Sentence combining practice g10

Sentence-Combining Practice Grade 10 i_ii_Anc_889914.indd 20 4/7/08 3:49:43 PM Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the program Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-889914-0 MHID: 0-07-889914-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 079 12 11 10 09 08 i_ii_Anc_889914.indd 21 4/7/08 3:49:43 PM Contents Introduction iv Compound Sentences Compound Elements Items in a Series Modifiers Before a Noun Coordinate and Compound Adjectives Set-off Adjectives and Other Modifiers Other Set-off Elements Elements Set Off for Contrast Appositives Possessive Apostrophes 10 Adjective Phrases 11 Verbal Phrases as Adjectives 12 Adverbs and Phrases Acting as Adverbs 13 Essential Adjective Clauses with That and Who 14 Essential Adjective Clauses with Whom and Whose 15 Subject-Verb Agreement 16 Nonessential Adjective Clauses 17 Adverb Clauses I 18 Adverb Clauses II 19 Adverb Clauses III 20 Conjunctive Adverbs 21 But, However, Although, and Despite 22 Correlative Conjunctions 23 Noun Clauses I 24 Noun Clauses II 25 Quotations 26 Verbal Phrases as Nouns 27 Descriptive Writing I: Spring Rain 28 Descriptive Writing II: The Picture 29 Narrative Writing I: Friday, May 3, 1963 30 Narrative Writing II: At Bat 31 Expository Writing I: Ultrasound 32 Expository Writing II: Touch 33 Persuasive Writing I: Walking 34 Persuasive Writing II: Further Benefits of Walking 35 Answers 36 iii Sentence-Combining Practice Introduction Sentence combining (S-C) is a way to warm up before the game In the writing game, as in most games, things tend to happen at once All at the same time you’re trying to think of what to say, how to express it, how to spell the words, how to punctuate the sentences, and where to go next In this game, too, it helps if you’ve practiced each skill separately Combining sentences slows you down and gives you time to experiment The words are already there, and your task is simply to combine sentences meaningfully You don’t have to worry about what you’ll write in the following sentence or where to go next Getting Started There are two kinds of sentence-combining exercises in this book: signaled and unsignaled Signaled exercises give you specific suggestions on how to combine groups of sentences, called clusters Unsignaled (or open) sentence clusters encourage you to experiment on your own Signaled Exercises Signaled exercises help you by pointing toward particular choices, though even with these you may have more than one good option In these sentence-combining worksheets, signaling takes three forms: information is underlined, put in brackets [ ], or set in CAPITAL LETTERS To understand how these forms are used, study the examples below Underlining Certain information may be repeated in two or more sentences in a cluster Underlining shows you the words that are new The new information should be added to the new sentence a The woman turned and smiled b The woman was in the booth These sentences could be rewritten so that the repeated information (the part of b that isn’t underlined) is left out The new information is added to the following sentence: The woman in the booth turned and smiled Now try this cluster: a The woman in the booth turned and smiled b The booth was near the front Brackets When you combine two or more sentences, you may occasionally have to change slightly the form of a word; you may have to add a punctuation mark; you may have to include a signal word—or you may have to two of these things, or all three of them In signaled exercises an important clue to the change is suggested in brackets In the following cluster, we’ve included in brackets the punctuation mark and the change in form a He walked to the window b He brushed the hair from his eyes [, + ing] He walked to the window, brushing the hair from his eyes Notice that the word brushed has to be changed to brush before the -ing is added iv Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Sentence-Combining Practice In the following cluster, we signaled a hyphen in the brackets Notice what happens to miles when we add the hyphen Note also the signal word and, telling how to incorporate c a She enjoyed a morning jog b The jog was three miles [-] c She enjoyed a quick shower [and] She enjoyed a three-mile morning jog and a quick shower Punctuation marks occur singly or in pairs A pair of marks, such as [— —], shows you one way to embed information in the middle of a sentence Study the cluster below a Deborah was much in demand at parties b Deborah was a gifted guitarist [— —] Deborah—a gifted guitarist—was much in demand at parties In the next cluster, a signal word in the brackets suggests another way of combining sentences Try it a Ralph pushed the dish away b Ralph hated chicken livers [, who ,] Capital Letters The CAPITAL LETTERS used in the third form of signaling spell out the neutral word SOMETHING This word is often found in the first sentence of a cluster It shows where the following sentence or part of that sentence should go a He tried SOMETHING b He would lift the manhole cover [to] He tried to lift the manhole cover a Martha asked SOMETHING b I was feeling some way [how] Martha asked how I was feeling Here are two more clusters to try Recheck the examples if you’re puzzled a We realized SOMETHING b Joanne was going to win [that] a He asked SOMETHING b They had left for some reason [why] Unsignaled Exercises Unsignaled (or open) exercises invite you to try all sorts of combinations until you find the one you like best For example, see how many different combinations you can make from this sentence cluster a Toni was ill b Her parents were concerned Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 v Sentence-Combining Practice The possibilities are numerous Here, to give you the feel of open sentence combining, are just a few combinations: Toni was ill, and her parents were concerned Because Toni was ill, her parents were concerned Toni’s illness concerned her parents Toni’s parents were concerned about her illness Toni’s illness Toni’s parents Of concern to Toni’s parents was the fact that You could probably come up with more versions When doing unsignaled exercises, try whispering different versions to yourself, or work with a friend or a group to try out various possibilities Listen to your friends, and listen even more carefully to your own voice Experiment and Enjoy The purpose of these sentence-combining sheets is to help you learn to enjoy writing—to help you find your own things to say and your own voice in which to say them The signals are merely a first step toward that goal You will find that in most exercises only the first few clusters will be signaled Signaling will then be phased out, except for an occasional hint at a tough spot This will allow you to start slowly each time, and if you become puzzled later on, you can go back and look again at how you did an exercise before For a review of sentence-combining hints and for further practice, turn to Unit in your textbook As you work with these sheets, experiment and enjoy Listen to the sentences your friends offer, and offer them your own And listen closely to your own voice You already know more than you think you vi Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Compound Sentences Key Information A simple way to combine sentences is to use a coordinating conjunction The coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, nor, for, and yet a They planted fifty trees b Most of them died [, but] c That winter proved the worst of the century [for] They planted fifty trees, but most of them died, for that winter proved the worst of the century ■ Directions Use a comma plus a coordinating conjunction to join the sentences in each cluster a Ms King needed two