ENTREPRENEURSHIP entrepreneurship, cooperation and the firm

Entrepreneurship, Cooperation and the Firm In memory of Gerhard Lasch, best of all fathers, who passed away before this book was published Entrepreneurship, Cooperation and the Firm The Emergence and Survival of High-Technology Ventures in Europe Edited by Jan Ulijn Jean Monnet Professor of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Culture, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Dominique Drillon Associate Professor of Management, Director of the Research Department, GSCM-Montpellier Business School, France Frank Lasch Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship and Assistant Director of the Research Department, GSCM-Montpellier Business School, France Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA © Jan Ulijn, Dominique Drillon, Frank Lasch 2007 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Glensanda House Montpellier Parade Cheltenham Glos GL50 1UA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Entrepreneurship, cooperation and the firm : the emergence and survival of high-technology ventures in Europe / edited by Jan Ulijn, Dominique Drillon and Franck Lasch p cm Includes bibliographical references and index High technology industries—Europe High technology industries—Europe—Management Enterpreneurship—Europe Technological innovations—Europe I Ulijn, J M II Drillon, Dominique, 1952– III Lasch, Frank, 1968– HC240.9.H53E68 2007 338′04094—dc22 2006034539 ISBN 978 84542 709 Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of contributors Acknowledgements Foreword by Janez Potocˇ nik vii x xii Introduction Jan Ulijn, Dominique Drillon and Frank Lasch PART ONE THE ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL VERSUS THAT OF THE INSTITUTION The influence of national culture on cooperative attitudes in high-technology start-ups Jan Ulijn, Hans T.W Frankort and Lorraine M Uhlaner Entrepreneurship in a high-tech venture: psychological and social methods of survival assessment in the aerospace sector Moniel Verhoeven, Arjen Verhoeff, Dominique Drillon and Jan Ulijn Incubating technology entrepreneurship in Slovenia: the nation’s institutions foster cooperation? Mateja Drnovsˇ ek, Patricia Kotnik, Valentina Nahtigal, Janez Prasˇ nikar and Alesˇ Vahcˇicˇ The knowledge marketplace: understanding interaction at the academic–industry interface Michael C Brennan and Pauric McGowan 55 89 126 163 PART TWO THE ECONO-GEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF EMERGENCE, COOPERATION AND SURVIVAL Emergence of high-tech ventures in France: how regional, individual and organizational factors influence birth and sustainability of new firms? Frank Lasch, Frédéric Le Roy and Saïd Yami v 187 vi Contents Are human capital and culture the key factors in explaining intra-regional differences? Novice entrepreneurship and geo-cultural context in the Walloon region Vincent Calay, Jean-Luc Guyot and Gilles Van Hamme The importance of cooperation and support for technology start-ups: a comparison of the Eindhoven and Darmstadt areas Johannes Halman, Jan Ulijn, Vareska van de Vrande and Frank Umbach European territorial cooperation to improve competitiveness in the Union: the case of EU-funded cooperation in Central and Southeastern Europe Ulrich Graute 220 261 287 PART THREE THE CULTURAL LEVELS OF NATION, GENDER, PROFESSION, SECTOR AND REGION IN EMERGENCE, COOPERATION AND SURVIVAL 10 11 12 High-tech start-ups and innovation journeys: strategic shifts, culture and networks Ingrid A.M Wakkee, Aard J Groen and Reinier Heerink Making the transition from entrepreneurial to professional management in small and medium-sized ICT businesses in Slovenia and Germany Janez Prasˇ nikar, Karl-Heinz Rau, Marko Pahor and Monika Klinar Value diversity for innovativeness in the multicultural society of Estonia Rebekka Vedina, Gerhard Fink and Maaja Vadi Early-stage networking: how entrepreneurs use their social capital to establish and develop high-technology start-ups Paul Kirwan, Peter van der Sijde and Aard J Groen Index 319 348 370 391 415 Contributors Michael C Brennan Faculty of Business and Management, Lecturer of Strategic Management, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland Vincent Calay Researcher, Institute of Environmental Management and Land-Use Planning (IGEAT), Free University of Brussels, Belgium Dominique Drillon Associate Professor and Director, Department, GSCM-Montpellier Business School, France Research Mateja Drnovsˇ ek Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Gerhard Fink Professor, Jean Monnet Centre EuropaInstitut, University of Vienna, Austria of Excellence, Hans T.W Frankort PhD Candidate in Strategy, Department of Organization and Strategy, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands Ulrich Graute PhD, Director, Joint Technical Secretariat EU Community Initiative INTERREG III B CADSES Neighbourhood Programme, Dresden, Germany Aard J Groen Scientific Director, Nikos (Dutch Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship), University of Twente, The Netherlands Jean-Luc Guyot Scientific expert, Walloon Institute of Evaluation, Future-Planning and Statistics (IWEPS), Namur, Belgium Johannes Halman Professor in Innovation Processes, Faculty of Engineering, University of Twente, The Netherlands Reinier Heerink Student of Business Administration