Top 10 great grammar for great writing answer key

Top 10 great grammar for great writing answer key

Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Chapter Exercise 1, p class is class meets name is Students like Room 218 has / blackboards are I wake up, take, eat / I go Students are / you won’t see you want / you have to arrive I don’t think/anyone arrives 10 name is 11 name is/we use 12 I enjoy / teacher is 13 I have never liked / I like Exercise 2, p are you I’m doing I haven’t seen I know job takes you work I’m I work That’s 10 I knew 11 are parents 12 They are doing 13 mom is helping 14 dad is working 15 I hope 16 family can come 17 does that sound 18 I will talk 19 I can call 20 I’m 21 we ran into 22 (you) Take 23 (I’ll) See Exercise 3, p fractions are fragment: ½ and 2/3 are Examples are fragment: Whole numbers (possible subject) are We call numerator is is / is fragment: you want / they must have fragment: problem is / denominators are 10 Answers will vary Exercise 4, p English is fragment: English is fragment: English is fragment: parts are spelling and pronunciation are fragment: there are pronunciations fragment: I can’t pronounce (possible verb) You can spell fragment: you write / you write 10 Answers will vary Exercise 5, p I enjoy / it relaxes fragment: things are / dishes are fragment:food is fragment: you cook / you need fragment: you can add / you like truth is / list is one is fragment: Cooking is you want / (you) consult 10 Answers will vary Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Exercise 6, p is British Columbia you know province is located fragment: Pacific Ocean is / province is state lies / Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories are province features fragment: there are (V) mountains (S) fragment: people live Victoria is 10 fragment: people live / weather is 11 fragment: British Columbia has12 Answers will vary Exercise 7, p Answers will vary Exercise 8, p CIRCLE: Summer / season / year reason / summer / family / Peru / summer picture / wife / children / cat / house picture /2006/ airport / flight / Peru Peru / house / Lima grandmother / grandfather / aunt / house / park / lake family / house / people / house / grandparents / neighbors / kisses / hugs thing / visit / grandmother / chicken / vegetables mom / dish / taste 10 part / trip / weeks Exercise 9, p Answers will vary Exercise 10, p Answers will vary Exercise 11, p 10 Answers will vary Exercise 12, p 10 N N N P N N P N N 10 N 11 N 12 P 13 P 14 P 15 N 16 P 17 P 18 N Exercise 13, p 11 Answers will vary Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Exercise 14, p 12 In 2005 to South America in hotel in Bogota near museum from Columbia to Peru In Peru to Machu Pichu 10 After Peru 11 to Argentina 12 at shop 13 by Presidential Palace 14 with family 15 in South America Exercise 15, p 13 Answers will vary Exercise 16, p 14 many beautiful red blue strange huge common small brown 10 white 11 black 12 white 13 cold 14 different Exercise 17, p 14 Answers will vary Exercise 18, p 15 very: yes / dangerous: no incredibly: yes / fast: yes usually: yes / avoid: no three: no / recently: yes sure: no / tomorrow: yes Exercise 19, p 15 Answers will vary Exercise 20, p 16 when and and Because and After and so and 10 when 11 Although 12 because Exercise 21, p 17 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning election distribution variation completion hesitation collection drinkable enjoyable likable 10 predictable 11 suitable 12 acceptable 13 enjoyment 14 requirement 15 agreement 16 movement 17 statement 18 improvement 19 quickly 20 carefully 21 cheaply 22 beautifully 23 possibly 24 probably Exercise 22, p 18 correct selection select correct organize correct demonstrate correct Exercise 23, p 19 I think my French is all right, but I want to improve my skills in two areas For example, my reading skills are weak I don’t know many sophisticated words, and long sentences are incredibly difficult for me to understand I have especially large problems with idioms In addition to reading, I know that I need to improve my speaking skills Some sounds in French are incredibly difficult for me to pronounce I have a lot of problems with the sound of R Most people can understand what I am trying to say, but I can sense confusion in their voices when I answer the telephone They say that the first step in solving a problem is to recognize that you have a problem I accept that I need to improve my French, and I am ready to work hard to make my French better to achieve this important goal Exercise 24, p 20 B B B A D C B and I am going B in January D my problems 10 C that they were Exercise 25, p 21 