Heat transfer in industrial combustion

Tài liệu Heat transfer in industrial combustion khá đầy đủ và chi tiết về các tính toán và cân bằng nhiệt trong buồng lò công nghiệp như lò sấy, lò nung, lò hầm,... và các thiết bị trao đổi nhiệt không khí, nước

HEAT TRANSFER IN INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION Charles E Baukal, Jr CRC Press Boca Raton New York © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baukal, Charles E Heat transfer in industrial combustion / Charles E Baukal, Jr p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8493-1699-5 (alk paper) Heat Transmission Combustion engineering I Title TJ260.B359 2000 621.402′2 dc21 99-088045 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher All rights reserved Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1699-5/00/$0.00+$.50 The fee is subject to change without notice For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe © 2000 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1699-5 Library of Congress Card Number 99-088045 Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Preface This book is intended to fill a gap in the literature for books on heat transfer in industrial combustion, written primarily for the practicing engineer Many textbooks have been written on both heat transfer and combustion, but both types of book generally have only a limited amount of information concerning the combination of heat transfer and industrial combustion One of the purposes of this book is to codify the many relevant books, papers, and reports that have been written on this subject into a single, coherent reference source The key difference for this book compared to others is that it looks at each topic from a somewhat narrow scope to see how that topic affects heat transfer in industrial combustion For example, in Chapter 2, the basics of combustion are considered, but from the limited perspective as to how combustion influences the heat transfer There is very little discussion of combustion kinetics because in the overall combustion system, the kinetics of the chemical reactions in the flame only significantly impact the heat transfer in somewhat limited circumstances Therefore, this book does not attempt to go over subjects that have been more than adequately covered in other books, but rather attempts to look at those subjects through the narrow lens of how they influence the heat transfer in the system The book is basically organized in three parts The first part deals with the basics of heat transfer in combustion and includes chapters on the modes of heat transfer, computer modeling, and experimental techniques The middle part of the book deals with general concepts of heat transfer in industrial combustion systems and includes chapters on heat transfer from flame impingement, from burners, and in furnaces The last part of the book deals with specific applications of heat transfer in industrial combustion and includes chapters on lower and higher temperature applications and some advanced applications The book has discussions on the use of oxygen to enhance combustion and on flame impingement, both of particular interest to the author These subjects have received very little, if any, coverage in previous books on heat transfer in industrial combustion As with any book of this type, there are many topics that are not covered The book does not address other aspects of heat transfer in combustion such as power generation (stationary turbines or boilers) and propulsion (internal combustion, gas turbine or rocket engines), which are not normally considered to be industrial