and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands vii viii Contributors Paul Kirwan PhD Researcher, Nikos (Dutch Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship), University of Twente, The Netherlands Monika Klinar Slovenia Internet Manager, Business Daily Finance, Ljubljana, Patricia Kotnik Assistant Professor, Centre for Entrepreneurship Development, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Frank Lasch Associate Professor in Entrepreneurship and Assistant Director, Research Department, GSCM-Montpellier Business School, France Frédéric Le Roy Professor, ERFI/ISEM, University of Montpellier and GSCM-Montpellier Business School, University of Montpellier, France Pauric McGowan Director, Northern Ireland Centre for Entrepreneurship, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland Valentina Nahtigal Bsc Danfos Trata LLC, Ljubljana, Slovenia Marko Pahor Assistant Professor of Statistics, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Janez Prasˇ nikar Professor of Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Karl-Heinz Rau Professor of Business Information Systems, Faculty of Economy and Law, University of Pforzheim, Germany Lorraine M Uhlaner Director, European Family Business Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Jan Ulijn Jean Monnet Professor of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Culture, Department of Organization Science and Marketing, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands and Department of Aerospace Management and Operation, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Frank Umbach Data Warehouse Designer, Business Intelligence Center, O2, Munich, Germany ix Contributors Maaja Vadi Professor, Chair of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia Alesˇ Vahcˇicˇ Professor of Economic Policy and Entrepreneurship and Chairman of the Department of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Peter van der Sijde Senior Researcher, Nikos (Dutch Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship), University of Twente, The Netherlands Vareska van de Vrande PhD Candidate, Faculty of Technology Management, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Gilles Van Hamme Researcher, Institute of Environmental Management and Land-Use Planning (IGEAT), Free University of Brussels, Belgium Rebekka Vedina PhD Candidate, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia Arjen Verhoeff Netherlands AWVN (General Employers’ Association), The Moniel Verhoeven SKF Industrial Division, Marketing Research, The Netherlands and Belgium, St Quentin-en-Yvelines, France Ingrid A.M Wakkee Assistant Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Saïd Yami France Associate Professor, ERFI/ISEM University of Montpellier, Acknowledgements First, we should like to acknowledge the Montpellier Business School (Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier – France, GSCM) for their generous support which made the launch of the research group SURVIE possible and hence the initiative for this book by the present editors Headquartered in Montpellier (France), aiming at cooperation on entrepreneurship issues across multilevel cultural borders, SURVIE (Start Up Research and Valorization/Valuation of Intra- and Entrepreneurship in Europe), was created in 2004 The first meeting was held in Montpellier in March 2005 Some of the best papers presented there have been revised and included as chapters in our book Others were added because they fitted well in the scope of our topic, in particular those by Calay et al., Johannes Halman et al., Ulrich Graute, Ingrid Wakkee et al., Janez Prasˇ nikar et al and Kirwan et al Other authors, such as Gerhard Fink, joined to strengthen the professionalism of our team We are all very grateful to their dedication and commitment to this difficult enterprise The production of a rigorously edited and peer-reviewed book serving beginning and experienced scholarly communities in this field and also beginning and advanced entrepreneurs and innovation managers and policy makers at the same time is, if possible, a team venture Apart from our own intrinsic motivation and drive to finish the job, we have been extremely fortunate in having the strong support and encouragement of the following external reviewers to make this book possible: Fritz Fahrni, HSG University of St Gallen and ETH Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (Switzerland); Louis-Jacques Filion, Bombardier Chair of Entrepreneurship HEC, Montreal (Canada); Gerhard Fink, Wirtschaftsuniversitaet, Vienna (Austria); Victor Gilsing, Eindhoven University of Technology (The Netherlands); Gianni Guerra, Politecnico de Torino (Italy); Rajesh Kumar, Aarhus School of Business (Denmark); Herman Van den Bosch (Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands); Wim Vanhaverbeeke, Hasselt University (Belgium) and Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Federico Sarti, Incubator I3P, Politecnico de Torino (Italy); Jürgen Schmude, Regensburg University (Germany); George Tovstiga, Henley Management College (United Kingdom); Hans Wissema, Delft University of Technology (The x 418 Index Cyprus, national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68 Czech Republic Brno University of Technology 395, 406, 408 CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300, 305 