macromolecular self assembly

MACROMOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY Edited by LAURENT BILLON OLEG BORISOV Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at 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at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Names: Billon, Laurent, 1968- editor | Borisov, Oleg, editor Title: Macromolecular self-assembly / edited by Laurent Billon, Oleg Borisov Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016015704 (print) | LCCN 2016021455 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118887127 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118887844 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118887974 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Biopolymers | Macromolecules | Self-assembly (Chemistry) Classification: LCC TP248.65.P62 M325 2016 (print) | LCC TP248.65.P62 (ebook) | DDC 572–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016015704 Set in 10/12pt, TimesLTStd by SPi Global, Chennai, India Printed in the United States of America 10 CONTENTS List of Contributors vii Preface xi A Supramolecular Approach to Macromolecular Self-Assembly: Cyclodextrin Host/Guest Complexes Bernhard V K J Schmidt and Christopher Barner-Kowollik 1.1 Introduction, 1.2 Synthetic Approaches to Host/Guest Functionalized Building Blocks, 1.2.1 CD Functionalization, 1.2.2 Suitable Guest Groups, 1.3 Supramolecular CD Self-Assemblies, 1.3.1 Linear Polymers, 1.3.2 Branched Polymers, 12 1.3.3 Cyclic Polymer Architectures, 17 1.4 Higher Order Assemblies of CD-Based Polymer Architectures Toward Nanostructures, 17 1.4.1 Micelles/Core-Shell Particles, 17 1.4.2 Vesicles, 19 1.4.3 Nanotubes and Fibers, 20 1.4.4 Nanoparticles and Hybrid Materials, 21 1.4.5 Planar Surface Modification, 22 1.5 Applications, 23 1.6 Conclusion and Outlook, 26 References, 26 iii iv CONTENTS Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: The Contribution of Controlled Radical Polymerization to The Formation of Self-Stabilized Polymer Particles of Various Morphologies 33 Muriel Lansalot, Jutta Rieger, and Franck D’Agosto 2.1 Introduction, 33 2.2 Preliminary Comments Underlying Controlled Radical Polymerization, 36 2.2.1 Introduction, 36 2.2.2 Major Methods Based on a Reversible Termination Mechanism, 37 2.2.3 Major Methods Based on a Reversible Transfer Mechanism, 39 2.3 Pisa Via CRP Based on Reversible Termination, 40 2.3.1 PISA Using NMP, 40 2.3.2 Using ATRP, 46 2.4 Pisa Via CRP Based on Reversible Transfer, 48 2.4.1 Using RAFT in Emulsion Polymerization, 48 2.4.2 Using RAFT in Dispersion Polymerization, 61 2.4.3 Using TERP, 70 2.5 Concluding Remarks, 71 Acknowledgments, 73 Abbreviations, 73 References, 75 Amphiphilic Gradient Copolymers: Synthesis and Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution 83 Elise Deniau-Lejeune, Olga Borisova, Petr Štˇepánek, Laurent Billon, and Oleg Borisov 3.1 Introduction, 83 3.2 Synthetic Strategies for The Preparation of Gradient Copolymers, 86 3.2.1 Preparation of Gradient Copolymers by Controlled Radical Copolymerization, 87 3.2.2 Preparation of Block-Gradient Copolymers Using Controlled Radical Polymerization, 106 3.3 Self-Assembly, 110 3.3.1 Gradient Copolymers, 110 3.3.2 Diblock-Gradient Copolymers, 111 3.3.3 Triblock-Gradient Copolymers, 113 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook, 114 Abbreviations, 115 References, 117 Electrostatically Assembled Complex Macromolecular Architectures Based on Star-Like Polyionic Species 125 Dmitry V Pergushov and Felix A Plamper 4.1 Introduction, 125 v CONTENTS 4.2 Core-Corona Co-Assemblies of Homopolyelectrolyte Stars Complexed with Linear Polyions, 127 4.3 Core-Shell-Corona Co-Assemblies of Star-Like Micelles of Ionic Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers Complexed with Linear Polyions, 130 4.4 Vesicular Co-Assemblies of Bis-Hydrophilic Miktoarm Stars Complexed