applications It also does not treat packed bed combustion, material synthesis in flames, or flare applications, which are all fairly narrow in scope Because the vast majority of industrial applications use gaseous fuels, that is the focus of this book, with only a cursory discussion of solid and liquid fuels This book basically concerns atmospheric combustion, which is the predominant type used in industry There are also many topics that are discussed in the book, but with a very limited treatment One example is optical diagnostics The reason for the limited discussion is that there has been very little application of such techniques to industrial combustors because of the difficulties in making them work on a large scale in sometimes hostile environments This book attempts to focus on those topics that are of interest to the practicing engineer It does not profess to be exhaustively comprehensive, but does attempt to provide references for the interested reader who would like more information on a particular subject As most authors know, it is always a struggle about what to include and what not to include in a book Here, the guideline that has been used is to minimize the theory and maximize the applications, while at the same time trying to at least touch on the relevant topics for heat transfer in industrial combustion © 2000 by CRC Press LLC About the Author Charles E Baukal, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., is the Director of the John Zink Company LLC R & D Test Center in Tulsa, OK He has 20 years of experience in the fields of heat transfer and industrial combustion and has authored more than 50 publications in those fields, including editing the book Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998) He has a Ph.D in mechanical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania, is a licensed Professional Engineer in the state of Pennsylvania, has been an adjunct instructor at several colleges, and has eight U.S patents © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Acknowledgment This book is dedicated to my wife Beth, to my children Christine, Caitlyn, and Courtney, and to my mother Elaine This book is also dedicated to the memories of my father, Charles, Sr and my brother, Jim, who have both gone on to be with their maker The author would like to thank Tom Smith of Marsden, Inc (Pennsauken, NJ) and Buddy Eleazer of Air Products (Allentown, PA) for the opportunities to learn firsthand about heat transfer in industrial combustion The author would also like to thank David Koch and Dr Roberto Ruiz of John Zink Company LLC (Tulsa, OK) for their support in the writing of this book Last but not least, the author would like to thank the good Lord above, without whom this would not have been possible Charles E Baukal, Jr., Ph.D., P.E © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Nomenclature Symbol A c cp Cp d D Da e E E F1-2 Gr h hC hfusion hS hT H I k K Ka Ks l lv L L Lm Le • m Ma MW Nu pst pt Pr q q″ qf qi Q r R Ra Re Ri S Description Area Speed of light Specific heat Pitot-Static probe calibration constant Diameter Dimensionless diameter = d/dn Damköhler number (see Eq 2.19) Hemispherical emissive power Error Hemispherical emissive power Radiation view factor from surface to surface Grashoff number (see Eq 3.12) Convection heat transfer coefficient Chemical enthalpy Heat of fusion Sensible enthalpy = ½cpdt Total enthalpy = hC + hS Fuel heat content Radiation intensity Thermal conductivity Non-absorption factor for radiation Absorption coefficient for radiation Scattering coefficient for radiation Length Potential core length