THE COOPER UNION ALBERT NERKEN SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) for the Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering Jessica Galbo, E.I.T May 8,2012 Professor Jameel Ahmad, Ph.D Chairman of Civil Engineering at Cooper Union UMI Number: 1520342 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion UMI 1520342 Published by ProQuest LLC 2012 Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC All rights reserved This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction THE COOPER UNION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART ALBERT NERKEN SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING This thesis was prepared under the direction of the Candidate's Thesis Advisor and has received approval It was submitted to the Dean of the School of Engineering and the full Faculty, and was approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering Dean, School of Engineering - Date rofessor Jameel Ahmad, Ph.D Date Chairman of Civil Engineering at Cooper Union Candidate's Thesis Advisor 2|P a ge FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Abstract Fiber reinforced plastic and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are becoming more widely used and accepted in the repair and retrofit of existing structures, and have limited applications for new construction This thesis identifies FRP's characteristics, including its properties and behavior, its current applications, how to design with FRP, and research being done for FRP's further development FRP itself is a composite material made of fibers and resins which was first developed in the 1930s The fibers provide structural strength, and the resins help to distribute forces within the FRP and protect the system from moisture and corrosion FRP can be used for retrofit, rehabilitation, and repair of existing structures, or in new construction Structures are most often retrofit with FRP using externally bonded FRP laminates to provide flexural strength, shear strength, or confinement for service loading and seismic loading FRP can also be applied externally to prevent areas prone to corrosion or environmental damage because it is air tight, waterproof, and corrosion-resistant FRP can be used as a composite with concrete internally in the form of FRP reinforcing bars for new construction These sections will not corrode or spall due to the noncorrosive properties of FRP compared to conventional reinforcing steel FRP can also be molded or pultruded into sections used as composites with concrete, or sections made exclusively of FRP These sections have never been used for large scale projects, and typically have been constructed for research purposes by various state departments of transportation Case studies of several types of FRP applications are presented and investigated in this thesis to determine its anticipated benefits and limitations, and conclusions and recommendations are presented, regarding the use of FRP materials 3|P a ge FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Table of Contents Abstract 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of Problem 1.2 Purpose of Thesis 2.0 FRP Applications, Composition, and Properties 10 2.1 History 10 2.2 Composition and Properties 11 2.2.1 Fibers 11 2.2.2 Resins 14 3.0 FRP for Retrofit, Rehabilitation, & Repair of Existing Structures 3.1 FRP for Tensile Reinforcement 16 16 3.1.1 Concept 16 3.1.2 Design Guidelines 18 3.1.3 Construction and Application Methods 19 3.1.4 FRP for Flexure Case Studies 20 3.2 FRP Wrapping for Shear Reinforcement 23 3.2.1 Concept 23 3.2.2 Design Guidelines 24 3.2.3 Construction 27 3.2.4 FRP for Shear Case Studies 28 3.3 FRP Wrapping for Confinement Reinforcing 30 3.3.1 Concept 30 3.3.2 Design Guidelines 35 3.3.3 Construction 37 3.3.4 Case Studies 37 3.4 FRP for Corrosion Mitigation 39 3.4.1 Concept 40 3.4.2 Design Guidelines 41 3.4.3 Construction 41 3.4.4 Case Studies 42 4.1 FRP Rebar 44 4| P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction 4.1.1 Concept 44 4.1.2 Design Guidelines 47 4.1.3 Construction 48 4.1.4 FRP Rebar Case Studies 48 4.2 FRP Sections 51 4.2.1 Concept 51 4.2.2 Design Guidelines 51 4.2.3 Construction 52 4.2.4 Case Studies 54 5.0 Advantages and Disadvantages 60 6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 63 Bibliography 64 5|P age FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction List of Tables Table 1: Material Properties of Glass Fibers (Federal Highway Administration) 12 Table 2: Material Properties of Amarid Fibers (Federal Highway Administration) 12 Table 3: Material Properties of Carbon Fibers (Federal Highway Administration) 13 List of Figures Figure 1: Stress-Strain Diagrams for Fibers (Federal Highway Administration) 13 Figure 2: Industrial Plant with FRP Strips for Flexural Strength 21 Figure 3: Photos of Peaks and Valleys of Roofing with FRP Strips 21 Figure 4: FRP Plate Strengthening of Church Street Bridge Pier Cap 22 Figure 5: Photos of Typical Rebar Arrangements in Columns (Left) and Beams (Right) 23 Figure 6: KY3297 Bridge - FRP Strips for Shear Strengthening 28 Figure 7: Challenger Middle School Footbridge: FRP U Wrap for Shear Strengthening 29 Figure 