with Linear Polyions, 133 4.5 Conclusions, 137 Acknowledgment, 137 References, 137 Solution Properties of Associating Polymers 141 Olga Philippova 5.1 Introduction, 141 5.2 Structures of Associating Polyelectrolytes, 142 5.3 Associating Polyelectrolytes in Dilute Solutions, 142 5.3.1 Intramolecular Association, 145 5.3.2 Intermolecular Association, 147 5.4 Associating Polyelectrolytes in Semidilute Solutions, 151 5.5 Conclusions, 155 References, 155 Macromolecular Decoration of Nanoparticles for Guiding Self-Assembly in 2D and 3D 159 Christian Kuttner, Munish Chanana, Matthias Karg, and Andreas Fery 6.1 Introduction, 159 6.2 Guiding Assembly by Decoration with Artificial Macromolecules, 160 6.2.1 Decoration of Nanoparticles, 161 6.2.2 Distance Control in 2D and 3D, 166 6.2.3 Breaking the Symmetry, 171 6.3 Guiding Assembly by Decoration with Biomacromolecules, 173 6.3.1 DNA-Assisted Assembly, 173 6.3.2 Protein-Assisted Assembly, 177 6.4 Application of Assemblies, 181 6.5 Conclusions and Outlook, 183 References, 184 Self-Assembly of Biohybrid Polymers Dawid Kedracki, Jancy Nixon Abraham, Enora Prado, and Corinne Nardin 7.1 Introduction, 193 7.1.1 Amphiphiles, 194 7.1.2 Packing Parameter and Interfacial Tension, 195 7.1.3 Interaction Forces in Self-Assembly, 196 193 vi CONTENTS 7.2 Self-Assembly of Biohybrid Polymers, 198 7.2.1 Polymer-DNA Hybrids, 198 7.2.2 Polypeptide Block Copolymers, 204 7.2.3 Block Copolypeptides, 205 7.3 Self-Assembly Driven Nucleation Polymerization, 207 7.3.1 Polymer-DNA Hybrids, 209 7.3.2 Polymer-Peptide Hybrids, 209 7.3.3 DNA-Peptide Hybrids, 212 7.4 Self-Assembly Driven by Electrostatic Interactions, 213 7.4.1 DNA/Polymer Bio-IPECs, 216 7.4.2 DNA/Copolymer Bio-IPECs, 216 7.5 Conclusion, 218 References, 219 Biomedical Application of Block Copolymers 231 Martin Hrubý, Sergey K Filippov, and Petr Štˇepánek 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Index Introduction, 231 Diblock and Triblock Copolymers, 234 Graft and Statistical Copolymers, 240 Concluding Remarks, 245 Acknowledgment, 245 References, 245 251 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Jancy Nixon Abraham, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Department of inorganic and analytical chemistry, quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland Christopher Barner-Kowollik, Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany and Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institut of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-HelmholtzPlatz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany Laurent Billon, Institut des Sciences Analytiqueset de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les MatériauxIPREM, CNRS - UMR 5254, Université de Pau & Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau, France Olga Borisova, Department of Polymer Science, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119191, Russia Oleg Borisov, Institut des Sciences Analytiqueset de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les MatériauxIPREM, CNRS - UMR 5254, Université de Pau & Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau, France Munish Chanana, ETH Zürich, Institute of Building Materials, Stefano-FransciniPlatz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, University of Bayreuth, Physical Chemistry II, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Franck D’Agosto, Université de Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), LCPP group, 69616 Villeurbanne, France vii viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Elise Deniau-Lejeune, Institut des Sciences Analytiqueset de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les MatériauxIPREM, CNRS - UMR 5254, Université de Pau & Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau, France Andreas Fery, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials and Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, University