Answers will vary Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Chapter Exercise 1, p 25 WRITE: You write, You not write, Do you write? / He writes, He does not write, Does he write? / She writes, She does not write, Does she write? / It writes, It does not write, Does it write? / We write, We not write, Do we write? / You write, You not write, Do you write? / They write, They not write, Do they write? TAKE: I take, I not take, Do I take? / You take, You not take, Do you take? / He takes, He does not take, Does he take? / She takes, She does not take, Does she take? / It takes, It does not take, Does it take? / We take, We not take, Do we take? / You take, You not take, Do you take? / They take, They not take, Do they take? HAVE: I have, I not have, Do I have? / You have, You not have, Do you have? / He has, He does not have, Does he have? / She has, She does not have, Does she have? / It has, It does not have, Does it have? / We have, We not have, Do we have? / You have, You not have, Do you have? / They have, They not have, Do they have? DO: I do, I not do, Do I do? / You do, You not do, Do you do? / He does, He does not do, Does he do? / She does, She does not do, Does she do? / It does, It does not do, Does it do? / We do, We not do, Do we do? / You do, You not do, Do you do? / They do, They not do, Do they do? Exercise 2, p 27 lives start wakes up takes brushes puts on has talk drives 10 does not know 11 has 12 meets 13 eat 14 go 15 does not have 16 takes 17 does 18 waits 19 is 20 helps 21 washes 22 watch 23 checks 24 is 25 are Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Exercise 3, p 28 Answers will vary Exercise 4, p 30 WRITE: I am writing, I am not writing, Am I writing? / You are writing, You are not writing, Are you writing? / He is writing, He is not writing, Is he writing? / She is writing, She is not writing, Is she writing? / It is writing, It is not writing, Is it writing? / We are writing, We are not writing, Are we writing? / You are writing, You are not writing, Are you writing? / They are writing, They are not writing, Are they writing? STOP: I am stopping, I am not stopping, Am I stopping? / You are stopping, You are not stopping, Are you stopping? / He is stopping, He is not stopping, Is he stopping? / She is stopping, She is not stopping, Is she stopping? / It is stopping, It is not stopping, Is it stopping? / We are stopping, We are not stopping, Are we stopping? / You are stopping, You are not stopping, Are you stopping? / They are stopping, They are not stopping, Are they stopping? Exercise 5, p 31 AB A AB A A AB A AB Exercise 6, p 31 Answers will vary Exercise 7, p 32 My best friend Daunte is working at a local bank this year Daunte is living with his cousin this semester They are taking a photography class together next Thursday night Daunte is throwing a great party at his house on Sunday He is reading detective novels these days He is going to a hockey game tonight Exercise 8, p 32 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Everyone is having …→ Everyone has … Mom feeds him … → Mom is feeding him … Dad is taking …→ Dad takes … … is stopping every ten seconds … → … stops every ten seconds … → Lucky isn’t liking bath time → Lucky doesn’t like bath time I fill the bathtub … → I am filling the bathtub … Exercise 9, p 35 WORK: I worked, I did not work, Did I work? / You worked, You did not work, Did you work? / He worked, He did not work, Did he work? / She worked, She did not work, Did she work? / It worked, It did not work, Did it work? / We worked, We did not work, Did we work? / You worked, You did not work, Did you work? / They worked, They did not work, Did they work? REPLY: I replied, I did not reply, Did I reply? / You replied, You did not reply, Did you reply? / He replied, He did not reply, Did he reply? / She replied, She did not reply, Did she reply? / It replied, It did not reply, Did it reply? / We replied, We did not reply, Did we reply? / You replied, You did not reply, Did you reply? / They replied, They did not reply, Did they reply? HAVE: I had, I did not have, Did I have? / You had, You did not have, Did you have? / He had, He did not have, Did he have? / She had, She did not have, Did she have? / It had, It did not have, Did it have? / We had, We did not have, Did we have? / You had, You did not have, Did you have? / They had, They did not have, Did they have? DO: I did, I did not do, Did I do? / You did, You did not do, Did you do? / He did, He did not do, Did he do? / She did, She did not do, Did she do? / It did, It did not do, Did it do? / We did, We did not do, Did we do? / You did, You did not do, Did you do? / They