people to take care of her yard b The brothers both needed work [, and] a We may drive to Zion National Park during spring break b We may just stay home [, or] a She stood gasping for a full minute b She had run up ten flights of stairs [, for] a We could get together at your place again b You could come to our place for a change [, or] a The doctors didn’t expect her to walk again b In two years she was jogging five miles a day [, yet] Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a His injuries were relatively minor b He had been wearing a seat belt [, for] a I can’t recall her name b I (not) know where she lives [, nor] a For three days they had been without food b They were all in good condition [, but] c They’d had sufficient drinking water [, for] a We were out of walnuts b Laura had (not) bought any [, nor] c The store closed at five o’clock [, for] 10 a We waited by the water hole for six hours b The elephants never returned [, but] c We were determined to take some spectacular photographs [, yet] Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Compound Elements Key Information Sometimes we combine sentences that share information One way to avoid repeating the shared information is by using compound elements a The cormorants perched on the sea wall b The cormorants folded their wings [and] The cormorants perched on the sea wall and folded their wings ■ Directions Use the coordinating conjunctions and, or, but, and yet to combine the sentences in each cluster Include only the new information from b and, in item 10, from c as well (New information is underlined in the first few items.) a She read a magazine b She answered two letters [and] a She read a magazine b She read two chapters of her history book [and] a The captain was honored at the dinner b Two crew members were honored at the dinner [and] a The new medicine proved a largely effective treatment b The new medicine proved an extremely expensive treatment [but] a His relatives were responsible people b His relatives were hardworking people [and] c His relatives were lighthearted and fun-loving people [yet] a The children had cleaned their rooms by the time I got there b The children were cooking dinner by the time I got there a They didn’t know whether to complain b They didn’t know whether to accept the decision a He handed us a large cardboard box b He handed us a surprisingly lightweight cardboard box 10 a They came in only one size b They came in twelve colors c They came in five different patterns Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a The road twists a bit b The road turns a bit Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Items in a Series Key Information Three or more items in a series require punctuation, usually a comma The last two items are usually connected with a coordinating conjunction, which is often preceded by a comma a Elizabeth went to her room b She turned the radio on low [,] c She sat down to write a letter [, and] Elizabeth went to her room, turned the radio on low, and sat down to write a letter ■ Directions Combine each cluster so that the new information (which is underlined in the first few items) forms a series Connect the last two items in the series with the coordinating conjunction and or or a Barry walked to the corner b Ali walked to the corner [,] c Terence walked to the corner [, and] a She discovered the problem herself b She diagnosed the problem herself c She corrected the problem herself a You can wash the dishes b You can clean the basement [,] c You can take down the Halloween decorations [, or] a The day before yesterday I visited my friend b The day before yesterday I spoke to my cousin c The day before yesterday I met my sister Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a We should fix enchiladas for dinner b We should fix refried beans for dinner [,] c We should fix a tossed green salad for dinner [, and] a b c d a b c d I found my books where I had left them I found my basketball where I had left it [,] I found my jacket where I had left it [, and] 10 a My guitar was missing [, but] b c a The car had a dent in one fender d b The car had a crack in the windshield e c The car had a flat tire The shelves tipped Canned goods cascaded to the floor Boxes of cereal cascaded to the floor Rolls of paper towels cascaded to the floor He fed the baby He bathed the baby He rocked the baby He forgot to give her vitamin drops He forgot to give her allergy medicine a They shopped for the dinner b They prepared the dinner c They elegantly served the dinner Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Modifiers Before a Noun Key Information Placing an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, or a participle before a noun often condenses information very effectively a A canister had been left by the stairs b The canister was large c The stairs were to the subway A large canister had been left by the subway stairs ■ Directions Combine each cluster so that the new information (which is underlined in the first few items) is used as a modifier before a noun a The apples on the branches b The apples were ripe a They put the papers in the drawer b The papers were valuable a An old desk sat in one corner b The desk was of oak a She oiled the hinges on the doors b The hinges were squeaking c The doors were of the cupboards a The children concocted a story b The children were mischievous a We took the bottles to a facility b The bottles were empty c The facility was for recycling a Two women questioned the suspect b The suspect was suspected of burglary a A man with a beard greeted me at the door b The door was in the front 10 a Ralph’s children sat on chairs in the room b The chairs were very small c The room was sunny Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc a The woman had overcome obstacles b The woman was dauntless c The obstacles were formidable Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Descriptive Writing I: Spring Rain 28 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish A warm front had moved in It had come during the night It had brought rain [-ing] 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 In the morning he looked out on a scene He opened the slatted blinds [, when ,] The scene was one of transition The transition was a change from winter to spring [,] 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Snow still lay everywhere [Though] The snow had begun to melt Clumps of grass were revealed Patches of pavement were revealed 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 He had walked to the stand of pines yesterday He had left footprints The footprints had been sharply defined The footprints had been in the frozen snow The footprints now sagged Their edges were obscured 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 The path went to the woodshed The path was slushy ice The ice was opaque The ice was blue The ice was dotted with occasional patches of snow 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Three wild ducks rested They were at the pond’s edge They looked like decoys The decoys were glazed with rain 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 The sky was pewter gray The sky was penciled with the rain The sky had been blue a day earlier The blue was crisp The blue was brilliant 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Across this gray sky flew large flocks The flocks were of geese The flocks were of ducks The ducks were mergansers The ducks were teals The ducks were mallards They streamed above the hill They were in undulating strands Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 28 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Descriptive Writing II: The Picture 29 ■ Directions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 