This chapter distinguish among the following sets of terms: collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers; regulator and conformer; positive and negative feedback; basal and standard metabolic rates; torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor. This chapter also relate structure with function and identify diagrams of the following animal tissues: epithelial, connective tissue (six types), muscle tissue (three types), and nervous tissue.
Ch 40 Warm up Define and give an example of homeostasis Sequence the organization of living things from cell to biome Describe negative and positive feedback LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B Reece, Lisa A Urry, Michael L Cain, Steven A Wasserman, Peter V Minorsky, Robert B Jackson Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges • Anatomy: the study of the biological form (STRUCTURE) of an organism • Physiology: the study of the biological FUNCTIONS an organism performs • Structure dictates function! © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization • Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment • Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans • Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Four main types of tissues: Epithelial: covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body Connective: binds and supports other tissues (cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, blood, adipose) Muscle: controls body movement (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) Nervous: senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal (neurons, glia) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Homeostasis • Maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment • Fluctuations above/below a set point serve as a stimulus; these are detected by a sensor and trigger a response • The response returns the variable to the set point © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Negative Feedback • “More gets you less.” • Return changing conditions back to set point • Examples: – Temperature – Blood glucose levels – Blood pH Plants: response to water limitations Positive Feedback • “More gets you more.” • Response moves variable further away from set point • Stimulus amplifies a response • Examples: – Lactation in mammals – Onset of labor in childbirth Plants: ripening of fruit Thermoregulation • Maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range • Endothermic animals generate heat by metabolism (birds and mammals) • Ectothermic animals gain heat from external sources (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles) • Q: Which is more active at greater temperature variations? • Q: Which requires more energy? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 40.10 Balancing Heat Loss and Gain • Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes: radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Five adaptations for thermoregulation: • • • • • Insulation (skin, feather, fur, blubber) Circulatory adaptations (countercurrent exchange) Cooling by evaporative heat loss (sweat) Behavioral responses (shivering) Adjusting metabolic heat production (“antifreeze”) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 40.12 Figure 40.16 Energy Use • Metabolic rate: amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time • Basal metabolic rate (BMR): endotherm at rest at a “comfortable” temperature • Standard metabolic rate (SMR): ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature • Ectotherms have much lower metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 40.19 Torpor and Energy Conservation • Torpor is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases • Save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions • Hibernation: torpor during winter cold and food scarcity • Estivation: summer torpor, survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc ... (STRUCTURE) of an organism • Physiology: the study of the biological FUNCTIONS an organism performs • Structure dictates function! © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 40. 1 Animal form and function. . .LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B Reece, Lisa A Urry, Michael L Cain, Steven A Wasserman, Peter V Minorsky, Robert B Jackson Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal. .. Animal Form and Function Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges • Anatomy: the study of the biological form (STRUCTURE)