-to-surface missile (SSM) systems Surveillance radar defined secondary (SSR) Swept CW illustrated use of Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) antenna cross-range resolution DBS deception difficulties defined equivalent beamwidth focusing techniques geometry illustrated 178 179 190 73 386 426 427 426 427 133 373 375 374 374 555 257 258 259 259 258 30 200 132 91 266 24 310 80 18 18 10 18 15 111 112 386 428 428 132 127 131 134 455 114 129 132 130 133 194 427 135 374 375 556 258 557 259 558 260 259 204 133 267 250 10 553 223 11 18 127 133 128 134 129 135 135 127 128 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 130 402 131 637 Index Terms Links introduction to inverse jamming performance side-looking spot (SSAR) strip-map types of unfocused See also Radar(s) Search radars Target indication (TI) Technology advances digital processing infrared sensors MMIC technology Terrain bounce Thermal noise Threat evaluation and weapon assignment (TEWA) Time of arrival (TOA) differential measurement Towed decoys coverage in angle problem defined effectiveness illustrated implementation success repeater See also Decoys Tracking DTT SAM STT TWS Tracking radar ECCM antirange gate pull-off (ARGPO) COSRO-LORO dedicated counter-countermeasures double tracking fast AGC guard gates induced countercountermeasures intermediate-frequency filters jamming detector logarithmic receivers low sidelobes 127 132 454 128 129 135 132 132 132 11 531 537 537 539 531 537 451 159 128 133 455 129 134 456 130 131 133 134 135 532 538 538 540 532 533 539 539 541 533 534 540 535 541 536 542 542 534 535 536 496 132 452 160 112 290 329 303 470 471 470 472 471 472 470 126 303 330 127 471 472 178 179 179 178 179 506 512 510 514 510 516 513 508 512 507 508 510 509 508 179 507 513 511 515 511 514 509 513 508 508 514 512 509 515 510 516 511 512 513 514 515 509 510 510 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 638 Index Terms Links monopulse preselective filters random conical scan track on jam types of See also Electronic countercountermeasures (ECCM) Tracking radars AAA angular glint reduction angular tracking errors conical scan 515 507 514 514 506 60 287 165 163 137 143 149 conical scan on receive only (COSRO) ECM and errors in operational environment illustrated use of jamming lobe switching lobing on receive only (LORO) mission of monopulse range and precision in range-tracking errors total angular errors tracking loop bandwidth types of See also Radar(s) Track on jam Track-via-missile (TVM) systems defined requirements system diagram target illumination See also Missile systems Track-while scan (TWS) Transmission(s) in HF band lines losses meteor-burst microwave in UHF band in VHF band See also Links Transmitters Trapped propagation Traveling-wave rubes (TWT) 137 169 166 136 229 137 137 135 151 156 162 159 166 161 137 514 240 240 240 241 241 516 508 135170 166 164 138 144 150 514 170 167 168 514 515 152 157 163 160 153 158 164 161 140 146 195 262 42 55 264 264 264 263 263 43 142 148 155 160 166 156 161 169 154 159 165 162 286 265 264 414 141 147 515 241 179 46 81 103 165 139 145 151 415 416 383 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 639 Index Terms Links ERP generation comparison for generating higher powers mini performance photograph shortcomings Tropospheric scatter 423 414 420 414 384 415 265 UHF band links Uncooled focal plant arrays (UFPAs) Uniformity of format Unintentional MOP (UMOP) modulation identification short-form description sources Unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) 264 539 519 333 334 336 334 21 Velocity gate pull-off (VGPO) VHF band links Voice messages Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) Voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) Weapon-locating radars (WLRs) Weapon systems army artillery systems 387 263 267 308 303 21 21 21 22 229 260 266 224 272 278 223 253 22 15 36 224 250 257 383 526 communications systems elements of information operations (IO) introduction to laser missile systems navy need for study of organization of passive antiradiation missiles stealth aircraft White noise Wideband front end Wideband superheterodyne receivers Wide-open frequency receivers amplified band-folded diagram of preamplified sensitivity of See also Frequency measurement receivers 308 300 306 303 306 303 305 303 415 540 541 437 264 438 383 22 23 223-80 23 230 261 267 225 226 227 228 262 268 263 269 264 270 265 271 274 280 225 255 275 276 277 256 257 252 259 253 260 302 303 305 306 305 306 273 279 224 254 230-50 225 251 258 527 309 301 307 304 307 304 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 304 307 305 ... systems; Short- to medium-range SAM systems; Artillery or other weapon delivery systems; SSM systems; 16 Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems figure 1.16 A radar- guided, sea-skimming missile... Short-range defense systems are the last links in a ship's defense system The photograph shows the radar antenna and the gun of DARDO system 18 Previous Page Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems. .. guidance The photograph shows the Grifo radar, Figum 1.10 Sidewinder (IRI and Aspide (RFI air -to- air missiles installed on two F-104s (2) AAM a n d air -to- surface missile (ASM) systems; (3) b