Darmstadt CLUSTER universities 264, 277 education levels 277 entrepreneurial characteristics 271–2 Fludicon GMbH 263 high-tech ventures cooperation and support 264–5, 270–80 national culture 276–7, 279 R&D 270, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277 research method 271–4, 283–6 research results 274–8 TIZ support 271 uncertainty avoidance 276–7 see also Germany deindustrialization 248–9, 251 delegation 350, 352–3, 354, 359, 360, 362 Denmark broadband access 372 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76 developing countries 58 DIANA project diversification 140, 193, 199, 225 Drillon, Dominique 1–4, 11–20, 24–8, 89–125 Drnovsˇ ek, Mateja 126–62 economic capital 224–6, 393, 396–7, 399–400 high-tech ventures 398, 403, 404, 406, 407 economic cooperation, European Union 305–6 economic growth and innovation 127–31, 132 Slovenia 127–31, 132, 133–43, 144, 145, 149, 150, 155 economies of scale 5, 128, 140, 225 education levels Darmstadt 277 Eindhoven 277 high-tech ventures 264, 277 Slovakia 361 and sustainability 203, 206, 207 efficiency 102 Eindhoven ASM Lithography 263, 266 CLUSTER universities 264, 276 education levels 277 entrepreneurial characteristics 267–9, 272 high-tech ventures cooperation and support 264–70, 272, 274, 275, 276–80 high-tech ventures, number of 267 N V Rede 266 national culture 276–7, 279 organizational problems 269–70 R&D 265, 273, 276, 277 research method 266–7, 283–6 research results 267–70 SMEs 266 Syntens 266 uncertainty avoidance 276–7 University of Technology 266 see also Netherlands electoral behaviour, Wallonia 246, 247, 249 employees average value added, EU 133, 134 cross-functional experience 67–8, 70, 71, 75, 79 development 94, 102–3, 401 dissatisfaction 102–3 hiring 91–2 and management 103 viewpoint 102–3, 118–19, 122 employment 290 aerospace industry 97, 118 growth 262, 268 ICT 193, 199, 201–2 and national culture 59 Wallonia 240–41, 243–4, 246–8, 251, 252 see also unemployment endogenous growth theory 127 entrepreneurship academic see academic entrepreneurship agglomeration 197, 199, 200, 201, 230 Index Bradford see Bradford China and community interaction 117–18 and competitiveness 132, 158, 159, 231 and cooperation 107–8 corporate 102, 169 cultural capital 35, 36, 393, 396–7, 398, 399–400, 401, 402, 403, 404 cultural context 227–8, 231, 276, 322, 324–5, 373 Darmstadt see Darmstadt definitions 11–12, 13, 14, 17–18, 19, 101–4, 170–71, 222–32 demand–pull explanation 224 economic capital 224–6, 393, 396–7, 398, 399–400, 403, 404 Eindhoven see Eindhoven employee hiring 91–2 entrepreneurship in networks model (EiN) 392, 393 Estonia 371 European Union 2–5, 290, 293, 303, 306 facilities and infrastructures 226–7 female 107 and firm size 198–9, 226, 275, 348 frame-breaking change 101–2 future research 122 geography of enterprise 228–39, 293 Germany 7, 271–2 high-tech ventures see high-tech ventures ICT 3, 193–5, 196, 197, 198, 199, 301 and innovation 226, 231, 320–21 institutional context 223–4 learning process 103 localization economies 224–5, 226 location choice 208, 209, 224–5, 226–7, 231 and marketing 75, 225 motivation 107 networks 321, 325, 392–3, 397 organizational diversity 232 personal characteristics 104–6, 128, 167–8, 221, 223, 267–9, 276 and population growth 198–9, 200–201 and postmaterialism 79 potential 59 419 principles of action concept 222–3, 226 professional management transition 348–69 psycho-analysis 104, 106–9, 228 and R&D 6, 226–7 regional disparities 195–202 and risk 225 scientific 168, 336 self-confirmation 107 Slovenia 132, 144, 145, 150–55, 157–9 social capital 126, 393, 394–402, 403–4 strategic capital 393, 396–7, 398–401, 403, 404 subregional context 220–60 technology see high-tech ventures technology transfer see technology transfer transport infrastructure 227 and unemployment, previous 204, 224 United States 4–5, 7, 275 urbanization economies 224, 225 Wallonia see Wallonia work–life balance 107 see also collectivism; firms; individualism entry barriers 91 environmental impact assessments (EIA) 301, 303 environmental technology 147 ESPRIT programme 280 ESTIA project 302–3 ESTIA-SPOSE 302 Estonia broadband access 372 competitiveness 372 cultural diversity 375–86 demographic crisis 372 economic freedom 372 entrepreneurship 371 innovativeness, fostering 373–5, 378–86 innovativeness, value diversity for 370–90 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 370–90 passivity 377, 384 420 Index SMEs 371 subcontracting 371 Swedish companies in 371, 385 University of Tartu 395, 406 ethnicity 203–4 see also culture European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 143 European Union accession countries 300, 303, 305 aerospace industry 2, 3, 97–100 aerospace sector 97–8 CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 298–301, 302, 304, 308 CARDS programme 301 CEE Net 294, 295 Central and Southeastern Europe, EU-funded cooperation 287–315 CLUSTER universities 264 cohesion policy see European Union cohesion policy competitiveness 57, 58, 261, 289–91, 295, 296–7, 305 cooperation 17–18, 43–4, 58, 103, 142–3, 145, 291–4, 296–301, 306–10 cooperation risks and opportunities 306–10 cross-border cooperation 142–3, 153, 287–315 economic cooperation 305–6 entrepreneurship 2–5, 290, 293, 303, 306 environmental impact assessments (EIA) 301, 303 ESPRIT programme 280 ESTIA project 302–3 EU-PHARE programme 144, 280, 