for velocity Distance between the burner and the target = lj/dn Radiation path length through a gas Mean beam length Lewis number = ρcpDi–mix/k Mass flow rate Mach number = v/c Molecular weight Nusselt number (see Eq 3.3) Static pressure Total pressure Prandtl number = cpµ/k (see Eq 3.2) Heat flow Heat flux Burner firing rate Heat absorbed by calorimeter i Gas flow rate Radial distance from the burner centerline Dimensionless radius = r/dn Rayleigh number (see Eq 3.11) Reynolds number = ρvd/µ (see Eq 3.1) Richardson number (see Eq 3.13) Stoichiometry (see Eqs 2.3 and 2.5) © 2000 by CRC Press LLC Units ft2 or m2 ft/sec or m/sec Btu/lb-°F or J/kg-K dimensionless in or mm dimensionless dimensionless Btu/hr-ft2 or kW/m2 dimensionless Btu/hr or kW dimensionless dimensionless Btu/hr-ft2-°F or W/m2-K Btu/lb or J/kg Btu/lb or J/kg Btu/lb or J/kg Btu/lb or J/kg Btu/lb or kJ/kg Btu/hr-ft2-µm or W/m2-µm Btu/hr-ft-°F or W/m-K dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless in or mm in or mm dimensionless ft or m ft or m dimensionless lb/hr or kg/hr dimensionless lb/lb-mole or g/g-mole dimensionless psig or Pa psig or Pa dimensionless Btu/hr or kW Btu/hr-ft2 or kW/m2 Btu/hr or kW Btu/hr or kW ft3/hr or m3/hr in or mm dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless SL t T Tu v V x X Xv Laminar flame speed Temperature Absolute temperature Turbulence intensity Velocity Volume Axial distance from the burner to the target stagnation point Distance from the burner to the target stagnation point = x/dn Potential core length for velocity = lv/dn ft/s or m/s °F or K °R or K dimensionless ft/s or m/s ft3 or m3 in or mm dimensionless dimensionless µ γ Greek Symbols Absorptivity Velocity gradient Volume coefficient of expansion Boundary layer thickness Emissivity Thermal efficiency Absorption coefficient of a luminous gas Absolute or dynamic viscosity Turbulence enhancement factor (see Eq 7.25) dimensionless s–1 °R–1 or K–1 in or mm dimensionless dimensionless ft–1 or m–1 lb/ft-s or kg/m-s dimensionless Ω Oxidizer composition = φ Equivalence ratio = δ λ λ ν ν ρ ρ σ Φ θradm τ τ τ Soot radiation index (see Eq 3.53) Fuel mixture ratio (see Eq 2.8) Wavelength Frequency Kinematic viscosity Density Reflectivity Stefan-Boltzmann constant Surface catalytic efficiency (see Eq 7.26) Radiometer field of view Optical density Transmissivity Time b conv e eff f f g × j j l K m max Stagnation body or target Convective heat transfer Edge of boundary layer Effective diameter Fluid Film temperature (see Eq 4.7) Gas Ambient conditions Jet Thermocouple junction Load Kolmogorov Medium Maximum α β ~ β δ ε η © 2000 by CRC Press LLC O volume in the oxidizer O + N volume in the oxidizer Stoichiometric oxygen Fuel volume ratio Actual oxygen Fuel volume ratio Subscripts n NG p r rad radm rec ref s T T/C w υ dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless µm s–1 ft2/s or m2/s lb/ft3 or kg/m3 dimensionless Btu/hr-ft2-°R4 or W/m2-K4 dimensionless degrees s dimensionless s Burner nozzle Natural gas Probe Radial direction Thermal radiation Radiometer Recovery temperature (see Eq 7.6) Reference temperature (see Eq 7.5) Stagnation point Turbulent Thermocouple Wall (target surface) Volumetric Table of Contents Chapter Introduction 1.1 Importance of Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion 1.1.1 Energy Consumption 1.1.2 Research Needs 1.2 Literature Discussion 1.2.1 Heat Transfer 1.2.2 Combustion 1.2.3 Heat Transfer and Combustion 1.3 Combustion System Components 1.3.1 Burners 1.3.1.1 Competing Priorities 1.3.1.2 Design Factors 1.3.1.2.1 Fuel 1.3.1.2.2 Oxidizer 1.3.1.2.3 Gas Recirculation 