Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook

Several components are critical to this goal, and all of them are covered in depth after we introduce the Oracle Architecture, Oracle 11g upgrade issues, and tablespace planning in Part I. A welldesigned logical and physical database architecture will improve performance and ease administration by properly distributing database objects. You’ll see appropriate monitoring, security, and tuning strategies for standalone and networked databases in Part II of this book. Backup and recovery strategies are provided to help ensure the database’s recoverability. Each section focuses on both the features and the proper planning and management techniques for each area. High availability is covered in all of its flavors: Real Application Clusters (RAC), Recovery Manager (RMAN), and Oracle Data Guard, to name a few of the topics covered indepth in Part III of this book. Networking issues and the management of distributed and clientserver databases are thoroughly covered. Oracle Net, networking configurations, materialized views, location transparency, and everything else you need to successfully implement a distributed or clientserver database are described in detail in Part IV of this book. You’ll also find realworld examples for every major configuration.

® Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook About the Authors Bob Bryla is an Oracle 9i and 10g Certified Professional with more than 20 years of experience in database design, database application development, training, and Oracle database administration He is the primary Internet database designer and an Oracle DBA at Lands’ End in Dodgeville, Wisconsin In his spare time, he is a technical editor for a number of Oracle Press and Apress books, in addition to authoring several certification study guides for Oracle 10g and Oracle 11g He has also been known to watch science fiction movies and read science fiction novels in his spare time Kevin Loney, Director of Data Management for a major financial institution, is an internationally recognized expert in the design, development, administration, and tuning of Oracle databases An Oracle developer and DBA since 1987, he has implemented large-scale transaction processing systems and data warehouses He is the author of numerous technical articles and the lead author or coauthor of such best-selling books as Oracle: The Complete Reference He regularly presents at Oracle user conferences in North America and Europe, and in 2002 was named Consultant of the Year by ORACLE Magazine About the Technical Editor Scott Gossett is a Technical Director for Oracle Corporation’s Advanced Technology Solutions organization specializing in RAC, performance tuning and high availability databases Prior to becoming a technical director, Scott was a Senior Principal Instructor for Oracle Education for over twelve years, primarily teaching Oracle Internals, performance tuning, RAC and database administration classes In addition, Scott is one of the architects and primary authors of the Oracle Certified Masters exam ® Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook Bob Bryla Kevin Loney New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-159579-1 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-149663-7 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; 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We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here To the gang at home: I couldn’t have done it without you! And the pizzas —B.B This page intentionally left blank Contents at a Glance PART I Database Architecture Getting Started with the Oracle Architecture Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g 49 Planning and Managing Tablespaces 61 Physical Database Layouts and Storage Management 75 PART II Database Management Developing and Implementing Applications 123 Monitoring Space Usage Managing Transactions with Undo Tablespaces Database Tuning Database Security and Auditing 163 207 241 277 PART III High Availability 10 Real Application Clusters 349 11 Backup and Recovery Options 12 Using Recovery Manager (RMAN) 13 Oracle Data Guard 14 Miscellaneous High Availability Features 391 417 475 495 vii viii Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook PART IV Networked Oracle 15 Oracle Net 16 Managing Large Databases 17 Managing Distributed Databases Appendix: Installation and Configuration Index 511 543 599 635 653 660 Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook index segments, indexes, 17–18 bitmap indexes, 19, 249 coalescing online, 506 concatenated indexes, 247 creating online, 506 disabling, 264–265 estimating space requirements for, 146–147 function-based indexes, 18–19, 249–250 hash-partitioned global indexes, 574–575 impact of order on load rates, 248–249 index range scans, 247–248 indexing partitions, 571–575 local partitioned indexes, 572–573 nonpartitioned global indexes, 575 non-unique indexes, 18 range-partitioned global indexes, 573–574 rebuilding online, 506 reverse indexes, 249 reverse key indexes, 18 and space management, 189–190 text indexes, 250 unique indexes, 18 using key compression on partitioned indexes, 575 index-organized tables, 11, 17, 149, 260–262 partitioned, 575 rebuilding online, 506–507 and VLDB environments, 553 in-doubt transactions, 631 initial extents, 169 initialization parameters, 27–28, 43 advanced, 47 ASM