Public health and geography

An introduction to medical and health geography Background paper to a new bachelor course at the Faculty of Spatial Sciences of the University of Groningen Maaike den Draak Population Research Centre Working Paper Series 05-1, June 2005 Population Research Centre PO Box 800 9700 AV Groningen The Netherlands Tel +31 50 363 3898 Fax +31 50 363 3901 www.rug.nl/prc An introduction to medical and health geography Background paper to a new bachelor course at the Faculty of Spatial Sciences of the University of Groningen Maaike den Draak Population Research Centre Working Paper Series 05-1, June 2005 The Working Paper Series of the Population Research Centre intend to facilitate the distribution of interim reports as part of the Centre’s programme of research and have only limited distribution Editing by Nadja Jacubowski  Copyright Maaike den Draak, 2005 No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, print, photocopy, microfilm, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author EDITORIAL With the shift to the Bachelor-Master system, the Department of Demography at the Faculty of Spatial Sciences of the University of Groningen formulated a Minor in Demography The Minor is part of the Bachelor of Human Geography and Planning and started in the course year 2003-04 One of the new courses in the Minor Demography is Medical Geography The new course is actually a successor of the former course Population and Health which was part of the ‘old’ Masters in Population Studies that lasted two years One of the objectives of the course is to interweave the discipline of Demography with those of Geography and Planning In the past years, the author of this Working Paper, Maaike den Draak, provided the course on Population and Health during a PhD assignment In the course year 2003-04, she was asked to formulate the new course in Medical Geography as based on her earlier experiences As the reader will see (Chapter 1), Maaike turned out to be the best person to formulate the new course: already in the early 1990s – when the special issue of Geografie on medical geography was published (Groenewegen 1993), she considered to study medical geography In this paper, the author describes different ‘streams’ in the field of medical or health geography, the situation of medical or health geography in the Netherlands, and the contents of the course Medical Geography as developed for the course year 2003-04 The paper also includes a reflection on the first year course and provides recommendations for changes I hope that this Working Paper will contribute to further development of the course and the discipline of Medical or Health Geography and to identification of possible joint research within the field of medical geography Prof dr Inge Hutter Groningen, February 2005 ABSTRACT Since 2004, the Faculty of Spatial Sciences of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands offers a course on medical / health geography The course is part of the minor ‘Demography’ within the bachelor ‘Social Geography and Planning’ The development of this course constitutes the immediate cause for the present paper The paper provides a background setting and introduces the subdiscipline of medical and health geography to geographers, demographers, planners, and other colleagues at the Faculty of Spatial Sciences in Groningen The paper describes history, traditions, branches, frameworks, and themes in medical / health geography and refers to famous names, studies, and texts A short introduction to the two traditions of classic medical geography, i.e geographical epidemiology and health care geography, is followed by a discussion of the ‘new’ geography of health Subsequently, the paper discusses the history and the developments of the field in the Netherlands, and the new course at the University of Groningen As medical / health geography shows the links between geography and several other disciplines, the new course provides a good opportunity to the Faculty of Spatial Sciences in Groningen to strengthen bonds between geography and planning, and demography Keywords • Medical geography • Health geography • Disciplinary development • Curriculum CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE SUBDISCIPLINE OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH GEOGRAPHY 2.1 A brief history 2.2 Recent developments 2.3 Links to other disciplines CLASSICAL MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY 3.1 Geographical epidemiology 3.1.1 Human disease ecology 3.1.2 Disease diffusion 3.2 Health care geography THE ‘NEW’ GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH MEDICAL AND HEALTH GEOGRAPHY IN THE NETHERLANDS A NEW COURSE IN MEDICAL/HEALTH GEOGRAPHY AT FRW 6.1 Set-up of the new course 6.1.1 Contents in 2003/2004 6.1.2 From population and health to medical Geography 6.2 Other, existing courses in medical/health geography 6.3 Room for future developments REFERENCES Human disease ecology Disease diffusion Health care geography The ‘new’ geography of health and the debate APPENDIX 11 11 11 13 16 19 23 27 29 29 31 33 34 35 39 41 42 44 47 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Dr John Snow and his map of cholera deaths in the Soho area in London, 1854 An application of GIS in the health sector: Bodyviewer developed by GeoHealth Incorporated (USA) Diagram from “Medical geography as human ecology: the dimension of population movement”, Meade (1977) Map of the distribution