of Bayreuth, Physical Chemistry II, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Sergey K Filippov, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Martin Hrubý, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Matthias Karg, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Physical Chemistry I, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany, University of Bayreuth, Physical Chemistry I, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Dawid Kedracki, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Department of inorganic and analytical chemistry, quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland Christian Kuttner, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, University of Bayreuth, Physical Chemistry II, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Muriel Lansalot, Université de Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), LCPP group, 69616 Villeurbanne, France Corinne Nardin, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Department of inorganic and analytical chemistry, quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland Dmitry V Pergushov, Department of Chemistry, M.V Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia Olga Philippova, Physics Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia Felix A Plamper, Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany Enora Prado, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Department of inorganic and analytical chemistry, quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland Jutta Rieger, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, UMR 7610, rue Galilée, 94200 Ivry, France REFERENCES 245 have demonstrated that the nanoparticles are fully biocompatible and nontoxic, making them useful for biomedical applications Their porosity enables water to be entrapped, which is responsible for their pronounced stability and relatively fast degradation as followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) The polymeric nanoparticles could be loaded with the hydrophobic model drug paclitaxel (PTX) with an encapsulation efficiency of ∼95% and drug loading content of 6–7% The drug encapsulation and release modifies the inner structure of the nanoparticles, which holds a large amount of entrapped water in the drug-free condition PTX encapsulation leads to replacement of the entrapped water by the hydrophobic model drug and to shrinking of the nanoparticles, due to favorable drug–polymer hydrophobic interactions Cell viability experiments demonstrated that the nanoparticles are biocompatible and nontoxic, making them potentially useful for applications in nanomedicine 8.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS Block copolymers forming supramolecular assemblies of the micellar or polymerosomal type in aqueous media represent materials that are extremely useful for the construction of drug delivery systems especially for cancer applications The 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Chem Phys 2011, 212, 2339–2348 250 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF BLOCK COPOLYMERS 70 Bogomolova, A.; Hruby, M.; Panek, J.; Rabyk, M.; Turner, S.; Bals, S.; Steinhart, M.; Zhigunov, A.; Sedlacek, O.; Stepanek, P.; Filippov, S K Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Light Scattering Study of Hybrid Nanoparticles Composed of Thermoresponsive Triblock Copolymer F127 and Thermoresponsive Statistical Polyoxazolines with Hydrophobic Moieties J Appl Crystallogr 2013, 46, 1690–1698 71 Pospisilova, A.; Filippov, S K.; Bogomolova, A.; Turner, S.; Sedlacek, O.; Matushkin, N.; Cernochova, Z.; Stepanek, P.; Hruby, M Glycogen-graft-poly(2-alkyl-2oxazolines)—The New Versatile Biopolymer-Based Thermoresponsive Macromolecular Toolbox RSC Adv 2014, 4, 61580–61588 72 Jäger, A.; Gromadzki, D.; Jäger, E.; Giacomelli, F C.; Kozlowska, A.; Kobera, L.; Brus, ˇ J.; Ríhová, B.; El Fray, M.; Ulbrich, K.; Štpánek, P Novel “Soft” Biodegradable Nanoparticles Prepared from Aliphatic Based Monomers as a Potential Drug Delivery System Soft Matter 2012, 8, 4343–4354 73 Franke, D.; Svergun, D I DAMMIF, A Program for Rapid ab-initio Shape Determination in Small-Angle Scattering J Appl Crystallogr 2009, 42, 342–346 INDEX activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), 98, 200 amphiphiles, 194–195 amphiphilic gradient copolymer see gradient copolymers “arm-first” method, 201 associating polyelectrolytes (APs) in dilute solutions aggregation, hydrophobic moieties, 142–143 chemical structure, 144 intermolecular association, 147–151 intramolecular aggregation, 145–147 electrostatic repulsion, 141 loss of translational entropy, 141 poly(2-vinylpyridine) with n-dodecyl bromide, 141 in semidilute solutions electrostatic repulsion, 154 hydrophobic attraction, 154 properties, 155 rheological properties, 152, 154 shear thickening effect, 153 shear-thinning behavior, 152 viscosity, polymer concentration, 152 structures, 142 atom-transfer radical copolymerization (ATRcoP), 101 atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 1–2, 163 ARGET-ATRP, 39 batch copolymerizations (meth)acrylate-based PEO monomers, 89 13 C NMR spectra, 88–89 functional spontaneous gradient copolymers, 92 Kelen-Tüdos method, 92 kMC simulations, 92 nBA/MMA, 88 NMR technique, 88 parameter value, 92–93 P(MMA-grad-nBA) copolymer chains, 88, 89 PEGMA and styrene, 92 reactivity ratios, 90–92 styrene-acrylate and methacrylate-acrylates, 88 electron transfer (A(R)GET) technique, 39 halogen atom, reversible transfer, 38 reversible termination amphiphilic block copolymers, water, 46 Cu(0)-mediated CRP, 48 dispersion–polymerization process, 47 PManA block, 48 Macromolecular Self-Assembly, First Edition Edited by Laurent Billon and Oleg Borisov © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc 251 252 atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) (Continued) shell-crosslinked micelles, 47 TEM analysis, 48 semi-batch copolymerization AGET, 98 BMA and MMA cumulative and instantaneous compositions, 99, 100 experimental composition profiles, 101–102 MMA and nBA gradient copolymers, 102 MMA and tBA gradient copolymers, 102 nBA and tBA cumulative and instantaneous compositions, 99 S and nBA incorporation rate, 100–101 automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP), 93 batch copolymerizations ATRP (meth)acrylate-based PEO monomers, 89 13 C NMR spectra, 88–89 functional spontaneous gradient copolymers, 92 Kelen-Tüdos method, 92 kMC simulations, 92 nBA/MMA, 88 NMR technique, 88 parameter value, 92–93 P(MMA-grad-nBA) copolymer chains, 88, 89 PEGMA and styrene, 92 reactivity ratios, 90–92 styrene-acrylate and methacrylate-acrylates, 88 NMP, 93–95 RAFT, 95–97 biohybrid polymers, self-assembly of amphiphiles, 194–195 block copolypeptides, 205–206 electrostatic interactions charge-to-charge stoichiometry, 215–216 co-assembly process, 214 DNA/copolymer bio-IPECs, 216–218 DNA/polymer bio-IPECs, 216 environmental factors, 214 IPECs, 213–216 pH-responsive IPECs formation, 215 polyelectrolytes, 213 interaction forces, 196–198 interfacial tension, 195, 196 lamellar, cylindrical, and spherical micelles, 196, 197 nucleation polymerization amyloid fibers structure, 207 INDEX characteristic features, 207, 208 critical micelle concentration, 208 DNA-peptide hybrids, 212–213 lag time, 208 polymer-DNA hybrids, 209 polymer-peptide hybrids, 209–212 packing parameter, 195–196 polymer-DNA hybrids comb/graft copolymers, 201, 202 linear block copolymers, 199–201 star copolymers, 201–204 polypeptide-block copolymers, 204–205 static and dynamic, 193–194 biomedical application, block copolymers diblock and triblock copolymers, 234–240 graft and statistical copolymers, 240–245 hydrophobic block, 233 LCST-type polymer systems, 234 