301 eurozone 264 female entrepreneurs 107 firm formation rate 2–3 flood prevention 297 funding programmes 287–315 GlobalStart project 394, 408 Go Network project 303 high-tech ventures 4–9, 43–4, 57–8, 80, 278–9, 291, 293 INNOVA 43 innovation 43, 133, 135–6, 290 INTERREG Initiative 291, 297–302, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311–12 Investment Fund (EIF) 303 IRE programme 280 as knowledge-based economy 98, 290, 292 Lisbon agreement 8, 97–8 Partnership for Growth and Jobs 290 poverty PREPARITY project 297, 304–5, 306 public–private partnerships (PPP) 303, 304 R&D 44, 98 Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 297, 300, 301 single currency 18 SME Guarantee Facility 303 SMEs 133, 134, 138, 289, 290, 303 spatial development 291–2, 294, 295, 297, 302–3, 309 Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) 292, 302 Star 21 98 Structural Funds regulations 291 sustainability 289–91, 292 TACIS programme 301 technology, importance of 293 territorial cooperation see European Union territiorial cooperation territorial impact assessments (TIA) 301, 303 transition countries 126, 225, 294–7, 298 transnational projects cooperation 301–10 transport corridors 294, 297 unemployment 1–2 UNICO consortium 279–80 Vision Planet project 302 wealth creation 57 see also individual countries European Union cohesion policy and sustainability 289–91, 292 territorial cooperation participation 292–3 territorial cooperation to strengthen 291–2 Index European Union territorial cooperation 287–315 increasing awareness 296–7 limited opportunities 294–6 participation 292–3 strengthening 291–2 exploration versus exploitation in innovation 322–7, 333–5, 338–9, 340, 341 Fayolle, A 11, 13, 14, 16, 21, 37, 44, 58, 75, 103, 265, 277, 362 FDI 145, 147, 149 femininity 63, 70, 76, 99, 107, 114–15, 203–4 see also masculinity financial capital 322, 329, 331–2 financial support Central and Southeastern Europe, EU-funded cooperation 287–315 high-tech ventures 145–8, 155, 156, 164, 295, 323–5, 329, 331–4, 393, 398, 406 R&D 145–8 Slovenia 145–8, 155, 156 SMEs 147, 148 see also support infrastructure Fink, Gerhard 370–90 Finland national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76 R&D 13 SMEs firm clustering 131, 225, 251 communication 116 as community 109–12 company size 70, 72 contracts, complete and incomplete 230 definition of 12 development phases 60 discursive dimension 230 efficiency 9, 101–2 embeddedness of 229 employee cross-functional experience 67–8, 70, 71, 75, 79 founder ethos see founder ethos industry dynamism 70, 72, 76, 80–81 421 management 107, 204, 206, 325 organizational advantage 102 pluralistic community 112–13 power transfer (founder to successor) 92 rivalry 98 size 139–40, 141, 193, 198–9, 200, 201–2, 226, 275, 348, 368 size, previous 204, 206, 207, 208 social capital 103, 126, 393, 394–402, 403–4 as social community 102 social innovation 10, 102, 103 spin-off and technology transfer 129–31, 156, 168–9, 202, 263, 397 sustainability see sustainability time dimension 230 see also entrepreneurship; high-tech ventures Fludicon GMbH 263 founder ethos 130, 157, 198, 336, 340 Bradford 92, 93, 107, 108–9, 111–12, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118–19 power transfer 92 pre-founding activities 204, 206, 207 France academic entrepreneurship 200 Airbus project cooperation 13 entrepreneurship research 6–7 female entrepreneurs 107 high-tech ventures 187–219 ICT industry 189–95 NAF classification 189, 191 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76–7 SIC classification 189, 191 SMEs 5, sustainability 203 Frankort, Hans T.W 55–86 funding see financial support future research 40–46, 60–61, 78–80, 122–3, 278–80, 342–4, 384, 411 gender factor 203–4 see also femininity; masculinity geographical proximity and competitiveness 200, 230, 293 and cooperation 200 422 ICT 195–202 and innovation 195–202 geography of enterprise regional factors 228–32 Wallonia 222–52 Germany Airbus project CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 299, 300, 304–5 Darmstadt see Darmstadt entrepreneurship 7, 271–2 formal job description 361 ICT management 348–69 innovation cultures 265, 305, 361, 374 MEMA network 306 national culture 65–6, 68, 76, 276 Perlen entlang der Neiße project 305 population 265 PREPARITY project 304–5, 306 R&D 270 READY project 303 Saxony/Bohemia/Lower Silesia triangle 304–6 SMEs spatial research institutes 294–5 uncertainty avoidance 276–7 Glamorgan University 395, 406 globalization 5, 7, 57, 58, 79, 98, 102, 108, 109 GlobalStart project 394, 408 Go Network project 303 Gothenburg European Council 290 Graute, Ulrich 287–315 Greece CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 299, 300 ESTIA-SPOSE 302 IMONODE project 304 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76, 77–8 Groen, Aard J 8, 15, 21, 100, 265, 319–47, 391–414 group behaviour 95–6 Guyot, Jean-Luc 220–60 Halman, Johannes 13, 261–86 Heerink, Reinier 319–47 high-tech ventures 2, 4–8, 309 Index and academic entrepreneurship see academic entrepreneurship adaptability 94–5, 324, 377 ANOVA testing 358, 359, 360 as barriers to success 80 Bradford as modern myth of origin see Bradford business development 102 and business partners 205 case studies 327–38, 394–7, 402–5, 406 and community of practice 94–6 competitiveness 94, 324, 331, 361 control systems 355–8 and cooperation 8–10, 