It is Juanita’s favorite picture It is the picture of a man He is a man she has never met He is her father He died just before her birth 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 The man in the picture is young He is about twenty He has a blond mustache He has light brown hair The hair is blond at the temples 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 The picture shows him sitting The picture shows him at a desk His shoulders are broad They are hunched slightly forward They are hunched as if he were about to rise 4.1 4.2 4.3 His face is kindly He has light eyes They are narrowed by his smile 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 His lips are parted slightly in a smile His lips are full The smile reveals teeth The teeth are large and pure white The teeth are like her own 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 He is leaning forward on his elbows His shirt sleeves are rolled up His forearms are bare His forearms are thick and muscular 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 He wears a watch The watch is on his left wrist The band has three rows of links The rows alternate dark and light 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 In his right hand is a fountain pen It is the pen Juanita’s mother gave her She was twelve then It is the pen Juanita sometimes uses She uses the pen to write letters to a man she has never met Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 29 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Narrative Writing I: Friday, May 3, 1963 30 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish Two clusters are signaled Belinda went to church that morning It was a school day [Even though] She walked there with Gregory [, + -ing] Gregory was the boy she sometimes called her boyfriend [,] 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Hundreds had gathered already They were mostly schoolchildren [—] Some were older than her twelve years [,] Some were younger [,] A few were as young as six or seven [, and] 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 For nearly an hour they sang songs They sang “Go Tell It on the Mountain.” They sang “Over My Head I See Freedom in the Air.” They sang “We Shall Overcome.” 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Then a man spoke He told them something They were doing right They had nothing to fear Today they would make history Today they should be proud 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 They went out into the May sun [But + as] The birds were warbling [with] The smell of spring was in the air [and] Belinda felt more fear than pride 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Already the street was filled with children Some of them laughed and giggled Most of them were deeply serious They lined up to begin the march [as] 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 The police were also lined up They were ahead of the crowd They were blocking the street They were restraining their dogs 8.1 8.2 8.3 One officer was speaking through a bullhorn He delivered the same message over and over “This is an illegal assembly; you’re ordered to disperse.” 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 The singing began again The crowd slowly started to move forward The officer with the bullhorn turned He shouted an order to the men nearby Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 30 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Narrative Writing II: At Bat 31 ■ Directions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 Steven walked to the plate He felt a queasiness It was in the pit of his stomach 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 It was only the third inning His team was ahead by two runs He still felt pressured He felt that everyone expected something He would fail He would strike out He would hit into a double play 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 He was surprised He heard his brother His brother was shouting encouragement “Come on, Stevie, you can it.” 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 The first pitch came in It was high It was over his head He swung at it He missed it badly 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 He felt humiliated He felt ashamed that he had been fooled His brother continued something He was offering encouragement 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 The next pitch came The ball floated in It was big It was slow It was like a rising moon He let it go It went for another strike 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 The next pitch came It seemed to hang He swung with all his strength It was a perfect swing The bat met the sphere dead center The sphere was fat and white 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 The ball exploded The explosion was into grapefruit pulp The explosion was into chunks of peel The peel had been painted with white shoe polish The explosion was into a mist of grapefruit juice Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 31 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Expository Writing I: Ultrasound 32 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish Most of us know something Radar works a certain way [that] Radio waves are bounced off an object [by + -ing] The echo is scanned with a detector [and + -ing] 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Ultrasound operates according to similar principles Ultrasound uses ultrahigh-frequency sound waves [, + -ing] They are bounced off objects [that] These objects include one’s internal organs [( + -ing)] They are read by a computer [,] They are transformed into images on a monitor [, and] 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Ultrasound has revolutionized medicine It allows something [, + -ing] Doctors view what is inside us [to] Doctors can even treat some conditions [and + to] Doctors needn’t make incisions [without + -ing] 4.1 4.2 4.3 Perhaps its most familiar use is in prenatal screening A doctor monitors the progress and the condition of the fetus A doctor even takes the baby’s first picture! 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 It has other uses as well These uses include checking for damage The damage is in the heart These include locating kidney stones These even include pulverizing kidney stones 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Ultrasound has no adverse effects These effects are on humans This is unlike X-rays X-rays are the more traditional tool for something One scans internal organs 7.1 7.2 Ultrasound equipment is inexpensive This is relative to other medical equipment 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 A magnetic-resonance-imaging [MRI] machine can a job The job is somewhat better than ultrasound The MRI machine may cost two million dollars [but + whereas] The ultrasound machine costs only about two hundred thousand dollars 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Ultrasound is a way The way is fast The way is cheap The way is accurate One way finds out it’s a girl or a boy [to + not only] One way finds out it’s a healthy girl or boy [but also] Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 32 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Expository Writing II: Touch 33 ■ Directions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Common speech recognizes five senses Sight is a sense Hearing is a sense Taste is a sense Smell is a sense Touch is a sense 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 The first four senses are often called “special” senses Information is collected by specific sense organs [because] Visual information is collected by the eyes Auditory information is collected by the ears Information about taste is collected by the tongue Information about odor is collected by the nose 3.1 3.2 3.3 Touch is called a “general” sense [, in contrast,] We collect tactile information from “all over.” [because] We don’t collect tactile information from a special organ [rather than] 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 In a sense touch is also a special sense [however] Its special organ is the largest organ [whose] The organ is of the body The organ is the skin 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The skin is the foremost sense organ of all This is in two basic ways One way is in its total size One way is in its “seniority.” 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 The total area is nearly two square meters The area is of the skin’s surface The skin’s surface is of an average adult This is about one thousand times the retinal area The retinal area is the light-collecting area The retinal area is of the eyes 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 The sense of touch is also the first sense to be experienced This is by the fetus The fetus is developing All of this is probable 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 The fetus becomes responsive to tactile stimuli This is at about nine weeks The nerves are not yet developed at that time The nerves carry visual and auditory information They carry it to the brain Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 33 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Persuasive Writing I: Walking 34 ■ Directions Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish Three clusters are signaled The benefits of exercise are clear to most of us The benefits include increased strength and stamina [— -ing—] The benefits include better health [,] The benefits include an improved sense of well-being [, and] 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Exercise also has certain costs One cost is the chance of injury [:] Pulled muscles would be an example [(for ,)] Damage to the joints would be another example [or] A second cost is the expense of equipment [,] “Health” machines can be unhealthy for the purse [( .)] A third cost is time [, and] 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Part of the problem may be a mind-set Many of us have this mind-set [that] The mind-set is about exercise The mind-set is no pain, no gain [: “ ”] 4.1 4.2 4.3 We feel something Exercise doesn’t cost us in bucks or bruises [if] It isn’t real exercise 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 We invest in equipment Perhaps it is a home gym Perhaps it is an expensive racket or a set of clubs Perhaps it is a rowing machine or a treadmill 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Many specialists contend something Walking is the best exercise The best exercise is also the cheapest It costs little more than your time 7.1 7.2 7.3 The equipment is simple You need only a good pair of walking shoes You need only willpower 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 You may have to begin slowly It depends upon your present physical condition Walking must ultimately be more than a stroll The stroll is leisurely The stroll is around the block 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 This is for maximum benefit Your walk should be regular Your walk should be at least four times a week Your walk should be brisk “Brisk” means at a pace of three miles an hour or faster Your walk should last at least half an hour 10.1 34 Walking can even become a way of life Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Persuasive Writing II: Further Benefits of Walking 35 ■ Directions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Combine each cluster into one or more sentences Combine two or more clusters if you wish 1.1 1.2 1.3 One hardly needs to stress the benefits The benefits are of walking The benefits are for your health 2.1 2.2 2.3 For many the most immediate benefit is feelings One feeling is of well-being One feeling is of energy 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 People of all ages feel this benefit This includes certain people They have been largely sedentary for some time They often feel this benefit most dramatically 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The feelings of well-being and energy have three sources One source is increased appetite One source is improved muscle tone One source is better sleeping habits 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 A person is concerned about weight For that person “increased appetite” is an alarm That person should know something Walking almost always causes a loss of weight The walking is regular, vigorous, and prolonged 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 A person feels that he or she already sleeps too much That person should know something “Better sleeping habits” will mean something The person will feel more rested after less sleep 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Perhaps the greatest benefits are indirect The benefits are of regular walking The benefits are not to the individual The benefits are to the environment 8.1 8.2 8.3 Most Americans travel [When] They take more than a ton of equipment with them That equipment is called a car 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Cars are a source of pollution The pollution is environmental The pollution poisons our air The pollution may one day raise our planet’s temperature The rise in temperature may cause global disaster 10.1 10.2 Walking should improve our health Walking should improve our planet’s health Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 35 Sentence-Combining Practice Answers Note: In the exercises on pages 1–27, there is sometimes more than one possible answer In the exercises on pages 28–35, the range of possible answers is far broader ■ PAGE Compound Sentences Ms King needed two people to take care of her yard, and the brothers both needed work We may drive to Zion National Park during spring break, or we may just stay home She stood gasping for a full minute, for she had run up ten flights of stairs We could get together at your place again, or you could come to our place for a change The doctors didn’t expect her to walk again, yet in two years she was jogging five miles a day His injuries were relatively minor, for he had been wearing a seat belt I can’t recall her name, nor I know where she lives For three days they had been without food, but they were all in good condition, for they’d had sufficient drinking water We were out of walnuts, nor had Laura bought any, for the store closed at five o’clock 10 We waited by the water hole for six hours, but the elephants never returned, yet we were determined to take some spectacular photographs ■ PAGE ■ PAGE Items in a Series Barry, Ali, and Terence walked to the corner You can wash the dishes, clean the basement, or take down the Halloween decorations We should fix enchiladas, refried beans, and a tossed green salad for dinner I found my books, basketball, and jacket where I had left them, but my guitar was missing 36 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 ■ PAGE Modifiers Before a Noun The ripe apples on the branches They put the valuable papers in the drawer An old oak desk sat in one corner She oiled the squeaking hinges on the cupboard doors The dauntless woman had overcome formidable obstacles The mischievous children concocted a story We took the empty bottles to a recycling facility Two women questioned the burglary suspect A man with a beard greeted me at the front door 10 Ralph’s children sat on very small chairs in the sunny room ■ PAGE Coordinate and Compound Adjectives He made a large, sweeping gesture