self-assembled structures, 232 temperature–composition phase diagram, 233 thermodynamic conditions, 232 unimer–micelle exchange equilibration kinetics, 233 bis-hydrophilic diblock copolymers, 129 bis-hydrophilic miktoarm stars generalized theoretical mean-field approach, 135 hierarchical assembly process, 135 Janus-like structures formation, 134 lamellar (vesicular) morphology, 136 turbidimetric titration curves, 134 vesicular IPECs, 135, 136 block copolymer polymersomes, 240 bottle brush polymers, 15–16 branched polymers bottle brush polymers, 15–16 cyclic polymer architectures, 17 hydrogels, 12–13 star polymers, 13–15 cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 165 cobalt-Mediated Radical Polymerization (CMRP), 108 comb/graft copolymers, 201, 202 controlled radical copolymerizations (CRcoP), 87 batch copolymerizations ATRP, 88–93 NMP, 93–95 RAFT, 95–97 block-gradient copolymers, 86 advantage, 107, 108 “boot-strap” effect, 110 bulk polymerization, 106 CMRP, 108 INDEX disadvantages, 107 Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tudos methods, 109 MCPDT, 109 MMA/DMA system, 107 molecular weight distributions, 106 one-step strategy, 107 procedure, 109–110 RAFT, 109 semi-batch copolymerization ATRP, 98–102 NMP, 102–105 parameters influence, 98 RAFT, 105–106 using syringe pump, 97 controlled radical polymerization ATRP, 37 block copolymer synthesis, 37 large-scale industrial production, 36 micellar nucleation, 36 NMP, 37 reversible termination mechanism, 37–39 reversible transfer mechanism, 39 statistical copolymers, 36–37 controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques, 86 copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc), critical micelle concentration (CMC), 208 cumenehydroperoxide (CHP), 95 cyclic polymer architectures, 17 cyclodextrin host/guest complexes adamantyl containing hydrogel cube, 24, 25 CD-based, CD-based polymer architectures micelles/core-shell particles, 17–19 nanoparticles and hybrid materials, 21–22 nanotubes and fibers, 20–21 planar surface modification, 22–23 vesicles, 19–20 CD functionalization, 3–5, complexation constants, drug delivery, 23, 24 enzymatic degradation, modular ligation reaction, phenolphthalein derivatives, properties, 2–3 siRNA delivery, 23 steric hindrance, stimuli-responsive, 5, structure–property relationships, types, versatility, zipping–unzipping, 24 253 Decoration, artificial macromolecules assembly application, 181–183 dissipative assembly, 184 DNA-assisted assembly complementary vs noncomplementary strands, 174 complex 2D and 3D nanostructures, 174 core/satellite structures, 175–176 DNA-guided amorphous aggregation and reorganization, 176, 177 DNA-hybridization approaches, 174–175 DNA-nanoparticle conjugates, 176 double-stranded DNA, 173, 174 freestanding superlattices, 175, 176 hairpin loop segments, 174 ligands with terminal thiols of disulfides, 173, 174 pyramidal geometry, 176 Watson–Crick base-pairing, 173, 174 functional material design, 160 length scales, 159 mechanical deformation, 183 nanoparticles challenges, 161 controlled living polymerization techniques, 163 core/shell particles, 165 CTAB stabilization, 165 encapsulation of, 164, 165 grafting-from approach, 162–164 grafting-onto approaches, 162–164 layer-by-layer strategy, 165 NIPAm, 164–166 PNIPAm, 164–166 polymer size and architecture, 159, 161 pre-synthesized polymer chains, 162 purification procedures, 161 seeded polymerization, 164 optical and electronic processes, 159–160 protein-assisted assembly chemisorption, 178 electrostatic adsorption and physisorption, 178, 179 end-to-end assembly, 179, 180 host–guest/key–lock principle, 179 magnetic core particle, 179, 180 metal-histidine coordination, 178 mixed monolayer assembly, 179, 180 quantum dots, 179, 180 superfacial tags, 179, 180 stimuli, 160 symmetry breaking, 171–172 2D and 3D Au@PNIPAm gel particles, 167, 169 254 Decoration, artificial