1.3.1.3 General Burner Types 1.3.1.3.1 Mixing Type 1.3.1.3.2 Oxidizer Type 1.3.1.3.3 Draft Type 1.3.1.3.4 Heating Type 1.3.2 Combustors 1.3.2.1 Design Considerations 1.3.2.1.1 Load Handling 1.3.2.1.2 Temperature 1.3.2.1.3 Heat Recovery 1.3.2.2 General Classifications 1.3.2.2.1 Load Processing Method 1.3.2.2.2 Heating Type 1.3.2.2.3 Geometry 1.3.2.2.4 Heat Recuperation 1.3.3 Heat Load 1.3.3.1 Process Tubes 1.3.3.2 Moving Substrate 1.3.3.3 Opaque Materials 1.3.3.4 Transparent Materials 1.3.4 Heat Recovery Devices 1.3.4.1 Recuperators 1.3.4.2 Regenerators References Chapter Some Fundamentals of Combustion 2.1 Combustion Chemistry 2.1.1 Fuel Properties 2.1.2 Oxidizer Composition © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 2.1.3 Mixture Ratio 2.1.4 Operating Regimes 2.2 Combustion Properties 2.2.1 Combustion Products 2.2.1.1 Oxidizer Composition 2.2.1.2 Mixture Ratio 2.2.1.3 Air and Fuel Preheat Temperature 2.2.1.4 Fuel Composition 2.2.2 Flame Temperature 2.2.2.1 Oxidizer and Fuel Composition 2.2.2.2 Mixture Ratio 2.2.2.3 Oxidizer and Fuel Preheat Temperature 2.2.3 Available Heat 2.2.4 Flue Gas Volume 2.3 Exhaust Product Transport Properties 2.3.1 Density 2.3.2 Specific Heat 2.3.3 Thermal Conductivity 2.3.4 Viscosity 2.3.5 Prandtl Number 2.3.6 Lewis Number References Chapter Heat Transfer Modes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Convection 3.2.1 Forced Convection 3.2.1.1 Forced Convection from Flames 3.2.1.2 Forced Convection from Outside Combustor Wall 3.2.1.3 Forced Convection from Hot Gases to Tubes 3.2.2 Natural Convection 3.2.2.1 Natural Convection from Flames 3.2.2.2 Natural Convection from Outside Combustor Wall 3.3 Radiation 3.3.1 Surface Radiation 3.3.2 Nonluminous Radiation 3.3.2.1 Theory 3.3.2.2 Combustion Studies 3.3.2.2.1 Total Radiation 3.3.2.2.2 Spectral Radiation 3.3.3 Luminous Radiation 3.3.3.1 Theory 3.3.3.2 Combustion Studies 3.3.3.2.1 Total Radiation 3.3.3.2.2 Spectral Radiation 3.4 Conduction 3.4.1 Steady-State Conduction 3.4.2 Transient Conduction 3.5 Phase Change 3.5.1 Melting 3.5.2 Boiling © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 3.5.3 References 3.5.2.1 Internal Boiling 3.5.2.2 External Boiling Condensation Chapter Heat Sources and Sinks 4.1 Heat Sources 4.1.1 Combustibles 4.1.1.1 Fuel Combustion 4.1.1.2 Volatile Combustion 4.1.2 Thermochemical Heat Release 4.1.2.1 Equilibrium TCHR 4.1.2.2 Catalytic TCHR 4.1.2.3 Mixed TCHR 4.2 Heat Sinks 4.2.1 Load 4.2.1.1 Tubes 4.2.1.2 Substrate 4.2.1.3 Granular Solid 4.2.1.4 Molten Liquid 4.2.1.5 Surface Conditions 4.2.1.5.1 Radiation 4.2.1.5.2 Catalyticity 4.2.2 Wall Losses 4.2.3 Openings 4.2.3.1 Radiation 4.2.3.2 Gas Flow Through Openings 4.2.4 Material Transport References Chapter Computer Modeling 5.1 Combustion Modeling 5.2 Modeling Approaches 5.2.1 Fluid Dynamics 5.2.1.1 Moment Averaging 5.2.1.2 Vortex Methods 5.2.1.3 Spectral Methods 5.2.1.4 Direct Numerical Simulation 5.2.2 Geometry 5.2.2.1 Zero-Dimensional Modeling 5.2.2.2 One-Dimensional Modeling 5.2.2.3 Multi-dimensional Modeling 5.2.3 Reaction Chemistry 5.2.3.1 Nonreacting Flows 5.2.3.2 Simplified Chemistry 5.2.3.3 Complex Chemistry 5.2.4 Radiation 5.2.4.1 Nonradiating 5.2.4.2 Participating Media 5.2.5 Time Dependence © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.2 (continued) Gas Properties Source: From F Kreith, Ed., The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998, A-18–A-29 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE F.3 Properties of Metals Composition Aluminum Pure Melting Point (K) Properties at 300 K ρ (kg/m3) Properties at Various Temperatures (K) cp [J/(kg · K)] λ [W/(m · K)] κ × 106 (m2/sec) 933 2702 903 237 97.1 775 2770 875 177 73.0 2790 883 168 68.2 1550 1850 1825 200 59.2 545 9780 122 7.86 6.59 2573 2500 1107 27.0 9.76 Cadmium 594 8650 231 96.8 48.4 Chromium 2118 7160 449 93.7 29.1 Cobalt 1769 8862 421 99.2 26.6 Copper Pure 1358 8933 385 401 117 1293 8800 420 52 14 1104 8780 355 54 17 1188 8530 380 110 33.9 Alloy 2024-T6 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium Bismuth Boron Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) © 2000 by CRC Press LLC λ [W/(m · K)]/cp[J/(kg · K)] 100 200 400 600 800 302 482 65 473 237 798 163 787 301 1114 9.69 120 55.5 600 99.3 222 111 384 122 379 231 1033 186 1042 185 — 126 2604 218 1146 990 203 16.5 112 190 128 203 198 159 192 167 236 240 949 186 925 174 — 161 2191 7.04 127 16.8 1463 94.7 242 90.9 484 85.4 450 482 252 413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360 393 397 52 460 65 — 137 395 75 1000 1200 1500 106 2823 90.8 3018 78.7 3227 3519 10.6 1892 9.60 2160 9.85 2338 80.7 542 67.4 503 71.3 581 58.2 550 65.4 616 52.1 628 61.9 682 49.3 733 57.2 779 42.5 674 379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425 366 433 352 451 339 480 2000 49.4 937 2500 TABLE F.3 (continued) Properties of Metals Composition Melting Point (K) Properties at 300 K ρ (kg/m3) cp [J/(kg · K)] λ [W/(m · K)] Properties at Various Temperatures (K) κ × 10 (m2/sec) Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni) Germanium 1493 8920 384 23 6.71 1211 5360 322 59.9 34.7 Gold 1336 19,300 129 317 127 Iridium 2720 22,500 130 147 50.3 Iron Pure 1810 7870 447 80.2 23.1 7870 447 72.7 20.7 7854 434 60.5 17.7 7832 434 63.9 18.8 7817 446 51.9 14.9 8131 434 41.0 11.6 7822 444 37.7 10.9 Armco Carbon steels Plain carbon (Mn ð 1%, Si ð 0.1%) AISI 1010 Carbon-silicon (Mn ð 1%, 0.1% < Si ð 0.6%) Carbon-manganese-silicon (1% < Mn ð 1.6%, 0.1% < Si ð 0.6%) Chromium (low) steels Cr- Mo-Si (0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) © 2000 by CRC Press LLC λ [W/(m · K)]/cp[J/(kg · K)] 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 17 237 232 190 327 109 172 90 19 362 96.8 290 323 124 153 122 43.2 337 311 131 144 133 27.3 348 298 135 138 138 19.8 357 284 140 132 144 17.4 375 270 145 126 153 17.4 395 255 155 120 161 111 172 134 216 95.6 215 94.0 384 80.6 384 69.5 490 65.7 490 54.7 574 53.1 574 43.3 680 42.2 680 32.8 975 32.3 975 28.3 609 28.7 609 32.1 654 31.4 654 56.7 487 58.7 487 49.8 501 42.2 487 48.0 559 48.8 559 44.0 582 39.7 559 39.2 685 39.2 685 37.4 699 35.0 685 30.0 1169 31.3 1168 29.3 971 27.6 1090 38.2 492 36.7 575 33.3 688 26.9 969 2000 2500 TABLE F.3 (continued) Properties of Metals Composition Melting Point (K) Properties at 300 K ρ (kg/m3) Properties at Various Temperatures (K) cp [J/(kg · K)] λ [W/(m · K)] κ × 10 (m2/sec) 7858 442 42.3 7836 443 8055 λ [W/(m · K)]/cp[J/(kg · K)] 400 600 800 1000 12.2 42.0 492 39.1 575 34.5 688 27.4 969 48.9 14.1 46.8 492 42.1 575 36.3 688 28.2 969 480 15.1 3.91 7900 477 14.9 3.95 AISI 316 8238 468 13.4 3.48 AISI 347 7978 480 14.2 3.71 17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 15.2 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074 134 261 20.0 559 19.8 557 18.3 18.3 18.9 559 31.4 142 149 1170 126 275 22.8 585 22.6 582 21.3 21.3 21.9 585 25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 24.2 24.7 606 146 1267 118 285 80.2 485 14 480 13.5 473 65.6 592 16 525 17.0 510 67.6 530 21 545 20.5 546 Cr- Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1Cr-V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Stainless steels AISI 302 AISI 304 1670 Lead 601 11,340 129 35.3 24.1 Magnesium 923 1740 1024 156 87.6 Molybdenum 2894 