She chose the red-topped model She chose the red-topped, two-door model We had to decide whether to pack short-sleeved or long-sleeved shirts A narrow, debris-strewn staircase led to the basement An interesting, friendly lady sat next to me on the plane A large, fresh turkey was what we were looking for He ordered the low-cholesterol, salt-free special He raises white-laced or silver-penciled Wyandottes; I don’t remember which 10 The bear was fitted with a high-frequency radio-signal collar ■ PAGE Set-off Adjectives and Other Modifiers Marco, weary from the three-day cross-country trip, flopped down on the sofa Self-conscious and awkward, Carrie spoke first The musicians—quite exhausted but gratified by the crowd’s response—gathered backstage Fluffy and round as cotton balls, the baby chicks stayed close to the hen, tall and brave as a boxer Fresh from the oven, the muffin was made with oatmeal, bran, and raisins Nearly a head taller than the older man, Jim embraced his father Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Compound Elements She read a magazine and answered two letters She read a magazine and two chapters of her history book The captain and two crew members were honored at the dinner The new medicine proved a largely effective but extremely expensive treatment His relatives were responsible and hardworking yet lighthearted and fun-loving people The road twists and turns a bit The children had cleaned their rooms and were cooking dinner by the time I got there They didn’t know whether to complain or to accept the decision He handed us a large but surprisingly lightweight cardboard box 10 They came in only one size yet in twelve colors and five different patterns The car had a dent in one fender, a crack in the windshield, and a flat tire They shopped for, prepared, and elegantly served the dinner She discovered, diagnosed, and corrected the problem herself The day before yesterday I visited my friend, spoke to my cousin, and met my sister The shelves tipped, and canned goods, boxes of cereal, and rolls of paper towels cascaded to the floor 10 He fed, bathed, and rocked the baby, but he forgot to give her vitamin drops and allergy medicine Sentence-Combining Practice He got the leading role, the one he had always wanted Alicia, ruddy faced but still strong after twenty-six miles, was the third to finish the grueling race The two children, hot from their climb and dusty from head to toe, asked their father to fix lunch 10 The oak—at least two hundred years old and sturdy as the fortress it guarded—shaded much of the square ■ PAGE Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Other Set-off Elements Kate was watchful, even vigilant He spent (some said squandered) her money on baseball cards It was a somber—in my estimation, lugubrious—ceremony His voice was shrill, actually razor sharp Ms Singh asked—indeed, commanded—us to quiet down We were not angry—keenly disappointed and frustrated, but certainly not angry Tim directed—indeed, orchestrated—our cleaning of the garage Mr Simpson said we needed a little talk—not a deep philosophical talk, but merely a little talk Mike was watching—in fact, scrutinizing—the clock 10 Doris gave me a wry—almost comical—smile and hurried—essentially bolted—from the room I was reading the autobiography of Frederick Douglass, my father’s hero A gifted novelist, Dostoevski explored the depth of the human soul Thalia (last year’s chess champion) handed the trophy to this year’s champion A case holding over a hundred trophies, the fruit of years in professional bowling, graces the den Laurel—the feckless, bumbling man—and Hardy— the heavy, pompous partner—are entertaining yet another generation 10 The senator’s husband, a lean, cordial chicken rancher, says he has no interest in politics ■ PAGE 10 Possessive Apostrophes Hannah’s books are in the entryway The dog’s water dish was empty The dogs’ water dish was empty That is not Willis’s idea of fun The Reeses’ roof was damaged in the storm José and Rosa’s new baby is coming home tomorrow Skunks raided the geese’s nest The wolf ’s den was inaccessible The wolves’ den was inaccessible 10 Brendan’s aunt took the girls shopping for Tony and Maria’s present ■ PAGE ■ PAGE 11 Elements Set Off for Contrast He was an easygoing—but not always dependable— worker We tried to, though could not always, eat dinner as a family She requested—or if need be, demanded—our full attention She was swift, if not always thorough, with her household chores It was thoughtless—even downright boorish—behavior We found—though could not afford—just the lamp we’d been looking for He spent two hours (it seemed even longer) recounting his football exploits We watched—but certainly didn’t enjoy—the movie a second time They were fully aware of (and not the least offended by) her antics 10 They insisted—though they were not sure—that he had been there at the time Adjective Phrases A choice of entrees is available A man in an electric wheelchair and two babies in infant seats were boarded first The noise from above was from a celebration of the candidate’s victory The neighbor in the apartment upstairs was dumbfounded by the charge of over sixty dollars for calls to numbers with many different area codes The argument on that occasion seemed trivial He placed a bowl of great beauty on the table in the center of the room A medley of folk songs pleased everyone in the theater A box of cereal had been left on the shelf in the pantry The party after the game attracted several carloads of young people from the rival school 10 Two women in a pickup with a chrome roll bar had stopped to help the elderly couple in a red sports car with a flat tire ■ PAGE Appositives I think I’ve found her weakness: kohlrabi She had worked with Mother Teresa, a person of compassion and energy In Oregon he lived in Monmouth, a small town thirteen miles southwest of Salem Lincoln spoke at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the site of one of the bloodiest Civil War battles ■ PAGE 12 Verbal Phrases as Adjectives Some trash left by the previous renters had to be cleared out first The students taking exams were excused from afternoon classes Two additional workers specializing in claims adjustments arrived that afternoon The girl accompanying Michelle asked a question considered inappropriate by the president Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 37 Sentence-Combining Practice An effort to save several head of cattle stranded by the rising water succeeded Many people watching from the stands saw the race run through Central Park The one usually credited with such triumphs is Margaret The old man whittling a tiny wooden whistle acknowledged me with a quick nod A woman representing an anonymous buyer bought a painting valued at six million dollars 10 They collected food and medical supplies needed by the people left homeless by the war raging in the mountains ■ PAGE 13 Adverbs and Phrases Acting as Adverbs Earl left the room reluctantly The doctors discovered the problem almost immediately On his hands and knees he vigorously scrubbed every inch of the floor, even under the appliances Once each month, after paying her bills, she customarily writes to all of her nieces and nephews with the family news She swiftly ran after the dog Tony barbecued chicken wings in the backyard for the whole family after their day at the beach He walked around the mall with his friends They worked diligently into the night By Charlene’s account, the meeting was unusually productive despite some initial disagreements 10 In the late evening they sadly and respectfully laid the sparrow to rest under a carefully chosen tree ■ PAGE 14 ■ PAGE 15 Essential Adjective Clauses with Whom and Whose She’s the one whom everyone counts on He is