macromolecules (Continued) Bragg peaks, 170 colloidal crystal, 169, 170 colloidal monolayer, 166–167 crystalline sample, 170 indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates, 169 Langmuir–Blodget approach, 169 length scales, 160, 166 linear PNIPAm ligands, 166, 168 molecular and macromolecular ligands, 166, 167 particle gap, 171 PS ligands, 166, 168 PVP shell, 168 SANS, 170 soft and deformable properties, 170 diblock and triblock copolymers biocompatible and biodegradable diblock copolymer, 239 dynamic equilibrium, 234 dynamic light scattering, 239 HPLC, 240 hydrophilic corona, 236 interfacial activity, 234 low-molecular-weight surfactants, 235 MAIGal-b-DMAEMA, 239, 240 micellar system, 234 molecular structure, PEG-b-PDPA, 237, 238 monomethoxy-PEG-b-poly(D,L-lactic acid) (MPEGPDLLA), 239 nanoparticles, fouling properties, 239 neutral degradation products, 239 PEO-derived systems, 236 pH-sensitive drug delivery systems, 237 polymeric micellar pH-sensitive system, 236 polymersome, structure, 240, 241 stability and interaction, 238 thermoresponsive polymer micelles, 237 dispersion polymerization monomers, morphological transition mechanism, 69–70 solvent except water anisotropic morphologies, 68 methanol, 69 water as solvent core-shell nanogels, 62 H-NMR, 65 2-methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA), 63 microwave irradiation, 61 morphological order-to-order transitions, 65–67 oligolamellar and unilamellar vesicles, 63, 64 INDEX PEO-b-PDMAAm-b-P(DEAAm-coMBAAm) nanogels, 62 preparation of phase diagrams, 63 self-assembly reorganization, 65 thermally induced gel-to-sol transitions, 66 dissipative assembly, 184 DNA-assisted assembly complementary vs noncomplementary strands, 174 complex 2D and 3D nanostructures, 174 core/satellite structures, 175–176 DNA-guided amorphous aggregation and reorganization, 176, 177 DNA-hybridization approaches, 174–175 DNA-nanoparticle conjugates, 176 freestanding superlattices, 175, 176 hairpin loop segments, 174 ligands with terminal thiols of disulfides, 173, 174 pyramidal geometry, 176 Watson–Crick base-pairing, 173, 174 double hydrophilic diblock copolymers see bis-hydrophilic diblock copolymers dynamic and static light scattering (DLS/SLS), 241 dynamic self-assembly (DSA), 194 electrostatic interactions charge-to-charge stoichiometry, 215–216 co-assembly process, 214 DNA/copolymer bio-IPECs, 216–218 DNA/polymer bio-IPECs, 216 environmental factors, 214 IPECs, 213–216 pH-responsive IPECs formation, 215 polyelectrolytes, 213 emulsion polymerization amphiphilic diblock copolymers, 57 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA)-based macro-RAFT agent, 55 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 58, 59 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), 58, 59 macroRAFT, 55, 56 morphological transition, 53, 54 nonspherical objects, 53 oligomeric poly(acrylic acid) (PAA5) macroRAFT agents, 49 PAA and PAA-b-PSt macroRAFT agents, 50 particle formation, 49, 58 PEO-based brush macroRAFT agents, 53 PEO methyl ether acrylate (PEOA), 52 pH value and salt concentration, 52 INDEX P(MAA-co-PEOMA) macroRAFT agents, 56, 57 PNaSS-stabilized particles, 61 poly(N, N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAAm), 51 RAFT ab initio batch emulsion polymerization, 60 surfactant-free, batch emulsion homopolymerization, 51 trithiocarbonate PEO-based macroRAFT agent, 50 enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, 234, 235 gradient copolymers block and random copolymers, 83–85 characterization, 83 CRP technique, 86 diblock-gradient copolymers, 111–113 forced method (see semi-batch copolymerizations) history, 83 instantaneous composition, 83, 86 phase boundary, 84 poly(acrylic acid-grad-styrene) (P(AA-grad-S)) copolymer, 85 solution properties and self-assembling behavior, 85, 110 spontaneous method (see batch copolymerizations) triblock-gradient copolymers, 113–114 