8: Mander et al - Relationship Between Confining Stresses & Axial Strength 35 Figure 9: McKinley Tower: Conventional Repair vs Equivalent FRP Wrapping Repair 38 Figure 10: Parking Garage Column FRP Wrapping for Axial Strength Increase 38 Figure 11:1-40 Bridge FRP Wrap for Corrosion Protection 43 Figure 12: FRP Rebar Arrangement - Longitudinal and Shear Rebar 44 Figure 13: Moment Capacity of Beam considering Rebar Development Lengths (23) 46 Figure 14: 53rd Avenue Bridge FRP Deck Reinforcing Bars 49 Figure 15: Miles Road Bridge Glass FRP Reinforcing Bar 49 Figure 16: FRP Rebar Layout and Load Test Results 50 Figure 17: FRP Beam Pultrusion Process 53 Figure 18: Construction of Concrete Filled FRP Tubes and FRP decking Neil Bridge 54 Figure 19: Composition of a Hybrid Composite Beam 55 Figure 20: Photo of Hybrid Composite Beam 56 Figure 21: Mile High Road Bridge constructed with Hybrid Composite Beam Superstructure 56 Figure 22: U Shape FRP and Concrete Beams Installed in Refugio TX byTxDOT 57 Figure 23: FRP Bridge Construction at Fort Bragg 58 Figure 24: Load Testing of FRP Bridge at Fort Bragg with Ml AbramsTank 58 Figure 25: FRP Bridge Substructure Installed at Fort Eustis 59 Figure 26: Fort Eustis Completed FRP Rail Bridge 59 6|P a ge FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of Problem The average age of bridges in the United States is 43 years, many of which were built anticipating a design life of 50 years whom are approaching the end of their design lives When the 1-35 Bridge in Minneapolis collapsed in 2007, it caused alarm for all aging infrastructure and created an awareness of the deteriorated condition of infrastructure in the US Regular inspections must be made to assess the conditions of bridges, and maintenance must be performed when structural integrity may become compromised The conditions of bridges in the United States, as of 2009, were given a Report Card rating of "C" by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE); 26% of bridges are considered structurally deficient or functionally obsolete The ASCE has called for a balance between immediate repairs, preventative measures, repair/retrofit of deficient bridges, and replacement when necessary to keep bridges in a good state, and to maximize their lifespans When proper measures are taken to construct infrastructure with long lifespans, and proper maintenance occurs over the bridge's lifespan the overall cost, called a "lifecycle cost" will be minimized This means that sometimes the upfront investment cost is higher during construction, but over the structure's life it will perform better and have a significantly extended life, requiring fewer replacements and large retrofit measures, and have lower total costs (5)* Repair, rehabilitation, and construction must be done in cost effective ways, which will become even more demanding as much of the country's infrastructure reaches the end of their intended design lives This calls for the full utilization of advances in technology, and new materials, such as Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) One strategy to optimize the use of available funding to maintain infrastructure is to only spend money when it's absolutely necessary Find and use the lowest cost designs and materials to 7|P a ge * Numbers in parenthesis refer to the Bibliography FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction minimize upfront investments, and to only perform repairs when absolutely necessary But this strategy is not proactive or preventative; it is retroactive, and typically results in high lifecycle costs Another strategy to construct and maintain infrastructure is to make consistent investments, whenever necessary This means choosing a high upfront cost option for construction when it is anticipated the benefits will make the structure more durable, and the invested money will be regained due to lower maintenance costs, and a longer lifespan Consistent maintenance is to be performed to find and eliminate problems before they advance to a state that is not easily repaired which can compromise the structure and significantly decrease its intended lifespan Measures should be taken to increase the lifespan of infrastructure in order to: • maintain the safety and functionality of our current infrastructure, • reduce life-cycle construction costs, • protect the environment from harmful construction byproducts including the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from cement mixing, and to preserve raw materials One method by which infrastructure's lifespans can be increased is through the utilization of FRP materials FRP can increase the lifespans of existing concrete and steel infrastructure by providing structural upgrade where necessary and providing protection from sources of deterioration FRP materials are versatile, as they can be used to repair existing infrastructure experiencing problems with deterioration, rehabilitate overstressed structures, and for new construction FRP is extremely durable due to its material properties, not susceptible to corrosion, and longer lasting with little required maintenance if installed correctly FRP is lightweight, making it ideal for