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American Foreign  Policy: 1920­1941 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Foreign Policy Tensions Foreign Policy Tensions Interventionism Interventionism Disarmament Disarmament • Collective security Collective security • “ “ Wilsonianism” Wilsonianism” • Business interests Business interests • Isolationism Isolationism • Nativists Nativists • Anti-War movement Anti-War movement • Conservative Conservative Republicans Republicans American Isolationism American Isolationism 5 Isolationists like Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. the Versailles Treaty. 5 Security treaty with Security treaty with France also rejected by France also rejected by the Senate. the Senate. 5 July, 1921 July, 1921   Congress Congress passed a resolution passed a resolution declaring WW I declaring WW I officially over! officially over! Sen. Henry Cabot Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA] Lodge, Sr. [R-MA] Washington Disarmament  Washington Disarmament  Conference Conference (1921­1922) (1921­1922) 5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States. United States. 5 Goals Goals   naval disarmament and the political situation in the naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East. Far East. Five­Power Treaty  Five­Power Treaty  (1922) (1922) 5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines]. Philippines]. 5 Loophole Loophole   no restrictions on small warships no restrictions on small warships European Debts to the US European Debts to the US Hyper­Inflation in Germany: Hyper­Inflation in Germany:     1923 1923 Dawes Plan Dawes Plan     (1924) (1924) Young Plan Young Plan     (1930) (1930) 5 For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! 5 $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. years. 5 By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium. By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium. Locarno Pact Locarno Pact     (1925) (1925) 5 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. 5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only arbitration only. [...]...Clark Memorandum (1 928 ) 5 Clark pledged that the US would not intervene in Latin American affairs in order to protect US property rights 5 This was a complete Secretary of State J Reuben Clark rebuke of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine! Kellogg­Briand Pact (1 928 ) 5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy 5 62 nations signed 5 Problems ... Far East Hoover­Stimpson Doctrine (19 32) 5 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force 5 Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier 5 Japan bombed Shanghai in 19 32  massive casualties FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy 5 Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions 5 FDR  The... $48,601,365,000 Pearl Harbor Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto  Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of  a Japanese Plane Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy! FDR Signs the War Declaration USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor Memorial 2, 887 Americans Dead! Pacific Theater of Operations “Tokyo Rose” ... Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War 5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis 5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces! US Neutrality Panay Incident (1937) 5 December 12, 1937 5 Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River 5 The river was an international waterway 5 Japan was testing US resolve! 5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity,... basis  FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter 5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:  Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions  The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession 5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.” “America First” Committee Charles Lindbergh “Lend­Lease” Act (1941)... non- intervention and cooperation FDR Recognizes the Soviet  Union  (late 1933) 5 FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan 5 Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression Nye Committee Hearings (1934­1936) 5 The Nye Committee I investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants . Conference Conference (1 921 ­1 922 ) (1 921 ­1 922 ) 5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (19 02) obligated Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (19 02) obligated Britain. situation in the Far East. Far East. Five­Power Treaty  Five­Power Treaty  (1 922 ) (1 922 ) 5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: A battleship ratio