ffirs.indd i 02/05/12 3:22 PM ADVANCED BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASIF SYED John Wiley & Sons, Inc ffirs.indd i 02/05/12 3:22 PM 100% TOTAL RECYCLED PAPER 100% POSTCONSUMER PAPER This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 5723993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-ondemand If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Syed, Asif Advanced building technologies for sustainability / Asif Syed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-54603-1 (cloth); 978-1-118-24121-9 (ebk); 978-1-118-24127-1 (ebk); 978-1-118-25973-3 (ebk); 978-1-118-25980-1 (ebk); 978-1-118-26019-7 (ebk) Sustainable buildings Sustainable design Building—Technological innovations I Title TH880.S94 2012 720'.47—dc23 2011036328 Printed in the United States of America 10 ffirs.indd ii 02/05/12 3:22 PM This book is dedicated to my father, S A Sattar ffirs.indd iii 02/05/12 3:22 PM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to my family, Miraj, Azhad, and Rabia for your understanding, support, and patience Thank you to my mentors and supporters, M M Mohiuddin, Erv Bales, Thomas Gilligo, Marc Lorusso, Peter Flack, Norman Kurtz, Alan Zlotkowski, Lenny Koven, and Paul Bello Thank you to my editors, Kathryn M Bourgoine, Doug Salvemini, and Danielle Giordano ffirs.indd iv 02/05/12 3:22 PM CONTENTS INTRODUCTION viii Chapter SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY Quality of Life Benefits Finite Fossil Fuel Resources Greenhouse Gases 10 Profits and Savings from Energy Efficiency 11 Site-to-Source Effect 12 New LEED Version 2009 13 Per Capita Energy Consumption 14 Building Energy End-Use Splits, People Use Energy Carbon Footprint 17 Funding Opportunities 19 Chapter RADIANT COOLING 15 21 History 21 Introduction 23 Why Radiant Cooling? 26 Applications 28 Radiant Cooling and Historic Preservation Chapter DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION 39 41 History 41 Introduction 42 Conventional or Mixed-Air Systems 42 Difference Between Displacement and Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) 47 v ftoc.indd v 02/05/12 3:28 PM vi CONTENTS Applications 48 Large Public Spaces (Cafeterias, Dining Halls, Exhibit Spaces) Chapter CHILLED BEAMS 48 61 Principle of Operation and Technology 62 Benefits of Chilled Beams 63 Types of Chilled Beams 67 Chilled Beam Applications 72 Chilled Beam Use with Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Applications 78 Chapter UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION UFAD Validation of UFAD Designs with CFD Analysis Impact on Buildings 95 91 Chapter DISPLACEMENT INDUCTION UNITS DIU Benefits of Displacement Induction Units History of Induction Units 106 Applications 107 83 101 103 Chapter HIGHPERFORMANCE ENVELOPE 115 Engaging and Nonengaging Envelopes 116 High-Performance Envelope Definition 117 Most Common Energy Codes: ANSI and ASHRAE 90.1 118 Glazing Characteristics 123 How to Exceed the Mandatory Code Performance 128 Chapter THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Renewable Energy Storage 146 Conventional Air Conditioning Systems Nonrenewable Energy Storage 156 145 153 Chapter SOLAR ENERGY AND NETZERO BUILDINGS 163 Net-Zero Step 1: Harvesting Solar Energy 166 Solar Energy in Net-Zero Buildings 177 ftoc.indd vi 02/05/12 3:28 PM CONTENTS vii Net-Zero Step 2: Improve Energy Efficiency of the Building and Its Mechanical and Electrical Systems 181 Net-Zero Step 3: Reduce Consumption 183 Chapter 10 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS 185 Introduction 185 Geothermal Heat Pumps 190 Types of Heat Pumps 198 Chapter 11 COGENERATION 205 Other Applications of Cogeneration 207 Cogeneration Technologies 211 Micro-Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (Micro-CHP) 221 Chapter 12 DATA CENTER SUSTAINABILITY 223 History of Data Centers 224 2011: Top Ten Trends in Data Centers 225 Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) 226 Technologies That Can Benefit Data Center Efficiency 230 Office Building Applications 234 Air Management in the Data Center 237 INDEX ftoc.indd vii 239 02/05/12 3:28 PM INTRODUCTION IT HAS BEEN A HUMBLING EXPERIENCE for me to be part of several high-profile projects in the United States and internationally Most of these projects had some form of a different approach than conventional systems and almost all of them involved integration between different disciplines of the building design After completing the projects, some of which were very high profile and received a lot of media publicity, I was approached by building industry professional organizations to speak about the projects When I did so, it came as a big surprise to me that most people in the industry were not familiar with the new and advanced technologies available Most people who attended these simple lectures were very curious The most common question was how they could implement these technologies in their projects Though most of the technologies were basic, they were different from the conventional industry standards I saw a great desire in all sectors of the building industry to learn these new and advanced approaches and technologies and implement them in their projects The problem I saw was that different sectors of the building industry required different levels of information or details about these technologies It was important for architects to integrate these new and advanced technologies into buildings The contractors were interested in the availability of materials and products, and in how much they cost, compared to the conventional approach The owners, building developers, and users wanted to make sure the technologies worked and that the associated costs were justified A common question: Was the pay back sufficient to offset the savings in energy? The engineers were concerned about the liabilities of trying out new systems and were curious about how to perform the calculations, which they had not been taught, and which were not available in most books or software To a great degree, I saw that most of the building professionals acknowledged the benefits The challenge and opportunity I faced was to write a book that would be beneficial to all sectors of the building industry The information it contained must not overwhelm any one sector or be too little for another who wants to implement these technologies in their projects I have tried my best to reach an optimum balance of information, neither too much nor too little Drawing on my thirty years of experience of working with contractors, construction managers, project managers, owners, architects, end users, and equipment vendors, I have tried to my best to balance out the viii flast.indd viii 02/05/12 10:25 AM ... http://booksupport.wiley.com For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Syed, Asif Advanced building technologies for sustainability. .. some form of sustainability element such as LEED certification, energy use reduction, high-efficiency products, high-performance buildings, and so forth AIA’s adoption of the 2030 goal to make building. .. in buildings According to the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), a nonprofit organization that promotes sustainability in the building industry, there are potential technologies for