rehabilitation projects on existing structures, for which any additional loads can cause overstresses; therefore FRP can contribute significant strength without increasing structural loads and demands 8|P a ge FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction on the structure Because of FRP's durability, it is ideal for use in new construction, whose lifespan will require fewer large maintenance and repair projects due to reduced susceptibility to severe deterioration Despite knowledge amongst engineers of FRP's existence and potential benefits, it is not commonly used, and has not earned acceptance by many agencies or contractors for regular use in construction This thesis is intended to provide insight to the engineer on not just the benefits of FRP, but how it works, how to design with it, and examples of its use in earlier projects With this knowledge, engineers can be more informed of the appropriateness of FRP for use in projects and can make recommendations to clients and contractors in situations where FRP would be beneficial to a project 1.2 Purpose of Thesis Fiber reinforced plastic and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are becoming more widely used and accepted in the repair and retrofit of existing structures, and have limited applications for new construction This thesis identifies FRP's characteristics, including its properties and behavior, its current applications, how to design with FRP, and research being done for FRP's further development Case studies of its uses will be presented and investigated to determine its anticipated benefits and limitations, from which conclusions will be drawn and recommendations presented 9|Pa ge FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction modulus of elasticity, and elongations and deformation characteristics Steel beams are typically governed by flexural strength, while design with FRP is more often governed by deflection requirements For this reason, FRP beams often have to be upsized to simply meet maximum deflection code requirements For these reasons, all of the strengths used for design with FRP beams should be those given by manufacturers testing A good resource that can be used is provided by Delta Composites, "Design Manual for Fiberglass Grating and Structural Products." (8) 4.2.3 Construction FRP beams and sections can be made using either molding or pultrusion processes FRP molded sections are assembled laid-up layers of fiber fabric Each individual layer can be saturated before placed in the molded section The layer can be saturated after they're assembled using vacuum impregnation techniques This creates an air tight seal around the fibers, and pulls resin through the layers until it is completely saturated Pultruded FRP beams can be manufactured of continuous FRP strands and fabric that have been saturated with resin Typically the strands are oriented longitudinally to provide the beams with stiffness about its strong axis, and torsional resistance about its longitudinal axis FRP fabric is interlayed between layers of strands The fabric provides transverse stiffness to the section These layers are preformed to arrange the strands and fabric into the desired configuration, impregnated with resins, and then put through a die which heats them to a temperature that will cure the resins and hence cure the composite section These sections are then typically protected using a surface veil and UV protection layers (24) 52 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction The Pultrusion Process ROVING BOBQINS MAT ROLLS RESIN TANK PREfORMER HEATED DIE HAUL Orr (_UIUI-f FINISHED DEVICE SAW SECTIONS Figure 17: FRP Beam Pultrusion Process 53 | P a g e FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction 4.2.4 Case Studies University of Maine developed a cast-in-place concrete bridge, constructed with inflatable FRP arches The pilot program to install this FRP and concrete arch bridge was part of the Neil Bridge Replacement in Maine The bridge spans 34 feet, and is 44 feet wide Twenty three FRP arches were placed at two foot spacing for this bridge in a single day, and then pumped with concrete in one hour Each FRP tube weighed 200 pounds, compared to a presetressed concrete section which would weigh 40,000-50,000 pounds The FRP tube acts structurally to provide longitudinal reinforcement, confinement, and shear strength to the internal concrete The FRP exterior to the concrete arches also acts to mitigate corrosion over the bridge's lifespan After these arches were filled with concrete, FRP decking was placed over them The solid arch was then backfilled with soil, which was compacted and paved to form the roadway crossing the bridge Further research is being done to construct bridges this way with span lengths as long as 90' (7) Figure 18: Construction of Concrete Filled FRP Tubes and FRP decking Neil Bridge 54 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Hybrid Composite Beams Hybrid composite beams (HCB) were developed by Teng Engineers It uses a glass FRP shell, with steel fibers for tension reinforcement, and concrete for compression utilizing arching action for a significantly reduced quantity of concrete