graft and statistical copolymers ab initio calculations, 243 aliphatic biodegradable copolyesters, 244 anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox), 241 diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides, 241 glycogen-graft-poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazolines), 244 nanoparticles, 240 nuclear medicine, 243 pair-distance distribution function, 243 PBS/PBDL nanoparticles, porosity, 244 physicochemical procedures complexation, 240 emulsification, 240 nanoprecipitation, 240 PTX encapsulation, 245 SAXS and SANS experiments, 241–242 heteroarm (miktoarm) star, 126 homoarm star, 126 homopolyelectrolyte stars bis-hydrophilic diblock copolymers, 129–130 255 core-corona (micelle-like) structure, 128–129, 131 dynamic/static light scattering measurements, 127 hydrodynamic radius, 127 macromolecular co-assembly formation, 130 poly(acrylic acid) star, 127 Z-values, 127 hydrogels, 12–13 intermolecular association, APs clusters hydrophobic domains, 150–151 shape and inner organization, 149–150 size and aggregation number, 148–149 Coulombic repulsion of chains, 147 critical aggregation concentration (cac), 148 macroscopic gel, 151 interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs), 213–216 bis-hydrophilic miktoarm stars generalized theoretical mean-field approach, 135 hierarchical assembly process, 135 Janus-like structures formation, 134 lamellar (vesicular) morphology, 136 turbidimetric titration curves, 134 vesicular IPECs, 135, 136 co-assembly process, 126 heteroarm (miktoarm) star, 126 homoarm star, 126 homopolyelectrolyte stars bis-hydrophilic diblock copolymers, 129–130 core-corona (micelle-like) structure, 128–129, 131 dynamic/static light scattering measurements, 127 hydrodynamic radius, 127 macromolecular co-assembly formation, 130 poly(acrylic acid) star, 127 Z-values, 127 ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers core-shell-corona (“onion-like”) structure, 132 small-angle neutron scattering intensity, 132, 133 star-like polyisobutylene-block-poly(methacrylic acid) micelles, 130, 131 star-like micelle, 126 intramolecular aggregation, APs chiral globules, 147 hydrophilic sequences, 147 256 intramolecular aggregation, APs (Continued) necklace globules, 146–147 sequence-controlled synthetic, 147 spherical globules, 145–146 IPECs see interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations, 92 linear block copolymers, 199–201 AB block copolymers, 7, diblock copolymers, 9–10 higher order block copolymers, 10–11 supramolecular step growth polymers, 11–12 liquid adsorption chromatography (LAC) analyses, 93 methyl methacrylate (MMA), 102 nanoparticles decoration challenges, 161 controlled living polymerization techniques, 163 core/shell particles, 165 CTAB stabilization, 165 encapsulation of, 164, 165 grafting-from approach, 162–164 grafting-onto approaches, 162–164 layer-by-layer strategy, 165 NIPAm, 164–166 PNIPAm, 164–166 polymer size and architecture, 159, 161 pre-synthesized polymer chains, 162 purification procedures, 161 seeded polymerization, 164 nanotechnology, block copolymers, 231 n-butyl acrylate (nBA) gradient copolymers, 102 N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm), 164–166 nitroxide-mediated living radical polymerization, 1–2, 163 nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) batch copolymerizations, 93–95 chemical structures, 38 diffusion-controlled rate, 38 homolytic cleavage, alkoxyamine, 37–38 kinetics and molar masses, 38 reversible termination hydrosoluble oly(methacrylate)-type macroalkoxyamines, 42–44 macroalkoxyamine initiation efficiency, 42–44 One-Pot PISA, 44–46 INDEX poly(acrylic acid)-based macroalkoxyamine, 40–42 semi-batch copolymerization, 102–105 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniqu, 88 nucleation polymerization amyloid fibers structure, 207 characteristic features, 207, 208 critical micelle concentration, 