Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations Ronald de Bruin KPMG Jan Smits Eindhoven Centre of Innovation Studies (ECIS) Eindhoven University of Technology The Netherlands Artech House Boston • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bruin, Ronald de Digital video broadcasting : technology, standards, and regulations / Ronald de Bruin, Jan Smits p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-89006-743-0 (alk paper) Digital television Television broadcasting I Smits, Jan II Title IV Series TK6678.B78 1998 384.55—dc21 98-51785 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bruin, Ronald de Digital video broadcasting : technology, standards, and regulations Digital television I Title II Smits, J M., 1953– 621.3’88 ISBN 1-58053-391-4 Cover design by Lynda Fishbourne © 1999 ARTECH HOUSE, INC 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved Printed and bound in the United States of America No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-743-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-51785 10 To Susanne whose eyes mirror the true values of life Ronald de Bruin To Saskia who always encourages me to explore new frontiers in science and law and to Jan-Paul who has brought so much joy and the conviction that the future will be bright Jan Smits Contents Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments History of digital television Ronald de Bruin xx 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Mechanical television 1.3 Electronic television 1.4 Color television 1.5 High-definition television 1.6 Digital television 12 1.7 Summary and conclusions 15 Theoretical framework Ronald de Bruin 2.1 Introduction 19 19 vii viii Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations 2.2 Interactive services 20 2.2.2 Conditional access services 20 2.2.3 Services model 20 Policy 24 2.3.1 The layer model 24 2.3.2 Scope and application of the layer model 29 2.3.3 Services and information streams 30 2.4 20 2.2.1 2.3 Services Summary and conclusions Technological and market convergence Ronald de Bruin 32 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Convergence among traditional sectors 36 3.3 Layer modeling of sectors and actors 37 3.4 Changes in actors’ activities 39 3.4.1 Market behavior 39 3.4.2 Conditional access terminal equipment manufacturers 41 3.4.3 Network service providers 42 3.4.4 Value-added service providers 43 3.4.5 Information service providers 43 3.4.6 Information producers 44 3.5 Power in the value-added chain 44 3.6 Summary and conclusions 47 United States Jan Smits 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 General policy and regulatory environment 51 4.2.1 The communications act 51 Contents 4.2.2 Direct broadcast satellite 55 4.2.3 Media concentration and foreign ownership 55 4.2.4 Cable television services 57 4.2.5 Video programming regulations 59 4.2.6 Practice of forbearance 59 4.2.7 Future developments 60 4.3 The grand alliance high definition television system 62 4.4 Summary and conclusions 66 Japanese policy Jan Smits 69 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 General policy and regulatory framework 70 5.2.1 Regulatory environment 73 5.2.2 Conditional access and digital broadcasting 83 5.3 History of developing HDTV 85 5.3.1 MUSE 87 5.3.2 Wide-screen market developments 89 5.4 ix Summary and conclusions 90 European Union policy Ronald de Bruin and Jan Smits 93 6.1 Introduction 6.2 EU policy and regulatory environment: digital television 93 94 6.2.1 Background EU: telecommunications 95 6.2.2 EU competition policy: telecommunications 97 6.2.3 Telecommunications and general competition law: digital television 99 6.3 Digital video broadcasting 103 .. .Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations Ronald de Bruin KPMG Jan... 6.2.3 Telecommunications and general competition law: digital television 99 6.3 Digital video broadcasting 103 x Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations 6.3.1 Technological... television 1.6 Digital television 12 1.7 Summary and conclusions 15 Theoretical framework Ronald de Bruin 2.1 Introduction 19 19 vii viii Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards, and Regulations