did, They did not do, Did they do? Exercise 10, p 37 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning lived started took brushed put had talked drove had 10 met 11 ate 12 went 13 went 14 waited 15 helped 16 washed 17 watched 18 went 19 was Exercise 11, p 38 took went lasted / did not drove / stayed were / slept got / saw felt / was did not want was 10 had Exercise 12, p 39 Answers will vary Exercise 13, p 40 TAKE: I was taking, I was not taking, Was I taking? / You were taking, You were not taking, Were you taking? / He was taking, He was not taking, Was he taking? / She was taking, She was not taking, Was she taking? / It was taking, It was not taking, Was it taking? / We were taking, We were not taking, Were we taking? / You were taking, You were not taking, Were you taking? / They were taking, They were not taking, Were they taking? DO: I was doing, I was not doing, Was I doing? / You were doing, You were not doing, Were you doing? / He was doing, He was not doing, Was he doing? / She was doing, She was not doing, Was she doing? / It was doing, It was not doing, Was it doing? / We were doing, We were not doing, Were we doing? / You were doing, You were not doing, Were you doing? / They were doing, They were not doing, Were they doing? Exercise 14, p 41 Answers will vary Exercise 15, p 43 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning has invited has traveled have never been have never flown has (already) purchased have not told have considered Have ever had Exercise 16, p 44 anyone who not → anyone who does not I have name → I have named you are need → you need that was made → that is made I try → I tried If you wanting → If you want you were a professional → you are a professional pan is being hot → pan is hot When this happen → When this happens 10 Then you are taking → Then take Exercise 17, p 46 TAKE: I will take, I will not take, Will I take? / You will take, You will not take, Will you take? / He will take, He will not take, Will he take? / She will take, She will not take, Will she take? / It will take, It will not take, Will it take? / We will take, We will not take, Will we take? / You will take, You will not take, Will you take? / They will take, They will not take, Will they take? HAVE: I am going to have, I am not going to have, Am I going to have? / You are going to have, You are not going to have, Are you going to have? / He is going to have, He is not going to have, Is he going to have? / She is going to have, She is not going to have, Is she going to have? / It is going to have, It is not going to have, Is it going to have? / We are going to have, We are not going to have, Are we going to have? / You are going to have, You are not going to have, Are you going to have? / They are going to have, They are not going to have, Are they going to have? Exercise 18, p 47 After college, I am going to work in a busy law firm My brother is not going to finish college for two more years My brother tells me that I am going to work night and day as a lawyer As a prosecutor, I am going to enjoy putting dangerous criminals in prison Even better, I am going to make a lot of money When I am rich, I am not going to waste my money Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning on silly material things that I not need In a few years, I am going to quit my job, and I am going to travel all over the world When I return from my round-the-world vacation, I am going to buy a little house on the beach and retire Exercise 19, p 48 are not reading is happening not have believe have replaced were Exercise 20, p 48 Last year I took a cruise to Alaska It was a magnificent trip I saved money from my part-time job as a cashier at the college bookstore First, I flew in to Anchorage, Alaska, from Chicago I stayed there for a day or two to see the local sights After that, I headed to the port to board the ship This particular cruise liner was one of the largest in the world with twelve floors and space for over 3,000 guests I paid extra to get a cabin with a balcony because the views of the glaciers were supposed to be amazing (or another reasonable adjective)! Finally, I went on a strict diet at least one month before the cruise If nothing else, I wanted to taste all varieties of food that I found on the ship Exercise 21, p 50 C B D A B B B makes me C she was already speaking A did not come 10 D didn’t leave Exercise 22, p.51 Answers will vary 10 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning A B C B B A A in the U.S., the A was an exceptional child A did not come 10 A At the age Exercise 23, p 136 Answers will vary 26 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Chapter