91–2, 103, 104, 261–86, 331, 332–3, 334–5, 340 cultural capital 401, 402, 403, 404, 407, 408 cultural patterns 336–8, 340, 341, 350, 352 Darmstadt 264–5, 270–80 definition 13–16, 263–4, 267 delegation 350, 352–3, 354, 359, 360, 362 economic capital 398, 403, 404, 406, 407 education levels 264, 277 Eindhoven 264–70, 272, 274, 275, 276–80 employee development 94, 102–3, 401 employment growth 262, 268 entrepreneurship in 89–125, 129, 336 European Union 4–9, 43–4, 57–8, 80, 278–9, 291, 293 exploratory study 64–78 financial support 145–8, 155, 156, 164, 295, 323–5, 329, 331–4, 393, 398, 406 formality level 351–2, 354, 359, 362 France 187–219 future research 40–46, 122–3, 278–80, 342–4, 411 growth 6, 58, 363, 401 and human capital 35, 36, 206–7 ICT sector see ICT and innovation 91, 129, 319–47, 332, 338–41 Index and knowledge transfer 128, 129, 263, 322 leadership style see leadership management 58, 102, 276, 309, 330, 343–4, 398, 410–11 management, professional transition 348–69 and market position 58, 94–5, 102, 121, 331 motivation 22–3 and national culture see national culture networking 205, 330, 335–6, 338–9, 340, 341, 391–414 operational effectiveness 330, 331, 332, 334, 341 organizational factors 204–5, 269–70, 350, 351, 355, 358–61, 367–9 public intervention 129 R&D 13, 278, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333–6, 337, 340, 358, 360, 401, 408 and regional factors 187–219, 405–8 regional market orientation 205 relations for successful 94–5 self-image 16 social capital 36, 393, 394–402, 403–4, 406–8, 410 stakeholders 93, 103, 104 strategic alliances 278, 279, 332–3, 334, 340, 341 strategic capital 398–401, 403, 404, 406, 407 strategic flexibility 329, 330, 331, 332–5, 340, 341, 377 strategic planning 355 support infrastructure 131, 132, 138, 143–50, 151–3, 157, 167, 261–86, 328, 329 survival 6, 8, 15, 89–125, 202–9, 278, 323, 324, 331 sustainability 324 tension episodes 330–33, 340, 341 UK 277 uncertainty see uncertainty avoidance United States 4–8, 21 university spin-offs 328, 329, 335, 423 337, 340, 398–401, 402–5, 406, 408, 411 work–life balance 95 see also entrepreneurship Hofstede, G ‘The business of international business in culture’ (1994) 67 Culture’s Consequences (2001) 17, 39, 55, 59, 60–61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 79, 276, 377 ‘Culture’s role in entrepreneurship’ (2004) 59, 74, 102, 122, 228 ‘Images of Europe: past, present and future’ (1996) 361 human capital 35, 36, 206–7, 290 and intra-regional differences 220–60 Hungary CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300, 305 cooperation 371 IBM 67 Iceland, cooperation 371 ICT academic entrepreneurship 200, 202 agglomeration 197, 199, 200, 201 case studies 354–63 core activities 190–91 delimitation of 188–92 employment levels 193, 199, 201–2 entrepreneurship 3, 193–5, 196, 197, 198, 199, 301 firm size 193, 200, 201–2 France 189–95 Germany 348–69 knowledge transfer 199, 201 management 309, 348–69 networking opportunities 199–200, 202 OECD classification 189–90, 191 and population growth 198–9, 200–201 R&D 189, 191, 193, 194, 199, 200, 202 regional factors 195–202 research methodology 219 Slovenia 348–69 SMEs 5, 193–5 socio-economic environment 200 strategic planning 355 424 Index subcontractors 209 sustainability 205–9 see also high-tech ventures; knowledge-based industries IMONODE project 304 Imperial College 169 Impuls project 331 individualism and cooperation 61–2, 67, 70, 73, 80, 108, 123 and masculinity 63 and national culture 59–60, 67, 72–3, 76, 77, 276, 374, 377, 383–4 and partner diversity 73 and strategic partner 61–2, 73–4 inflation 225 INNOVA 43 innovation 2, 3, 5, 8, 13–14, 76 and academic entrepreneurship 167 aerospace industry 3, 97, 114, 115–16, 121 Bradford 114, 115–16, 121 championing strategies 59 and cohesion 374 and competitiveness 3, 102 cooperation in 136–43, 144, 150, 230, 375 cross-border cooperation 142–3 and culture 322, 336–8, 373, 374, 378–84 definition 320 and economic growth 127–31, 132 and efficiency 102 and entrepreneurship 226, 231, 320–21 Estonia 370–90 European Union 133, 135–6, 290 expenditures 139–40, 141 exploration versus exploitation 322–7, 333–5, 338–9, 340, 341 export propensity 140–41 and firm size 139–40, 141, 368 future research 384 Germany 265, 305, 361, 374 and high-tech ventures 91, 129, 319–47, 332, 338–41 initiation and implementation 374, 375, 376, 381, 386 and management 103, 384–6 opportunity shifts 322–7 productivity 140–42 and professional culture 322 regional requirements 195–202 Slovenia 127–31, 132, 133–43, 144, 145, 149, 150, 155 and SMEs 5, 138, 139–40, 263, 276 social 10, 102, 103 socio-economic environment 200 spillover effects 131 strategic flexibility 323 technological opportunities 10, 101, 136, 137–8 value creation 321, 322–3, 325–6, 332, 377 value diversity 370–90, 374, 385 value diversity for 37–90 see also academic entrepreneurs; high-tech ventures; R&D institutionalism actor-centred 289 and entrepreneurship 223–4 intellectual capital 167 intellectual property 130–31 interest rates 225 international alliances 3–4, 59 INTERREG Initiative 291, 297–302, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311–12 intrapreneurs 44–6 intuition 106 investment incentives 127 IRE programme 280 Ireland cooperation 371 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76–7 Islamic culture 17, 18 Italy CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 299, 300, 305 cross-border cooperation 153 high-tech ventures cooperation 277 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76, 77–8 technology parks 153 joint ventures 55, 225 key informant design 64 Kirwan, Paul 391–414 Index Klinar, Monika 348–69 knowledge capital 126, 141, 167 clusters 126, 145 codified 128 commercialization 167 creation 58, 91, 96, 128 diversity 374 and growth 127–8 marketplace 169–70 resources 128, 167, 201, 402, 406 sharing see knowledge transfer tacit 57–8, 128, 129, 130, 199, 204, 232, 322 and technology development 128 knowledge transfer 59, 99, 128, 138, 144–5, 300, 371 academic–industry interaction 163–83 high-tech ventures 128, 129, 263, 322 ICT industry 199, 201 and networking 204 see also technology transfer knowledge-based economy, European Union as 98, 290, 292 knowledge-based industries 57–8, 98, 103, 190 and client base 205 and innovation 205, 276 regional requirements 195, 197 see also high-tech ventures; ICT Kotnik, Patricia 126–62 language 79 Lasch, Frank 1–8, 15, 29–34, 187–219 Le Roy, Frédéric 187–219 leadership Bradford 116 middle-management 118 style 99, 104, 108, 116, 355 value-driven 103, 116 see also management learning cooperation 58, 103 regions 230 Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit 395, 406 licensing 169 425 Lisbon Agreement 57, 97–8, 100, 126, 261, 289–90, 310–11, 372 Lithuania, national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 377 Ljubljana Technology Park case study 151, 153, 155–7 localization economies 195–202, 224–5, 226 location choice entrepreneurship 208, 209, 224–5, 226–7, 231 sustainability 208, 209 see also geographical proximity Luxembourg national culture and cooperation 65–6 unemployment and poverty 1, McGowan, Pauric 163–83 management academic entrepreneurship 177–9, 180 firm 107, 204, 206, 325 high-tech ventures 58, 102, 276, 309, 330, 343–4, 398, 410–11 ICT 309, 348–69 and innovation 103, 384–6 management-employee-human resources triangle 103 professional transition 348–69 SMEs 204 see also leadership marketing and entrepreneurship 75, 225 position 58, 94–5, 102, 121, 331 masculinity Bradford aerospace industry 99 and cooperation 63, 67, 70, 72, 73, 79, 80 and individualism 63 and national culture 60, 61, 67, 72, 74–5, 76, 77, 361 and strategic partners 63, 74–5 see also femininity MEMA network 306 Miguel Herández Universidad 395, 406 MNCs 9, 14, 263, 334 SMEs, need for 263 see also agglomeration 426 Index Moldova CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300 TACIS programme 301 Motion Inc 327–9, 330–32, 333–4, 335–6, 337–8, 339–41 N V Rede 266 NAF classification 189, 191 Nahtigal, Valentina 126–62 national culture 9, 17, 21 Austria 65–6 Belgium 65–6, 68, 76–7 and cooperation 55–81, 373 and cooperation, exploratory study 64–78 cross-cultural alliances 80 Darmstadt 276–7, 279 Denmark 65–6, 68, 76 and economic behaviour 59 Eindhoven 276–7, 279 and employment 59 Estonia 65–6, 370–90, 375–86 Finland 65–6, 68, 76 and firm development phases 60 France 65–6, 68, 76–7 Germany 65–6, 68, 76, 276 Greece 65–6, 68, 76, 77–8 and high-tech ventures 55–81, 95 and individual behaviour 59–60, 67, 72–3, 76, 77, 276, 374, 377, 383–4 and language 79 Luxembourg 65–6 and masculinity 60, 61, 67, 72, 74–5, 76, 77, 361 and new product development 60, 77 Norway 65–6 and partner diversity 76–8 Poland 65 Portugal 65–6, 371 Slovenia 65–6, 67, 68, 76, 77, 361 Spain 65–6, 68, 76 and strategic partnerships 73–4, 76–8 UK 65–6, 68, 76–7 and uncertainty avoidance 62–3, 67, 72, 74 Wallonia 236, 237, 239, 242, 243–6, 251–2 Yugoslavia 67 natural sciences 191 Netherlands aerospace industry 97 Airbus project AWVN 103 Bradford company see Bradford cooperation 99–100, 113–15, 118, 119, 371 Eindhoven see Eindhoven high-tech ventures case studies 327–38 Impuls project 331 innovation cultures 265, 374 Motion Inc 327–9, 330–32, 333–4, 335–6, 337–8, 339–41 national culture 65–6, 68, 76–7, 114, 115–16, 121, 276 population 265 R&D 13 SMEs 6, 266 social innovation policy 103 Sound Inc 327, 329–30, 332–3, 334–6, 337–8, 339–41 uncertainty avoidance 276–7 unemployment University of Twente 395, 406 networking opportunities 147–8, 149, 204, 229, 251, 275–6, 294, 295, 296, 301, 321 early-stage 391–414 and entrepreneurship 321, 325, 392–3, 397 entrepreneurship in networks model (EiN) 392, 393 high-tech ventures 205, 330, 335–6, 338–9, 340, 341, 391–414 ICT 199–200, 202 and knowledge transfer 204 sustainability 204, 205, 209 and technology parks 131, 145, 153–5 Wallonia 251 see also cooperation new product development, and national culture 60, 77 Nisbet, Robert 109–12, 116–17, 121 Noord-Brabant Agency 99 Norway, national culture and cooperation 65–6 Index OECD 189–90, 191 organizational capital 327, 336, 342, 401 organizational factors academic entrepreneurship 179, 180 diversity 232 Eindhoven 269–70 high-tech ventures 204–5, 269–70, 350, 351, 355, 358–61, 367–9 life-cycle model 348–9 R&D 264, 268 sustainability 204–5, 207–9 Pahor, Marko 348–69 partner diversity business partners in high-tech ventures 205 and cooperation 67, 70, 72, 75–6, 77 future research 80 and individualism 73 and national culture 76–8 and uncertainty avoidance 73 Partnership for Growth and Jobs 290 patents 128, 157, 265 Perlen entlang der Neiße project, Germany 305 personal characteristics 104–6, 128, 167–8, 221, 223, 267–9, 276 Pfon 