the state senator whose campaign spending is under scrutiny 38 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 ■ PAGE 16 Subject-Verb Agreement The bowl filled with Granny Smith apples is borrowed The woman who is presently meeting with Jim and Tiffany has another appointment in ten minutes The rice and beans that I had for lunch was delicious One person in every ten is absentminded The selection offered to the retail buyers was limited The notice announcing job openings for August has not been posted yet The program featuring talent from the senior class opens with a comedy team Each of the three applying for the job was interviewed separately A roster of those who contributed one hundred dollars to the fund includes the names of her grandparents 10 A team composed of specialists in plant diseases was brought in ■ PAGE 17 Nonessential Adjective Clauses Sally Ride, who was a pioneer in the space program, is my role model The Amazon, which flows over thirty-seven hundred miles, carries more water than any other river His mother, to whom he is deeply devoted, holds two jobs Frank—who once feared he wouldn’t graduate from high school—was accepted by three universities Will Rogers was a close friend of Wiley Post, who invited Rogers to fly with him to Alaska The earliest experiments in genetics were done by Gregor Mendel, who was teaching at the time in a secondary school In April of that year they celebrated the birth of a daughter, whom they named Althea On Friday they had their annual meeting, which was held at Mr McGregor’s ranch We honored Lao-tzu, whose philosophy of Taoism had inspired us all 10 Johann Sebastian Bach, who has been esteemed for his music for nearly three hundred years, had many children, four of whom were themselves important musicians Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Essential Adjective Clauses with That and Who The money that she received has been earmarked for college A passerby who had heard the child crying stopped to help The letter that they claim to have sent last March never arrived The building that they said they had lived in was razed earlier this year We looked for the waiter who had taken our order We found the bakery that Norma had recommended so highly Here is the album that all her baby pictures are in Some of you can have the lab equipment that the graduates are leaving behind He lent me the book that he claimed contained the rules for playing whist 10 The envelope that the formula had been written on was thrown out A man whose name sounded like Tim or Jim just phoned The woman whom Wade just called a great manager will be running his department starting tomorrow The student whose father is waiting is in Mr Wong’s homeroom Share this with a person you particularly like She was a teacher for whom students did their best work He is the man whose daughter was just chosen valedictorian The cousin Sara lived with for two years is visiting us 10 Stephen Jay Gould is a writer whose books I enjoy enormously Sentence-Combining Practice ■ PAGE 18 Adverb Clauses I As Julie pulled into the driveway, two well-dressed young men were ringing her doorbell As soon as Chandra began to talk of other things, her father looked in and asked if the girls wanted popcorn Wherever he goes, people like him Until she was nine, she had never seen a television Where the sandy beach ended, a thicket of maples and blueberry bushes took over While Vladimir fixed dinner, Olga finished vacuuming As he was starting the car, he thought of the grocery list on the kitchen counter Before he could relax for the evening, he had to finish his biology homework While David was mowing the front lawn and Lisa was raking leaves in the back, Dahlia fixed sandwiches for everyone 10 After she had finished washing up but before she had put the tools away, she remembered that the upstairs bathroom sink needed repairing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 19 Adverb Clauses II Although he was ninety-three years old, he tended a half-acre garden by himself Margaret Mead, even though she’d had little professional experience, produced a classic with her first book Though interest rates were lowered a third time, the economy remained relatively sluggish Although funding has increased considerably, concern about illiteracy is still high Even if he completes the document by three o’clock and we fax it immediately, they won’t receive it in the Atlanta office until tomorrow Even if we reach an 80 percent recycling rate, we’re still wasting valuable resources in landfills Each side, though they had agreed to negotiate the cost, sat down with a fixed and inflexible agenda Whereas violence followed him throughout his life, Mohandas Gandhi himself lived a life of nonviolence Although he chose the ingredients with special care and followed her recipe carefully, Karl simply couldn’t make potato salad like his mother’s 10 Avi wants a motorbike even though it’s terribly impractical and wildly extravagant ■ PAGE 20 Adverb Clauses III Because he was angry, he chose not to write a response immediately If tomorrow is as hot as today, I’m heading for the ocean We must stay home tonight since we’re broke He calls Wanda for the assignment whenever he misses class Feel free—since we have some of these left over—to take a few with you Because the flu season is here, I’m trying to get a good night’s rest each night Marisol, if she can hold this pace, will shave three seconds from her best time this season If this heat wave breaks, we can get back to our daily workouts Unless this heat wave breaks, I’m headed for Antarctica 10 Since you’re going to the store anyway, would you get me a gallon of low-fat or skim milk? ■ PAGE 21 Conjunctive Adverbs Tod was relieved to have had his appendix removed; however, he was unhappy about staying in the hospital another day Coleslaw is excellent with chicken; nevertheless, we bought potato salad Twelve of the pay phones were out of order; the phone company, consequently, has been here all day He’s watching his diet and exercising regularly; therefore, he’s fitter than he has been for years Her lack of experience is a concern; she has great letters of recommendation, however He has excellent experience; he was, moreover, near the top of his graduating class We could help him out again; equally, we could tell him that he’s on his own this time They like the wood paneling; nevertheless, they recognize that painting the wall would be cheaper It’s true that I didn’t wash the dishes; still, I did the shopping and the cooking 10 They had a cousin visiting from California; subsequently, two of their children came down with chicken pox ■ PAGE 22 But, However, Although, and Despite (1) The question was difficult, but it posed no problem (2) Though the question was difficult, it posed no problem (3) Though difficult, the question posed no problem (4) Despite its difficulty, the question posed no problem (1) Terry was confused; she managed, however, to find the right street (2) Even though she was confused, Terry managed to find the right street (3) Even though confused, Terry managed to find the right street (4) Despite her confusion, Terry managed to find the right street (1) Carla was elated; she pretended not to care, however (2) Although Carla was elated, she pretended not to care (3) Although elated, Carla pretended not to care (4) In spite of her elation, Carla pretended not to care (1) He is humorous; he is, however, a no-nonsense chairperson (2) Though he is humorous, he is a nononsense chairperson (3) Though humorous, he is a no-nonsense chairperson (4) In spite of his humor, he is a no-nonsense chairperson Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 39 Sentence-Combining Practice (1) She is pugnacious, but she has loads of friends (2) Although she is pugnacious, she has loads of friends (3) Although pugnacious, she has loads of friends (4) Despite her pugnacity, she has loads of friends [Note: For 6–10 the third option (the shortened clause) does not work because the subject is not the same in each sentence of the cluster Combining the clusters according to the third option produces misplaced modifiers.] (1) She is pugnacious, but we like her (2) Although she is pugnacious, we like her (4) In spite of her pugnacity, we like her (1) The movie is tedious, but the critics raved about it (2) Though the movie is tedious, the critics raved about it (4) Despite the movie’s tedium, the critics raved about it (1) The test was difficult, but the whole class did well (2) Though the test was difficult, the whole class did well (4) In spite of the test’s difficulty, the whole class did well (1)Jacques was angry, but his parents wouldn’t give in (2) Even though Jacques was angry, his parents wouldn’t give in (4) Despite Jacques’s anger, his parents wouldn’t give in 10 (1) They were not amused; however, the comedian continued telling jokes (2) Although they were not amused, the comedian continued telling jokes (4) In spite of their not being amused, the comedian continued telling jokes ■ PAGE 23 40 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 ■ PAGE 24 Noun Clauses I We wondered when they would leave We determined what the problem was Whose Navaho rug it was has never been established Why people were avoiding him puzzled Frank We talked about where we would put the tree She finally realized how expensive his present was going to be We knew where they lived I couldn’t remember which model they had ordered No one knew who she was 10 We asked what they were storing in the basement ■ PAGE 25 Noun Clauses II Doug hoped that his roommate would be out Doug wondered whether he should find another apartment The tutor couldn’t determine whether they were prepared Karim maintains you knew all along That they had been practicing before we arrived was apparent Whether Carlos and Judy were on speaking terms was not established We questioned whether he was qualified to represent the committee That Yolanda is furious is quite clear I wonder whether he knows that he has mustard on his lapel 10 That Mario should find out first whether his paycheck had already been deposited was agreeable to everyone ■ PAGE 26 Quotations (1) The police officer says, “You must stay behind the barricade.” (2) The police officer says that we must stay behind the barricade (1) Midori said, “I couldn’t wait to see Jack’s face!” (2) Midori said that she couldn’t wait to see Jack’s face (1) Midori says, “I can’t wait to see Jack’s face.” (2) Midori says that she can’t wait to see Jack’s face (1) “I haven’t seen the latest figures,” the accountant insisted (2) The accountant insisted that she hadn’t seen the latest figures (1) “Weren’t we supposed to pick up Angela?” asked Paul (2) Paul asked whether we were supposed to pick up Angela (1) “You haven’t buttoned your shirt correctly,” the younger of the two noted (2) The younger of the two noted that I hadn’t buttoned my shirt correctly (1) “I’m the best chess player in the group,” Oscar Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Correlative Conjunctions Either we’re out of gas, or something’s wrong with the fuel gauge Either the cat has gone hunting, or the cat is lost Either Americans must be willing to work harder and produce goods more efficiently, or they will continue to compete poorly in world markets (1) Not only were they marvelous guests, but the following week they also proved to be excellent hosts (2) Neither were they marvelous guests, nor did they prove to be excellent hosts the following week (1) Not only was my ride late, but he also had to stop for gas (2) Neither was my ride late, nor did he have to stop for gas (1) Not only could I see the stage, but the acoustics were also excellent (2) Neither could I see the stage, nor were the acoustics excellent (1) Not only did his insurance company pay for my damages, but they also gave me a car to use while mine was in the shop (2) Neither did his insurance company pay for my damages, nor did they give me a car to use while mine was in the shop (1) Not only I need a place to stay tonight, but I could also use some extra money (2) Neither I need a place to stay tonight, nor could I use some extra money (1) Not only these have nutritional value, but many people also find them very tasty (2) Neither these have nutritional value, nor many people find them very tasty 10 (1) Not only does he cook dinner, but he also washes the dishes (2) Neither does he cook dinner, nor does he wash the dishes Sentence-Combining Practice insisted (2) Oscar insisted that he was the best chess player in the group (1) “Should they be paid?” Felicia questioned (2) Felicia questioned whether they should be paid (1) “You should take extra warm clothing,” Jesse suggested (2) Jesse suggested we take extra warm clothing 10 (1) Maya was continually asking, “Has anyone been using my bicycle? (2) Maya was continually asking whether anyone had been using her bicycle ■ PAGE 27 Verbal Phrases as Nouns Eating properly is important They considered raising their own food too timeconsuming To skateboard takes real skill We tried to wire the house ourselves The teacher promised to postpone the test under one condition By trying to offend no one, she offended practically everyone Sam planned to start looking for a job soon The coaches considered letting the team down unforgivable We hoped that talking to one another would ease the tension 10 He believed in trying conscientiously to get it right the first time Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 28 Descriptive Writing I: Spring Rain During the night a warm front had moved in, bringing rain In the morning, when he opened the slatted blinds, he looked out on a scene of transition, a change from winter to spring Though snow still lay everywhere, it had begun to melt, revealing clumps of grass and patches of pavement Where yesterday he had walked to the stand of pines, leaving sharply defined footprints in the frozen snow, the footprints now sagged and their edges were obscured The path that went to the woodshed was slushy ice, blue and opaque and dotted with occasional patches of snow At the pond’s edge three wild ducks rested, looking like decoys glazed with rain The sky—a crisp, brilliant blue a day earlier— was pewter gray, penciled with the rain Across this gray sky flew large flocks of geese and ducks (mergansers, teals, and mallards), streaming above the hill in undulating strands ■ PAGE 29 Descriptive Writing II: The Picture It is Juanita’s favorite picture, the picture of a man she has never met—her father, who died just before her birth The man in the picture is young, about twenty, with lightbrown hair, blond at the temples, and a blond mustache The picture shows him sitting at a desk, his broad shoulders hunched slightly forward as if he were about to rise His face is kindly, with light eyes narrowed by his smile His full lips are parted slightly in a smile, revealing teeth, large and pure white, like her own He is leaning forward on his elbows, his shirt sleeves rolled up, his forearms bare—thick and muscular On his left wrist he wears a watch whose band has three rows of links, alternating dark and light In his right hand is a fountain pen, the one Juanita’s mother gave her when she was twelve, which she uses sometimes to write letters to a man she has never met ■ PAGE 30 Narrative Writing I: Friday, May 3, 1963 Even though it was a school day, Belinda went to church that morning, walking there with Gregory, the boy she sometimes called her boyfriend Hundreds had gathered already—mostly