Exercise 1, p 138 beautiful dry brown full Many difficult tiny poisonous wild 10 various 11 unique 12 sandy Exercise 2, p 138 Answers will vary Exercise 3, p 140 aware of famous for avoiding interested in learning tired of / studying serious about completing capable of achieving enthusiastic about working responsible for shaping guilty of not studying 10 ashamed of wasting Exercise 4, p 141 Answers will vary Exercise 5, p 142 I was pleased to accept an invitation to go camping with some friends from work I was curious to go, but I didn’t know anything about camping Because my friends are professional campers, I was happy to travel with them My friends were surprised to discover that I didn’t own a backpack I was careful to watch everything they did during this short weekend trip Once the car was packed, I was eager to begin the journey During the trip, my friends were determined to teach me all of their camping secrets I am very proud to say that I did a great job on my first camping trip Exercise 6, p 144 27 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning frightening interested boring embarrassing amazing / fattening amazing motivating confused relaxed / challenging 10 exciting Exercise 7, p 145 exciting tiring frightened interesting motivated surprised Exercise 8, p 146 c h f b g e a d Exercise 9, p 147 Answers will vary Exercise 10, p 147 person who interested in trying ethnic dishes was amazed skin that is afraid to try an ugly fruit exciting new fruit that I found Exercise 11, p 148 My sociology class is my favorite class Professor David Schwartz teaches the class, and his lectures are (possible adjective: interesting) He is knowledgeable about the subject matter, and he is more than happy to help us if we have questions The reading for the class is interesting The chapters that are in our textbook are easy to read, and the comprehension questions that are at the end of each chapter are varied Professor Schwartz gives us a quiz every other week, but these quizzes are not difficult if we read the material I truly enjoy this class, and I hope to take another class with this (possible adjective: amazing) professor next semester (possible final sentence: I am going to learn as much as I can about sociology.) Exercise 12, p 150 B D B A C D B is giving B of waiting C taking 10 C famous sculpture Exercise 13, p 151 28 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Answers will vary 29 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Chapter Exercise 1, p 154 f c e b d a Exercise 2, p 154 Answers will vary Exercise 3, p 155 I / ill I / sweaty they / sick brother / worried I / dehydrated I / better Exercise 4, p 155 Answers will vary Exercise 5, p 156 is from Hungary were in the same freshman English class be in the wedding were in my driveway be on their honeymoon Exercise 6, p 156 Answers will vary Exercise 7, p 157 is sitting is listening is writing is trying is taking are meeting is improving Exercise 8, p 158 Answers will vary Exercise 9, p 160 Objects will vary students use reference books Cathy wrote a poem I study vocabulary words students should read the newspaper I changed my major teacher gave a homework assignment I don’t have a library card Professor Smith finally corrected our exams Exercise 10, p 161 30 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning a lot of money N/A N/A gasoline money types SUV SUV Exercise 11, p 161 Answers will vary Exercise 12, p 163 X / homework quickly C X / stars clearly (or) clearly see X / intently notices (or) constellations intently X / incessantly watches (or) the sky incessantly C Exercise 13, p 164 Kelly and I are flying to Washington, D.C tomorrow afternoon The weather in Washington changed quickly yesterday The presidential elections will occur next year The presidential debate starts in five minutes President Kennedy died more than forty years ago Leslie and Donna are meeting us in Washington this weekend Exercise 14, p 165 Answers will vary Exercise 15, p 166 Fitness clubs are wonderful places to get in shape First of all, every good fitness club offers an extensive variety of types of machines and equipment A member can go into any fitness club and exercise for hours without using the same piece of equipment The equipment is (possible adjectives: new and clean) Fitness clubs often have swimming pools and spas For even more practice, special classes are sometimes available They include yoga and basic martial arts All in all, exercising in a fitness club is (possible complement: a great way to get in shape) (possible final sentence: Fitness clubs are located in almost every city in this country, so they are easy