332–3, 340, 341 PHARE programme 144, 280, 301 pharmaceuticals 75, 147, 157, 191 PLANET CENSE 302–3 planned behaviour theory 21 Poland CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300, 305 MEMA network 306 national culture and cooperation 65 unemployment population growth, and ICT 198–9, 200–201 Portugal national culture and cooperation 65–6, 371 poverty postmaterialism 79 poverty power distance 60–61 PPP (People, Profit, Planet) investment 116 427 Prasˇ nikar, Janez 77, 126–62, 348–69 PREPARITY project 297, 304–5, 306 private sector 289, 295–6, 305, 306, 307–9, 399 public-private partnerships (PPP) 303, 304 and spatial development and research 302–3 productivity 5, 102, 127, 140–42 professional culture 9, 18–19, 75, 79, 92, 122, 227–8, 322, 336, 340, 341, 375 profit maximization 230, 267 profit responsibility 116 psycho-analysis 95–6, 100, 104, 106–9, 228 public research organizations 130 R&D academic research 130–31, 145, 147, 148, 151, 155, 157 cooperation 45–6, 75, 138, 145, 202 Darmstadt 270, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277 Eindhoven 265, 273, 276, 277 and entrepreneurship 6, 226–7 European Union 44, 98 financial support 145–8 Finland 13 and firm size 139 Germany 270 high-tech ventures 13, 278, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333–6, 337, 340, 358, 360, 401, 408 ICT 189, 191, 193, 194, 199, 200, 202 organizational factors 264, 268 Slovenia 138, 145, 147–8, 150, 151–3, 156 technology transfer 130 see also innovation Rabobank 92 Rau, Karl-Heinz 348–69 READY project 303 regional factors development 3, 103, 295, 305, 306, 398, 399, 405–8 geography of enterprise 228–32 and high-tech ventures 187–219, 405–8 428 Index ICT 195–202 innovation 195–202 intra-regional differences 220–60 subregional context 220–60 resource collection 58 resource-based view theory 9, 103, 276 risk capital 138, 290 and cooperation 306–10, 333–5, 337, 338, 339, 341 and entrepreneurship 225 European Union 306–10 propensity rivalry 98 Romania CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300 EU-PHARE programme 301 Russia, strategic alliances 77 Salamanca University 395, 406 Schumpeter, J 12, 101, 128, 129, 226, 320 Science Enterprise Challenge, UK 164 scientific entrepreneurship 168, 336 service sector 3, 5, 226 Shane, S 13, 57, 59, 60, 67, 165, 167, 321, 392 SIC classification 189, 191 Siemens 92 Skype 371, 385 Slovakia CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300, 305 cooperation 371 education and training 361 Slovenia Act on Research and Development Activity 145 average value added per employee 133, 134 CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300, 305 competitiveness support infrastructure 150–55, 158, 159 cooperation in innovation 136–43, 144, 145, 149, 150 cross-border cooperation 142–3, 153 enterprise development 133 entrepreneurship and competitiveness 132, 145, 150–55, 157–9 entrepreneurship promotion 144 exports 141, 142, 143 FDI 145, 147, 149 financial support 145–8, 155, 156 ICT management 348–69 Industrial Property Act 145 innovation 132, 133–43, 144, 150, 155 Ljubljana Technology Park case study 151, 153, 155–7 market orientation 362 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 67, 68, 76, 77, 361 productivity through innovation 140–42 R&D 138, 145, 147–8, 150, 151–3, 156 Slovenian Technology Agency 150 Small Business Development Strategy 144 SMEs 133, 134, 138–9, 144, 145, 147, 150–51 technology entrepreneurship 132–57 technology, innovation and economic growth 127–31, 155 technology parks 151–7 technology support infrastructure 144–5, 148–50, 155, 157 unemployment 144 SMEs aerospace industry 97 Austria 275 average sales per enterprise 133, 134 Eindhoven 266 and employment creation 3–4 Estonia 371 European Union 133, 134, 138, 289, 290, 303 financial support 147, 148 Finland and growth rates 225 ICT 5, 193–5 and innovation 5, 138, 139–40, 263, 276 and job destruction and managerial knowledge 204 MNCs need for 263 Netherlands 6, 266 Index professional management transition 348–69 Slovenia 133, 134, 138–9, 144, 145, 147, 150–51 survival rates 6, 8, technology support 143–4, 150–51 social capital 36, 103, 126, 393, 394–402, 403–4, 406–8, 410 social innovation 102, 103 sociological analysis 95–6, 100, 109–12 Sound Inc 327, 329–30, 332–3, 334–6, 337–8, 339–41 Spain Airbus project broadband access 372 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76 Universidad Miguel Herández 395, 406 University of Salamanca 395, 406 spatial development European Union 291–2, 294, 295, 297, 302–3, 309 Germany 294–5 specialization 19, 104, 149, 167, 225, 226, 227 Star 21 98 start-ups see high-tech ventures Steensma, H 56, 59, 60, 61, 62–3, 64, 74 Stora Enso 92 strategic alliances 3, 77, 96, 278, 279 high-tech ventures 278, 279, 332–3, 334, 340, 341 strategic capital 393, 396–7 high-tech ventures 398–401, 403, 404, 406, 407 strategic flexibility high-tech ventures 329, 330, 331, 332–5, 340, 341, 377 innovation 323 strategic partners 55, 63 and cooperation 67, 69, 71, 75–6, 80, 96 future research 80 and individualism 61–2, 73–4 and masculinity 63, 74–5 and national culture 73–4, 76–8 and uncertainty avoidance 74 strategic planning, ICT 355 429 structure-conduct-performance triangle 102, 103 subcontractors 209, 371 sunbelt effects 199 support infrastructure competitiveness 150–55 high-tech ventures 131, 132, 138, 143–50, 151–3, 157, 167, 