of AIDS cases in the USA, 1988, Gould (1989) One of the maps in the Dutch National Atlas of Public Health: mortality from diabetes mellitus 1999-2001, the Netherlands The distribution of common cold in the Netherlands and Belgium on December 14, 2003 12 15 24 28 INTRODUCTION In 1993, the Dutch geographical journal Geografie published an issue around the theme of medical geography (vol.2, no.3, June 1993) In that year, I was a first-year student in human geography at the University of Amsterdam who was contemplating her future specialisation Medical geography sounded appealing to me but a quick search indicated that none of the geography departments in the Netherlands was offering any courses within this field I continued my education in demography at the University of Groningen, at both Master and PhD level, while keeping a focus on health issues Coincidentally, now, eleven years later I am organising and teaching the first course in the Netherlands (at least to my knowledge) on medical or health geography The Dictionary of Human Geography describes medical geography as “geographical analyses of health, disease, mortality and health care” (Johnston et al 2000, p.494) and defines the geography of health and health care as “a sub-discipline focused on the dynamic, and recursive, relationship between health, health services, and place, and on the impact of both health services and the health of population groups on the vitality of places” (p.330) Simply put, medical / health geography can be described as the branch in geography that uses the concepts and techniques of geography to study health, disease, mortality, and health care The new course on medical/health geography in the Netherlands is part of the minor ‘Demography’ within the bachelor ‘Social Geography and Planning’ at the Faculty of Spatial Sciences (FRW) of the University of Groningen (RuG) The development of this course constitutes the immediate cause for the present paper The paper is intended to provide a background setting and to introduce the subdiscipline of medical and health geography to geographers, demographers, planners The background paper starts with a brief introduction to the subdiscipline of medical and health geography and its history in Section Sections and describe its traditions, branches, frameworks, and themes, and refer to famous names, studies, and texts Subsequently, Section focuses on the history and the developments in the field of medical and health geography in the Netherlands Finally, Section discusses the new course at the FRW in Groningen DE GROTE GRIEP METING (2004), De grote griep meting 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Contemporary Issues in Geography and Education 3, pp.9-17 PILE, S (1996), The body and the city: psychoanalysis, space and subjectivity London: Routledge TEATHER, E (1999), Embodied geographies: spaces, bodies, and rites of passage London: Routledge VERHEIJ, R.A., D.H DE BAKKER, and P.P GROENEWEGEN (1999), Is there a geography of alternative medical treatment in The Netherlands? Health & Place 5, pp.83-97 WILLIAMS, A (1999), Therapeutic landscapes: the dynamic between place and wellness Lanham etc.: University Press of America WILTON, R.D (1996), Diminished worlds? The geography of everyday life with HIV/AIDS Health & Place 2, pp.69-84 46 APPENDIX: COMPLETE LIST OF REQUIRED READINGS COURSE ON MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY 2003/2004 CLARKE, K.C., S.L MCLAFFERTY, and B.J TEMPALSKI (1996), On epidemiology and Geographic Information Systems: a review and discussion of future directions Emerging Infectious Diseases 2, no.2, pp.85-92 DYCK, I (1995), Hidden geographies: the changing lifeworlds of women with multiple sclerosis Social Science & Medicine 40, no.3, pp.307320 GATRELL, A.C (2002), Geographies of health: an introduction Malden etc.: Blackwell Publishing The following chapters: Chapter 1: Introducing geographies of health, pp.3-24 Chapter 3: Method and technique in the geography of health, pp.50-88 Chapter 4: Inequalities in health outcomes, pp.91-134 Chapter 5: Inequalities in the provision and utilization of health services, pp.135-165 HARDON, A et al (2001), Applied health research manual: anthropology of health and health care Revised edition 2001 Amsterdam: Spinhuis The following selected sections: Module 1: The anthropological approach, pp.1-7 Module 2: Health and illness, pp.9-15 Module 4: Health systems, pp.25-31 JANZ, N.K., V.L CHAMPION, and V.J STRECHER (2002), The health belief model In: GLANZ, K., B.K RIMER, and F.M LEWIS (eds.), Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice 3rd edition San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp.45-51 + Figure 3.1 Up to section “Evidence for and against the model” KEARNS, R.A (1993), Place and health: towards a reformed medical geography The Professional Geographer 45, no.2, pp.139-147 LEE, K., T MCMICHAEL, C BUTLER, M AHERN, and D BRADLEY (2002), Global change and health: the good, the bad and the evidence Global Change & Human Health 3, no.1, pp.16-19 MAYER, J.D (2000), Geography, ecology and emerging infectious diseases Social Science & Medicine 50, pp.937-952 MCMICHAEL, A.J and R.E WOODRUFF (2002), Climate change and human health: what we know? Medical Journal of Australia, 177, pp.590-591 MEADE, M.S and R.J EARICKSON (2000), Medical geography Second edition New York/London: The Guilford Press The following chapters: Chapter 2: The human ecology of disease, pp.21-39, up