208 DNA-peptide hybrids, 212–213 lag time, 208 polymer-DNA hybrids, 209 polymer-peptide hybrids, 209–212 packing parameter, 195–196 PISA see Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate-co-acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(FDA-co-AAEM)), 96 poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate-co-vinylbenzylphosphonic acid diethylester) (poly(FDA-co-VBPDE)), 96 poly(methyl methacrylate-grad-n-butyl acrylate) (P(MMA-grad-nBA) copolymer chains, 88 poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), 164–166 polymer-DNA hybrids comb/graft copolymers, 201, 202 linear block copolymers, 199–201 star copolymers, 201–204 polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) advantages, 36 amphiphilic block copolymers, 72 antagonistic properties, 33 aqueous dispersed systems, 34, 35 emulsion system, 34 “pure” morphologies, 33, 34 reversible termination using ATRP, 46–48 using NMP, 40–46 surfactant-free emulsion, 35 surfactant-free latex particles, 72 using CRP, water, 35 poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), 92 polypeptide-block copolymers, 204–205 poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) shell, 168 protein-assisted assembly chemisorption, 178 electrostatic adsorption and physisorption, 178, 179 end-to-end assembly, 179, 180 host–guest/key–lock principle, 179 magnetic core particle, 179, 180 INDEX metal-histidine coordination, 178 mixed monolayer assembly, 179, 180 quantum dots, 179, 180 superfacial tags, 179, 180 quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), 200 RAFT polymerization, 1–2, 163 batch copolymerizations, 95–97 dispersion polymerization, 61–70 emulsion polymerization, 48–61 Semi-batch copolymerization, 105–106 reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) see controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques reversible termination mechanism ATRP, 38–39 hydrosoluble oly(methacrylate)-type macroalkoxyamines, 42–44 macroalkoxyamine initiation efficiency, 42–44 NMP, 38 one-pot PISA, 44–46 poly(acrylic acid)-based macroalkoxyamine, 40–42 ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), 163 semi-batch copolymerizations ATRP AGET, 98 ATRcoP, 101 BMA and MMA cumulative and instantaneous compositions, 99, 100 257 experimental composition profiles, 101–102 MMA and nBA gradient copolymers, 102 MMA and tBA gradient copolymers, 102 nBA and tBA cumulative and instantaneous compositions, 99 S and nBA incorporation rate, 100–101 NMP, 102–105 parameters influence, 98 RAFT, 105–106 using syringe pump, 97 small angle neutron scattering (SANS), 170, 241 small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 164, 241 S-methoxycarbonylphenylmethyldodecyltrithiocarbonate (MCPDT), 109 solution properties, APs chitosan, 141 water-soluble associating polymers star copolymers, 201–204 star polymers, 13–15 static self-assembly (SSA), 193–194 supramolecular approach branched architectures, 12–16 cyclic polymer architectures, 17 linear block copolymers, 7–12 surfactant parameter see packing parameter synergistic effects, 159 TERP, emulsion, 70–71 OrganoTellerium mediated radical emulsion polymerization (emulsion TERP), 70–71 tert-butyle acrylate (tBA) gradient copolymers, 102 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA ... in Self- Assembly, 196 193 vi CONTENTS 7.2 Self- Assembly of Biohybrid Polymers, 198 7.2.1 Polymer-DNA Hybrids, 198 7.2.2 Polypeptide Block Copolymers, 204 7.2.3 Block Copolypeptides, 205 7.3 Self- Assembly. .. INTRODUCTION Macromolecular self- assembly is one of the key research areas in contemporary polymer science Because complex macromolecular architectures have a significant effect on self- assembly behavior,... 6.2.3 Breaking the Symmetry, 171 6.3 Guiding Assembly by Decoration with Biomacromolecules, 173 6.3.1 DNA-Assisted Assembly, 173 6.3.2 Protein-Assisted Assembly, 177 6.4 Application of Assemblies,