261–86, 328, 329 Slovenia 144–5, 148–50, 155, 157 SMEs 143–4, 150–51 United States 275 see also financial support SURVIE 4, 8–9, 122–3 survival 16, 21–2, 349, 363 aerospace industry 89–125 assessment, methods of 100–113 Bradford 100–113 and cooperation 9, 10, 92–3 in a high-tech venture 6, 8, 15, 89–125, 202–9, 278, 323, 324, 331 SMEs 6, 8, Wallonia 239 sustainability 10, 15, 195, 201, 203 age at start-up 203, 206, 207 business partners 204–5 and client base 205, 208, 209 education levels 203, 206, 207 and ethnicity 203–4 European Union 289–91, 292 and firm size, previous 204, 206, 207, 208 France 203 gender factor 203–4 high-tech ventures 324 human capital 35, 36, 206–7 in ICT 6, 205–9 individual factors in new firms 203–4 location choice 208, 209 networking 204, 205, 209 organizational factors 204–5, 207–9 pre-founding activities 204, 206, 207 regional market orientation 205 start-up capital 204 and work experience 204, 206, 207 see also survival 430 Sweden broadband access 372 companies in Estonia 371, 385 national culture and cooperation 65–6, 68, 76, 77 SMEs Syntens 266 TACIS programme 301 Tartu University 395, 406 taxation 235–6 team performance 59, 374–5 technical capital 322, 336–7, 342–3 techno-starters see high-tech ventures technological opportunities 127, 136, 137–8 technology parks 131, 132, 145, 147, 148, 151–7, 303 Austria 153 and networking opportunities 131, 145, 153–5 Slovenia 151–7 technology transfer and knowledge resources 128, 167, 201, 402, 406 and R&D 130 SAMPLES model 263 and spin-off firms 129–31, 156, 168–9, 202, 263, 397 see also knowledge transfer technology-based start-ups see hightech ventures TECPARKNET project 303 telecommunications 191, 192, 194 temperament 107 Thessalonika European Council 98 Tissue Ventures 402–5 transaction costs 225 transition countries 126, 225, 294–7, 298 see also individual countries trust 116, 118, 119 Turkey, strategic alliances 77 Twente University 395, 406 Uhlaner, Lorraine M 55–86 UK academic entrepreneurship 164 Airbus project high-tech ventures cooperation 277 Index national culture and cooperation 65–6, 67, 68, 76–7 Science Enterprise Challenge 164 SMEs University Challenge Fund 164 University of Glamorgan 395, 406 University of Warwick 395, 406 Ukraine CADSES Neighbourhood Programme 300 TACIS programme 301 Ulijn, Jan 322, 336, 349, 354, 361, 362, 373, 374, 375, 383 ‘Entrepreneurship in a high-tech venture’ 89–125 ‘The importance of cooperation and support for technology start-ups’ 261–86 ‘The influence of national culture on cooperative attitudes’ 55–86 Introduction 1–4, 8–24, 35–40 Umbach, Frank 261–86 UN, on sustainability 292 uncertainty avoidance 60, 61, 70, 276, 322, 406, 408 and cooperation 62–3, 67, 73, 79 Darmstadt 276–7 Eindhoven 276–7 Germany 276–7 and national culture 62–3, 72, 74, 372 Netherlands 276–7 and partner diversity 73 and strategic partners 74 unemployment 1–2, 5, 144, 193, 199, 201–2, 207 previous 204, 224 see also employment UNICO consortium 279–80 United States aeronautics industry cooperation 13 DIANA project entrepreneurship 4–5, 7, 275 high-tech ventures 4–8, 21 SMEs support infrastructure 275 universities and spatial development and research 302–3 Index see also academic entrepreneurship University Challenge Fund, UK 164 urbanization economies 224, 225 Vadi, Maaja 370–90 Vahcˇ icˇ , Alesˇ 126–62 value creation, innovation 321, 322–3, 325–6, 332, 377 value diversity, innovation 37–90 van de Vrande, Vareska 261–86 van der Sijde, Peter 391–414 Van Hamme, Gilles 220–60 van Putten, Nico 99, 114, 115, 117, 118 Vedina, Rebekka 370–90 venture capital 21–2, 156, 164, 334, 398, 399–400, 404 Verhoeff, Arjen 89–125 Verhoeven, Moniel 89–125 Vision Planet project 302 Voeten, Ed 89, 98, 99, 108–9, 112, 113–14, 115, 118 Voeten, Raoul 99, 108, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 121 Wakkee, Ingrid A.M 319–47, 392, 409 Wallonia business creation measurement 234–5, 239 Contract for the Future 220 cultural context 236, 237, 239, 242, 243–6, 251–2 431 data processing 236–9 deindustrialization 248–9, 251 economic context 236, 237, 242 electoral behaviour 246, 247, 249 employment levels 240–41, 243–4, 246–8, 251, 252 entrepreneurship 220–32 entrepreneurship intensity 239–52 facilities and infrastructure 238 geography of business creation 222–52 methodology 232–9 municipal level characteristics 235–6, 239–52 networking 251 scale of spatial analysis 233–4 spatial disparities 239–52 survival 239 tax policy 235–6 theoretical background 222–32 see also Belgium Warwick University 395, 406 wealth creation 2, 14, 57, 128, 129 Weggeman, M 19, 24, 75, 322, 336, 375 work experience 204, 206, 207 work–life balance 95, 107 Yami, Saïd 7, 187–219 Yugoslavia imports from Slovenia 143 national culture and cooperation 67 ... forward the concepts to dene and furnish with some background detail: entrepreneurship (and the entrepreneur), cooperation (and the rm), high-tech ventures (and the relation with technology and innovation),... similar to the US, small enterprises create most of the new jobs and the job loss rate is lowest for this category By contrast, in Introduction Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands the high job... together dierent viewpoints, ndings and research results This book contributes to this overall aim through its focus as expressed in the title: Entrepreneurship, Cooperation and the Firm: The