to find.) Exercise 16, p 167 31 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning B B A D 5.A A B new job B the school president for five years D hated it 10 B They were next to Exercise 17, p 168 Answers will vary 32 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Chapter Exercise 1, p 169 Mother’s Day and Father’s Day are These holidays celebrate Popular Mother’s day gifts include S: Boys and girls often think up and make I recently looked for and bought Some countries celebrate Parents and children enjoy Do you celebrate Exercise 2, p 170 My grandmother and grandfather love to talk about the “good old days.” However, they love and use modern inventions, especially their computer My grandmother washes and waxes her new car every Saturday morning My grandmother and grandfather surf the Internet The e-mails and instant messages come mostly from my grandmother My grandparents and I have improved our communication through the use of the Internet My grandparents now trust and love the power of modern technology Exercise 3, p 172 d / but a / but f / but h / and b / and e / so c / or g / but Exercise 4, p 173 Answers will vary Exercise 5, p 174 that contains a heavy frame who move on their own that are older and don’t need special attention that you have chosen that are labeled with the contents and the name of the room that everyone uses at least twice a day Exercise 6, p 175 33 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning People who go to football games get very excited Sometimes there are games that last longer The clock that is used at football games stops and starts regularly This is much different from the clocks that are used in soccer games Fans who go to football games like to eat specific things The food that people eat is fairly expensive For a truly unique experience that you will not forget, go to a football game Exercise 7, p 176 Vicky had a bad day yesterday, so she decided to visit her friend who lives at the beach The road that leads to the beach was under construction, but it was not busy The 100-mile trip that Vicki took lasted less than two hours, and it was an easy drive The dinner that Lena made was ready, and they immediately began to eat After dinner, Vicki and Lena took a long walk on the beach, and they talked about things that made them stressed Lena offered to take Vicki to a movie, or they could go to a nightclub that opened recently This trip that was planned at the last minute was very relaxing for Vicki, and she hopes to visit Lena again soon Exercise 8, p 178 Whenever Irene looks for a new job, she gets nervous Since Irene is a college graduate, she feels confident about her background She often felt nervous and failed to make a great first impression because she lacked interviewing experience ((Although)) she scheduled many interviews, she was not offered a job at first ((While)) many people in Irene’s position would have ended their job search immediately, Irene made the decision to get help from a personal coach Irene was also talking to friends about possible job openings in their companies ((while)) she was training ((After)) she successfully finished her interview training, Irene was finally confident in her ability to interview for a job 34 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Exercise 9, p 178 Whenever = time Since = reason / cause because = reason / cause Although = contrast While = contrast while = time After = time Exercise 10, p 179 Because Thomas wants to work in the hotel industry, he has decided to get a degree in hotel management Although there is a lot of competition in this career, some universities offer excellent programs for students He decided to apply to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas because it has a popular degree program Before Thomas begins his studies, his family will visit the city to find him a place to live When Thomas finishes his program, there will be lots of job opportunities for him within a large hotel chain Exercise 11, p 180 Answers will vary Exercise 12, p 181 Halloween is a very special holiday for both children and adults Children like to go trick-or-treating, and adults prefer to go to Halloween parties In both cases, everyone likes to dress up or wear a costume Costumes that are popular this year include pirates and superheroes Candy is another important element of Halloween Chocolate and fruit candy are children’s favorites In fact, some children eat their Halloween candy until they get sick It is important for parents to limit the amount of candy before their children eat too much Halloween is a great holiday for kids, but adults also like it! Exercise 13, p 