These beams are corrosion resistant and utilize the FRP and steel fibers for flexure and concrete compression arching for minimized materials, and lightweight, as it utilizes 10% of the concrete of a comparable reinforced concrete beam The beams can be installed quickly due to its lightweight, and is environmentally friendly due to an 80% reduction in the amount of cement required A grant from the FHWA allowed for a first bridge to be constructed of HCB in Pueblo, Colorado in 2008 The second installation was in Lockport Township, Illinois on the High Road Bridge The bridge is comprised of a single 57ft long span over water The boxes are easily shipped to site, stored, and moved into place They not require heavy equipment The FRP shapes were placed between the bridge's abutments in less than three hours Then the shapes were pumped full of concrete in place (13) Figure 19: Composition of a Hybrid Composite Beam 55 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Figure 20: Photo of Hybrid Composite Beam Figure 21: Mile High Road Bridge constructed with Hybrid Composite Beam Superstructure Drainage Ditch Bridge (FM-1684) in Refugio County, TX Composite FRP beams were designed and installed on the Refugio County Bridge in Texas for TxDOT FRP U shaped sections were precast and shipped to site The U shaped FRP was precast, with a form and layers of laminate The resins were introduced using a vacuum infusion process, where a vacuum removed all of the air from between the fibers, and a resin was then introduced 56 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction and pulled through fibers This resulted in an efficient amount of resin used The precast FRP sections were then shipped to site and installed They were then pumped full of concrete, to act as a composite section Brace bars were installed across the top flange of the beams The concrete was poured full depth in the beams, and a continuous pour was able to connect the beams and concrete bridge deck (17) Figure 22: U Shape FRP and Concrete Beams Installed in Refugio TX by TxDOT Army Corp of Engineers Bridges at Fort Bragg NC and Fort Eustis VA Rutgers University with consulting engineers at Parsons Brinkerhoff performed research into designing bridges exclusively of recycled plastic polymers with glass fibers for the Army Corp of Engineers at Army bases FRP piles, pile caps, and girders were installed to construct a bridge at Fort Bragg in 2009 and a bridge at Fort Eustis in 2010 The bridge in Fort Bragg was built to support tank loads, and in Fort Eustis was constructed to support rail loading The structures were load tested after construction to verify design assumptions (6) 57 | P a g e FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Figure 23: FRP Bridge Construction at Fort Bragg Figure 24: Load Testing of FRP Bridge at Fort Bragg with Ml Abrams Tank 58 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Figure 25: FRP Bridge Substructure Installed at Fort Eustis Figure 26: Fort Eustis Completed FRP Rail Bridge 59 | P a g e FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction 5.0 Advantages and Disadvantages Based on the information presented herein, FRP is a new innovative material that has many benefits Its high tensile strength makes it eligible to be used in place of or as a supplement to reinforcing steel Its inherent durability, imparted to the system by the resins and non conductive non reactive fibers, means it has a long lifespan not affected by exposure to the environment the same way steel beams, or steel reinforced concrete sections are affected by corrosion As long as FRP is covering a section, no chlorides or moisture will infiltrate into the underlying material, keeping it safe from corrosion and ensuring the quality of the internal system, and no major repairs will be required because of map cracking, spalling, or delaminations, which reduces the lifecycle cost of a structure through low maintenance costs FRP has been found to slowly degrade with UV exposure, so it is not completely unaffected by the environment Externally applied FRP does get UV exposure, but this degradation can be prevented with UV protective paints and coatings which are applied as a part of regular maintenance FRP is lightweight, therefore it can greatly increase the strength of an existing structure which is structurally deficient without significantly increasing the dead load demands on the structure This means that once the underperforming element's strength is increased, other elements will not become overstressed because of the weight of the repair material, and no additional retrofits will be required The disadvantage to this is that the behavior of FRP under fatigue and cyclic loading is not well known due to lack of long term collected data Wrapping techniques which rely upon FRP to FRP bonding have been found to perform adequately When strips are mechanically anchored to a substrate, fatigue concerns are eliminated, similarly to how plates are to be bolted to steel beams for repair rather than welding to avoid fatigue problems in the weld 60 | P a g e FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction There are ACI code accepted guidelines for