schoolchildren, some older than her twelve years, some younger, and a few as young as six or seven For nearly an hour they sang songs: “Go Tell It on the Mountain,” “Over My Head I See Freedom in the Air,” and “We Shall Overcome.” Then a man spoke, telling them that they were doing right, that they had nothing to fear, that today they would make history, and that they should be proud But as they went out into the May sun, with the birds warbling and the smell of spring in the air, Belinda felt more fear than pride Already the street was filled with children, some of whom laughed and giggled, but most of whom were deeply serious as they lined up to begin the march Ahead of the crowd the police were also lined up, blocking the street and restraining their dogs One officer was speaking through a bullhorn, delivering the same message over and over: “This is an illegal assembly; you’re ordered to disperse.” As the singing began again and the crowd slowly started to move forward, the officer with the bullhorn turned and shouted an order to the men nearby ■ PAGE 31 Narrative Writing I: At Bat Steven walked to the plate, feeling a queasiness in the pit of his stomach Though it was only the third inning and his team was ahead by two runs, he still felt pressured; he felt a sense that everyone expected he would fail: he would strike out or hit into a double play He was surprised, therefore, when he heard his brother shouting encouragement: “Come on, Stevie You can it.” When the first pitch came in high over his head, he swung at it, missing it badly Though he felt humiliated and ashamed that he had been fooled, his brother continued to offer encouragement When the next pitch came and the ball floated in big and slow like a rising moon, he let it go and went for another strike Then the next pitch came, seeming to hang, and he swung with all his strength, a perfect swing in which the bat met the fat white sphere dead center The ball exploded into grapefruit pulp, chunks of peel painted with white shoe polish, and a mist of grapefruit juice ■ PAGE 32 Expository Writing I: Ultrasound Most of us know that radar works by bouncing radio waves off an object and scanning the echo with a detector Ultrasound operates according to similar principles, using ultrahigh-frequency sound waves that are bounced off objects (including one’s internal organs), read by a computer, and transformed into images on a monitor Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 41 Sentence-Combining Practice Ultrasound has revolutionized medicine, allowing doctors to view what is inside us and even to treat some conditions without making incisions Perhaps its most familiar use is in prenatal screening: a doctor monitors the progress and the condition of the fetus, even taking the baby’s first picture! It has other uses as well, including checking for damage in the heart and locating—and even pulverizing— kidney stones Unlike X-rays, the more traditional tool for scanning internal organs, ultrasound has no adverse effects on humans In addition, relative to other medical equipment, ultrasound equipment is inexpensive A magneticresonance-imaging (MRI) machine can a somewhat better job than ultrasound, but whereas the MRI machine may cost two million dollars, the ultrasound machine costs only about two hundred thousand dollars Ultrasound is thus a cheap, fast, and accurate way to find out not only whether it’s a girl or a boy, but also to find out whether it’s a healthy girl or boy ■ PAGE 33 Expository Writing II: Touch Common speech recognizes five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch The first four senses are often called “special” senses because information is collected by specific sense organs: visual information by the eyes, auditory information by the ears, information about taste by the tongue, and information about odor by the nose ■ PAGE 34 Persuasive Writing I: Walking The benefits of exercise—including increased strength and stamina, better health, and an improved sense of wellbeing—are clear to most of us Exercise also has certain costs: the chance of injury (for example, pulled muscles or damage to the joints); expensive equipment (“health” machines can be unhealthy for the purse), and time Part of the problem may be a mind-set that many of us have about exercise: “no pain, no gain.” We feel that if exercise doesn’t cost us in bucks or bruises, it isn’t real exercise We therefore invest in equipment—perhaps a home gym, perhaps an expensive racket or a set of clubs, perhaps a rowing machine or a treadmill Many specialists contend, however, that walking is the best exercise—and also the cheapest, costing little more than your time The equipment is simple; you need only willpower and a good pair of walking 42 Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 ■ PAGE 35 Persuasive Writing II: Further Benefits of Walking One hardly needs to stress the health benefits of walking For many the most immediate benefit is a feeling of energy and well-being People of all ages feel this benefit, including people who have been largely sedentary for some time— they often feel this benefit most dramatically The feelings of well-being and energy have three sources: increased appetite, improved muscle tone, and better sleeping habits A person who is concerned about weight, for whom “increased appetite” is an alarm, should know that regular, vigorous, and prolonged walking almost always causes a loss of weight A person who feels that he or she already sleeps too much should know that “better sleeping habits” will mean that the person will feel more rested after less sleep Perhaps the greatest benefits of regular walking are indirect—not to the individual but to the environment When most Americans travel, they take with them more than a ton of equipment: a car Cars are a source of environmental pollution that poisons our air and may one day raise our planet’s temperature, thereby causing global disaster Walking should improve not only our health but also our planet’s health Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Touch, in contrast, is called a “general” sense because we collect tactile information from “all over” rather than from a special organ In a sense, however, touch is also a special sense whose special organ is the largest organ of the body—the skin In two basic ways, in its total size and in its “seniority,” the skin is the foremost sense organ of all The total area of the skin’s surface of an average adult is nearly two square meters—about one thousand times the retinal (light-collecting) area of the eyes The sense of touch is probably the first sense to be experienced by the developing fetus The fetus becomes responsive to tactile stimuli at about nine weeks, a time when the nerves carrying visual and auditory information to the brain are not yet developed shoes Though you may have to begin slowly (depending upon your present physical condition), walking must ultimately be more than a leisurely stroll around the block For maximum benefit, your walk should be regular (at least four times a week) and brisk (at a pace of three miles an hour or faster) and should last at least half an hour Walking can even become a way of life ... to be changed to brush before the -ing is added iv Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Sentence-Combining Practice In the following cluster, we signaled a hyphen in the brackets... cluster a Toni was ill b Her parents were concerned Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 v Sentence-Combining Practice The possibilities are numerous Here, to give you the feel... voice You already know more than you think you vi Writer’s Choice: Sentence-Combining Practice, Grade 10 Sentence-Combining Practice Name Class Date Compound Sentences Key