182 It is important to consider the function of a room before you decide to decorate it Because the bedroom is such a personal environment, interior decorators say that this 35 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning room reflects a person’s personality more than any other room in the house Living rooms and kitchens are used by everyone, but the bedroom is decorated exclusively for the comfort and relaxation of the owner The bedroom stays closed during social events such as parties and barbeques because it is considered a private space Some people decorate their bedrooms with paintings and pictures, but others prefer a simple look People who decorate with a few personal expressions appreciate their private place Exercise 14, p 183 C C B C D A D which was B yesterday because A Ø 10 A that bark Exercise 15, p 184 Answers will vary 36 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Chapter 10 Exercise 1, p 186 had was tired / was sleepy had was was sad was sleepy was angry was / was wrong is / is 10 am lucky 11 have / was good 12 was / am sorry Exercise 2, p 186 are is is is has is / has is is doesn’t have / is 10 has / is Exercise 3, p 188 make make make make do make make 10 make 11 make 12 13 make 14 make 15 16 make 17 18 make 19 make 20 21 make 22 make 23 make 24 make 25 make 26 make 27 make 28 make 29 30 make 31 32 make 33 34 35 make 36 37 make 38 39 make 40 41 42 43 make 44 make Exercise 4, p 189 Do did did / did does / make do / do / doing 10 does 11 doing 12 making 13 / make 14 15 / 16 17 doing 18 doing 19 makes 20 Exercise 5, p 190 make make make make do make 10 makes Exercise 6, p 191 been doing made make do make 10 make 11 Exercise 7, p 192 said / tell tell tell tell told / tell say tell / say tell / tell say 10 said / telling Exercise 8, p 193 37 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning C X / told me C C X / tell X / told me C X / said X / told me 10 X / told him Exercise 9, p 194 Answers will vary Exercise 10, p 196 much many many many many much much many much 10 much Exercise 11, p 196 many a an many much many many much a / many 10 a Exercise 12, p 196 C C a lot of much C many Exercise 13, p 197 a few a little a little a few a little a few a little a few a little 10 a few 11 a little 12 a little Exercise 14, p 198 C X / other C X / another C X / Another C X / other Exercise 15, p 200 very too too too very very Exercise 16, p 201 Answers will vary Exercise 17, p 202 I you your our your you your you you 10 your 11 your 12 your 13 you 14 you 15 your 16 your 17 you 18 you 19 you 20 we 21 your 22 we 23 our 24 It is 25 I 26 you 27 I 28 you 29 you 30 you 31 me 32 you 33 my 38 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning Exercise 18, p 204 Their names were changed for historical reasons, or they were changed for political reasons Today we call this country Myanmar, but for many years, it was called Burma For a long time, this country was called Siam, but now it is called Thailand For a few years, Singapore and Malaysia were one country, but in 1963, they decided to separate into two countries Exercise 19, p 205 Spelling in English is an extremely difficult task Students not have many problems with small words such as cat or (possible answer: dog) Longer words can be especially tricky For some people, vowels are the big problem For example, the sound of long E can be spelled ee as in beet, ea as in each, or eo as in people For other people, consonants cause headaches because one consonant can be pronounced two different ways Sometimes the letter c sounds like k as in cool, but at other times it sounds like s as in race Another spelling mistake that many people make occurs with silent letters The word straight has eight letters, but three of the letters are silent English spelling is not easy, so it is not surprising that so many people cannot spell well Exercise 20, p 206 B C C A D A D / was D makes B they 10 B many Exercise 21, p 207 Answers will vary 39 Folse Top 10 Answer Key, Copyright © Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning 40 ... She is writing, She is not writing, Is she writing? / It is writing, It is not writing, Is it writing? / We are writing, We are not writing, Are we writing? / You are writing, You are not writing, ... Are you writing? / They are writing, They are not writing, Are they writing? STOP: I am stopping, I am not stopping, Am I stopping? / You are stopping, You are not stopping, Are you stopping?... is stopping, He is not stopping, Is he stopping? / She is stopping, She is not stopping, Is she stopping? / It is stopping, It is not stopping, Is it stopping? / We are stopping, We are not stopping,