composite design with FRP FRP has been used for applications in composites for over two decades, has been found to perform well, and is accepted in the industry especially for use in repair and retrofit of existing structures as a low cost alternative compared to larger scale rehabilitations that may be required for seismic retrofitting or structural upgrades The installation of externally bonded FRP is also much faster than conventional repair techniques without any large equipment required, which allows lower total cost dedicated to labor, easy installation in tough areas with little to no staging areas, and minimized disruptions to traffic flow When it comes to FRP use for corrosion mitigation, FRP is highly accepted for its performance and ability to maintain the quality of underlying materials, but it has a high upfront cost compared to conventional methods used to repair deterioration These conventional methods typically only include chipping away the area that has deteriorated or is highly contaminated and installing patch repairs Before FRP is applied for protection, all deterioration must be removed and repaired, to make sure the strength of the original material is regained, and that no deterioration gets trapped underneath the FRP surface, and advances hidden behind the FRP FRP installation actually requires more extensive testing of concrete and larger removal and replacement areas to make sure all sources of deterioration are removed and ensure advanced deterioration will not occur behind the FRP Therefore the installation of FRP is sometimes seen by agencies as an additional step in the repair process that is not actually required In order to assess the cost effectiveness of FRP for deterioration mitigation the remaining useful life of the structure must be determined, and the reduced required frequency of performing patch repairs and inherent reduced maintenance costs must be compared to the upfront cost of FRP installation 61 | P a g e FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Design of beams made of FRP exclusively is not straightforward for a designer The FRP is not an isotropic material, therefore it has different strengths in different directions, and when a beam is molded or pultruded it depends on the manufacturer for the types of fibers used, the resin used, the quantity and relative locations of longitudinal strands, and the quantity and relative locations of fiber mats within the beams For this reason an engineer cannot easily determine the strength of a beam without consulting the manufacturer for specific details about the beam's composition, and manufacturers usually provide strength and capacity guidelines for design with their beams and FRP shapes For this reason there is not yet an ACI code which dictates how to design with FRP beams 62 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction 6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations Regular maintenance and use of innovative effective materials can significantly reduce the lifecycle costs of structures The use of innovative effective materials, such as FRP, will reduce maintenance costs throughout the structure's life by reducing the severity of deterioration and distress that most structures constructed of steel and concrete experience In addition to using effective efficient materials, regular maintenance is very important to the longevity of a structure, in order to extend its lifespan, regardless of the construction materials When maintenance takes care of problems early on, its costs are low and it stops problems from getting worse In many cases our current infrastructure is neglected, and problems are not taken care of until they have become so advanced that severe measures must be taken to bring a it back to a state of good repair These large scale repairs are extremely expensive when compared to minimal routine maintenance, and can require extreme measures such as temporary support for structures deemed unable to carry their loading demands while repairs occur, or even complete replacement of a structure if the repairs required are so large scale that their implementation is more expensive than construction of a replacement structure It is important that designers and owners take advantage of new technology made available to them, such as FRP The benefits of using these new materials greatly outweigh any perceived risks FRP has been used in civil structures for over two decades, and its behavior has been studied extensively and is well understood It is time to embrace new materials to construct and make more durable structures with lower lifecycle costs, considering the age of our infrastructure, and the limited funding available to construct and maintain it 63 | P a g e FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Bibliography AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Specifications Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2011 ACI 440.1R-06: Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars Washington DC, 2006 American Composites Manufacturers Association ABCs of FRP 2004 http://www.acmanet.org/fgmc/abc_frp.htm 2012 American Concrete Institute ACI 440.2R-08 - Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures Farmington Hills, Ml: ACI, 2008 American Society of Civil Engineers Bridges - Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2009 http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/fact-sheet/bridges, 2012 Chandra, Vijay "Thermoplastic Bridges." Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Recycled Plastic Bridges National Highway Institute, 2010 https://connectdot.connectsolutions.com/nl34083201008 Dagher, Dr Habib "Bridge in a Backpack." Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Recycled Plastic Bridges National Highway Institute, 2010 https://connectdot.connectsolutions.com/nl34083201008 Delta Composites Design Manual for Fiberglass Grating and Structural Products, n.d http://www.deltacomposites.com/lit_library/DelDesMan.pdf Ehsani, Mo "Seismic Retrofit of the McKinley TowerStructureMAG July 2007 http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articlelD=376 10 El-Salakawy, E F CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SLABS REINFORCED WITH FRP Quebec, Canada: Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 2004 http://www.engg.uaeu.ac.ae/ejer/issues/v9/pdf_iss2_9/p4_Salakawy.pdf 11 Federal Highway Administration FRP Composite Bridge Technology April 2011 http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/frp/frphstry.cfm April 2012 12 Fibre Glass-Evercoat CHOOSING THE RIGHT RESIN - EPOXY RESIN, n.d http://www.evercoat.com/imgs/pis/EPOXYRESIN.pdf 2012 13 Hillman, John "Hybrid Composite Beams." Fiber Reinforced Polymer and Recycled Plastic Bridges National Highway Institute, 2010 https://connectdot.connectsolutions.com/nl34083201008 64 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction 14 Hughes Brothers, Inc Asian FRP - Major Project Listing - Transportation Structures, n.d http://www.vectorgroup.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/03/Aslan_FRP_Bridge_Project_List.pdf 2011 15 Mander, J.B "Theoretical Stress Strain Model for Confined Concrete." ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering (1988) ftp://ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/spujol/CE676%20References%20Behavior%20of%20Reinforced%2 0Concrete%20Elements/Book%209/9_3.pdf 16 Marsh, George Reinforced Plastics - 50 years of Reinforced Plastic Boats October 2006 http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/1461/50-years-of-reinforced-plastic-boats-/- 2012 17 MFG Construction Products Company TxDOT ADVANCES VIABILITY OF CUSTOM FRP BRIDGE BEAMS IN NEW HYBRID STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH PROJECT, n.d http://www.moldedfiberglass.com/library/cs/MFGcp_CaseHistory_TexasDOT.pdf 2012 18 Milligan, Peter "FRP Strengthening of a Fire Damaged Industrial Plant." StructureMAG (July 2007) http://www.structuremag.0rg/a rticle.aspx?articlelD=379 19 Quakewrap FRP RETROFIT OF BRIDGE PIERS SUBJECTED TO CORROSION DAMAGE 2009 http://quakewrap.com/project_sheets/FRP%20Retrofit%20of%20Bridge%20Piers%20Subjec ted%20to%20Corrosion%20Damage.pdf March 2012 20 Quakewrap LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY AND DUCTILITY OF RC COLUMNS, n.d http://www.quakewrap.com/frp%20papers/Load-Carrying-Capacity-And%20Ductility-Of-RCColumns-Confined-By%20Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced-Polymers.pdf March 2012 21 - SHEAR REPAIR OF BRIDGE BEAMS WITH GLASS FRP - Challenger Middle School 2009 http://quakewrap.com/project_sheets/FRP%20Repair%20of%20Bridge%20Beams.pdf March 2012 22 Quakewrap2 FRP RETROFIT OF CONCRETE COLUMNS IN PARKING GARAGE 2009 http://www.quakewrap.com/project_sheets/FRP%20Strengthening%20of%20Concrete%20 Columns%20Cleveland.pdf March 2012 23 Sandt, Dr E W "Bar Development." Civil Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, 2003 http://stommel.tamu.edu/~esandt/teach/summer03/cven444/lecture/lecturel5/lecturel5 ppt 24 Society of Manufacturing Engineers Pultrusion - How the composite pultrusion system works, n.d http://209.238.185.52/articles/pultrusion_works.html 2012 25 Transportation Research Board Strengthening of Church Street Bridge Cap Beam Using Bonded FRP Composite Plates: Strengthening and Load Testing New York State, April 2002 65 | P a g e FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-drepository/srl38.pdf University of Kentucky "Shear Repair of P/C Box Beams Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Fabric." Research Report 2006 http://www.ktc.uky.edu/Reports/KTC_06_01_FRT_114_01_lF.pdf Waco Boom Company, Ltd Thermosetting Resins Used in FRP Pipe 2011 http://wacoboom.com/2011/04/thermosetting-resins-used-in-frp-pipe/ 2012 66 | P a g e ... Candidate''s Thesis Advisor 2|P a ge FRPfor The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction Abstract Fiber reinforced plastic and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are becoming... stresses in 16 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction the extreme fibers of the beam not exceed their yield strength, therefore the beam still behaves... The strips are applied while saturated with resins to the outer face of 18 | P a g e FRP for The Repair & Retrofit of Existing Structures & for New Construction the tension side of the beam The