to “Evolution, adaptation, and emergence” Chapter 8: Disease diffusion 47 in space, pp.262-285, up to “Geographic approaches to the pandemic of AIDS” OMRAN, A.R (1982), Epidemiologic transition Theory In: ROSS, J.A (ed.), International encyclopedia of population Volume New York: Free Press, pp.172-175 POPKIN, B.M (1994), The nutrition transition in low-income countries: an emerging crisis Nutrition Reviews 52, no.9, pp.285-298 PRINGLE, D.G (1996), What is medical geography? Geographical Viewpoint 24, pp.20-28 SMALLMAN-RAYNOR, M and D PHILLIPS (1999), Late stages of the epidemiological transition: health status in the developed world Health & Place 5, pp.209-222 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL LONGEVITY CENTRE (2000), The implications for training of embracing a life course approach to health London: International Longevity Centre Geneva: WHO WHO/NMH/HPS/00.2 Up to “Implications for training” Available on the internet: http://www.who.int/hpr/ageing/lifecoursetraining.pdf YOUNG, T.K (1998), Population health: concepts and methods New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press The following chapter: Chapter 3: Measuring health and disease in populations (II), pp.59-94 Not the last part of section “Diagnosis and classification of diseases” (by which I mean p.70 starting from “To assess how accurate…” to p.76), not section “Cultural concepts of health and disease” (pp.7981), and not the case studies (pp.82-86) 48 Population Research Centre Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen List of Working Papers (1995-present) 02-1 01-3 01-2 01-1 00-2 00-1 99-5 99-4 99-3 99-2 99-1 98-6 98-5 98-4 Sobotka, T (2002), Ten years of rapid fertility changes in the European postcommunist countries Evidence and interpretation Dias, J.G (2001), Components of knowledge on AIDS in Brazil Identifying information needs using a segmented approach Khatun, M and F.J Willekens (2001), The life history calendar Technical aspects of data analysis using contraceptive calendar of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey Draak, M den (2000), Pregnancy and birth outcome leading to neonatal mortality Report of a hospital study In Trivandum, Kerala, South India Draak, M den (2000), Hospital data on pregnancy, delivery, and the neonate Report of a feasibility study in Karnataka and Kerala, India, 27 November-25 December 1998 Mills, M and F Trovato (2000), A comparative analysis of the effect of pregnancy in cohabiting unions on formal marriage in Canada, the Netherlands and Latvia Volkov, A.G (1999), Methodology and organization of the 1994 microcensus in Russia Draak, M den (1999), The epidemiologic transition: present-day situation with focus on infants in South India and Mexico Mills, M (1999), Construction of input data for log-linear models of event histories Scherbov, S and H.A.W van Vianen (1999), Fertility change in Russia since 1930: data and estimates Scherbov, S and H.A.W van Vianen (1999), The fertility transition in Russia: women born between 1900 and 1960 Ezra, M (1998), Is ecological degradation a demographic issue: the need for relating theory with intervention policies Mehary, T (1998), A review of migration and settlement patterns in Eritrea: a case of return migrants Visser, M (1998), Aging in India, a demographic perspective (1 Analysis, Appendices) 49 98-3 98-2 98-1 97-1 96-6 96-5 96-4 96-3 96-2 96-1 95-2 95-1 50 Willekens, F.J (1998), Gompertz in context: the Gompertz and related distributions Willekens, F.J (1998), Modeling approaches to the indirect estimation of migration flows: from entropy to EM Scherbov, S and H.A.W van Vianen (1998), Marital and fertility careers of Russian women born between 1910 and 1935 Golubkov, V.V., V.A Grekchuha, and C.V Krugljakov (1997), Sequential parameter estimation for large generalized linear models: theory and application to age-period-cohort analysis Draak, M den, and I Hutter (1996), Fertility in the Irish Republic: nurtured by Irish law and the Catholic church Hutter, I (1996), Induced abortion and contraceptive use in Russia: state of the art and need for a micro-approach Willekens, F.J (1996), From counting people to the interpretation of population statistics Willekens, F.J (1996), Population policies for a sustainable human development Willekens, F.J (1996), Future prospects for population research in the Netherlands Buiter, J (1996), Falling between two stools: a descriptive study of diarrhoeal disease and health practices concerning under fives in the Krishna delta, India Masters Thesis Demography Boelens, P.L.R and W.J van der Veen (1995), Social consequences of socio-economic transformation Infant mortality as a social indicator in Eastern European countries reconsidered Willekens, F.J (1995), Multiregional demographic forecasting ... systems and science in public health, healthcare, health services, and health resources” (International Journal of Health Geographics 2004) More information on GIS and its applications to public health. .. Human Geography describes medical geography as “geographical analyses of health, disease, mortality and health care” (Johnston et al 2000, p.494) and defines the geography of health and health. .. between geography and planning, and demography Keywords • Medical geography • Health geography • Disciplinary development • Curriculum CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE SUBDISCIPLINE OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH GEOGRAPHY