10,240 251 138 53.7 Nickel Pure 1728 8900 444 90.7 23.0 1672 8400 420 12 3.4 1665 8510 439 11.7 3.1 Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cr) Inconel X-750 (73% Ni, 15% Cr, 6.7% Fe) © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 100 200 9.2 272 12.6 402 39.7 118 169 649 179 141 36.7 125 159 934 143 224 164 232 107 383 8.7 10.3 372 1200 1500 28.0 640 31.7 682 112 295 105 308 98 330 71.8 562 76.2 594 82.6 616 24.0 626 27.6 — 33.0 — 2000 2500 90 380 86 459 TABLE F.3 (continued) Properties of Metals Composition Melting Point (K) Properties at 300 K ρ (kg/m3) Properties at Various Temperatures (K) cp [J/(kg · K)] λ [W/(m · K)] κ × 10 (m2/sec) Niobium 2741 8570 265 53.7 23.6 Palladium 1827 12,020 244 71.8 24.5 Platinum Pure 2045 21,450 133 71.6 25.1 Alloy 60Pt-40Rh (60% Pt, 40% Rh) Rhenium 1800 16,630 162 47 17.4 3453 21,100 136 47.9 16.7 Rhodium 2236 12,450 243 150 49.6 Silicon 1685 2330 712 148 89.2 Silver 1235 10,500 235 429 174 Tantalum 3269 16,600 140 57.5 24.7 Thorium 2023 11,700 118 54.0 39.1 Tin 505 7310 227 66.6 40.1 Titanium 1953 4500 522 21.9 Tungsten 3660 19,300 132 174 9.32 300 68.3 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC λ [W/(m · K)]/cp[J/(kg · K)] 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 55.2 188 76.5 168 52.6 249 71.6 227 55.2 274 73.6 251 58.2 283 79.7 261 61.3 292 86.9 271 64.4 301 94.2 281 67.5 310 102 291 72.1 324 110 307 79.1 347 77.5 100 72.6 125 51.0 127 154 220 264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 24.5 551 186 122 73.2 141 59 — 44.2 145 136 274 61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134 75.6 146 65 — 44.1 151 127 293 42.2 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145 78.7 152 69 — 44.6 156 121 311 31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156 82.6 157 73 — 45.7 162 116 327 25.7 967 361 292 61.0 155 58.7 167 89.5 165 76 — 47.8 171 110 349 22.7 992 99.4 179 58.9 97 186 147 884 259 444 187 59.2 110 59.8 99 85.2 188 30.5 465 208 87 71.8 136 52 — 46.1 139 146 253 98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 20.4 591 159 137 62.2 160 64.1 172 65.6 189 19.4 633 137 142 19.7 675 125 145 20.7 620 118 148 22.0 686 113 152 24.5 100 167 95 176 107 157 2500 51.9 186 112 376 TABLE F.3 (continued) Properties of Metals Composition Uranium Properties at 300 K Properties at Various Temperatures (K) Melting Point (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp [J/(kg · K)] λ [W/(m · K)] κ × 106 (m2/sec) 1406 19,070 116 27.6 12.5 λ [W/(m · K)]/cp[J/(kg · K)] 100 200 21.7 25.1 94 108 Vanadium 2192 6100 489 30.7 10.3 35.8 31.3 258 430 Zinc 693 7140 389 116 41.8 117 118 297 367 Zicronium 2125 6570 278 22.7 12.4 33.2 25.2 205 264 Source: From G.F Hewitt, G.L Shires, and T.R Bott, Eds., Process Heat Transfer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 29.6 34.0 125 146 31.3 33.3 515 540 111 103 402 436 21.6 20.7 300 322 1022-1025 38.8 176 35.7 563 43.9 180 38.2 597 49.0 161 40.8 645 44.6 714 50.9 867 21.6 342 23.7 362 26.0 344 28.8 344 33.0 344 2500 ... melting • Nonferrous melting Metal heating • Steel soaking, reheat, ladle preheating • Forging • Nonferrous heating Metal heat treating • Annealing • Stress relief • Tempering • Solution heat. .. Waste Incinerators 11.4.1.2 Sludge Incinerators 11.4.1.3 Mobile Incinerators 11.4.1.4 Transportable Incinerators 11.4.1.5 Fixed Hazardous Waste Incinerators 11.4.2 Heat Transfer in Waste Incineration... metals) Paper and printing Examples of Processes Using Heat Smelting of ores, melting, annealing Chemical reactions, pyrolysis, drying Firing, kilning, drying, calcining, melting, forming Blast furnaces