initialization parameters, 101–102 basic, 43–47 bigfile tablespaces, 551–552 Real Application Clusters (RACs), 380 for undo tablespaces, 216–217 in-line integrity, 17 installing software, 636–637 installation options, 637–638 using Oracle Universal Installer (OUI), 638 INSTANCE_TYPE parameter, 102 instances ASM, 180 ASM instance components, 101–103 creating an ASM instance, 99–101 defined, startup and shutdown, 102–103 interval partitioning, 567–569 IOTs See index-organized tables iterative development, 158 forcing cursor sharing, 159–160 iterative column definitions, 159 J Java pool, 34 JAVA_POOL_SIZE parameter, 47 K Kerberos, 285 L Label Security, 41 large pool, 34 LARGE_POOL_SIZE parameter, 47, 102 least recently used (LRU) algorithms, 252 LGWR, 37 library cache, 33–34 licensing, 637–638 list command, 472–473 list partitions, 15, 561 listeners, 517–519 listener.ora parameters, 519–520 LMTs See locally managed tablespaces load rates, impact of order on, 248–249 LOBs and Flashback, 239 sizing tables containing, 149 Index locally managed tablespaces, 7, 176–177, 257–258 Log Writer See LGWR LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n parameter attributes, 478–479 logical backups, 392–393 integrating logical and physical backups, 415–416 logical database structures constraints, 15–17 database links and remote databases, 24 external file access, 23–24 indexes, 17–19 PL/SQL, 22–23 profiles, 21 sequences, 22 synonyms, 22 tables, 8–15 users and schemas, 21 views, 19–21 logical reads, eliminating, 125–126 logical standby databases, 484–485 failovers to, 490–491 performing DDL on, 492–493 switchovers to, 489 logical storage structures, blocks, extents, segments, 7–8 tablespaces, 6–7 LogMiner, 500–501 analyzing one or more redo log files, 502–504 extracting the data dictionary, 501–502 features introduced in Oracle Database 10g, 504–505 features introduced in Oracle Database 11g, 505 M management repository, 42 See also Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) manual database creation, 649–652 manual upgrade, 50, 51, 54–57 materialized view logs, 624–625 materialized views, 19, 20–21, 131, 268–269, 589, 603–604 altering query execution paths, 629–630 managing, 612–615 referential integrity, 621–624 MAXDATAFILES, 552 Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR), 37 memory structures, 32 background processes, 35–37 Program Global Area (PGA), 35 software code area, 35 System Global Area (SGA), 32–34 memory usage, tuning, 252–257 MEMORY_TARGET parameter, 46 Metalink, 637 MTTR See Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR) multiplexing, 29 manual, 30–32 See also Automatic Storage Management (ASM) N named blocks, 22 net service names, 516–517 network authentication, 284–285 non-unique indexes, 18 null rule, 16 O object identifiers (OIDs), 153 object privileges, 39, 40, 302–303 data dictionary views, 306 procedure privileges, 305–306 table privileges, 304, 305 view privileges, 304 object tables, 11–12 object views, 21, 151–154 OCFS2 See Oracle Cluster File System (OCFS2) OEM See Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) 661 662 Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook OFA See Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) offline backups, 38, 393–394 implementing, 411 OID See Oracle Internet Directory OIDs See object identifiers (OIDs) OMF See Oracle Managed Files (OMF) online backups, 39, 394–395 implementing, 411–414 online object reorganization coalescing indexes online, 506 creating indexes online, 506 rebuilding indexes online, 506 rebuilding index-organized tables online, 506–507 redefining tables online, 507–508 online redo log files, moving, 94–95 operating systems, authentication, 283–284 Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA), 68 ASM environment, 71 database files, 69–70 non-ASM environment, 68–70 OFA-compliant naming conventions, 70 software executables, 68–69 Oracle Cluster File System (OCFS2), 352–353 Oracle Connection Manager, 531–534 Oracle Data Pump See Data Pump Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM), 42 job control and monitoring, 200–206 Oracle Identity Management (IM), 286–287 Oracle Internet Directory directory naming, 534–537 replacing tnsnames.ora with, 517 Oracle Managed Files (OMF), 6, 29 initialization parameters, 178 managing space with, 177–178 using for undo tablespaces, 215 Oracle Net connect descriptors, 515–516 controlling the listener server process, 528–531 database links, 538–539 debugging connection problems, 541–542 directory naming with Oracle Internet Directory, 534–537 Directory Usage Configuration, 524–525 easy connect naming, 537–538 limiting resource usage, 541 Listener Control utility commands, 529–530 listeners, 517–520, 521–522 Local Net Service Name Configuration, 523 naming methods configuration, 523 net service names, 516–517 Oracle Connection Manager, 531–534 Oracle Net Configuration Assistant, 520–525 Oracle Net Manager, 525–527 overview, 512–515 replacing tnsnames.ora with Oracle Internet Directory, 517 starting the listener server process, 527–528 tuning, 540–542 Oracle Network Configuration Assistant, 376 Oracle Streams, 42 Oracle System Identifier (SID), 640 Oracle Technology Network (OTN), 637 Oracle Universal Installer (OUI), 638 OS space management, 197 OTN See Oracle Technology Network (OTN) OUI See Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) P package development, 160 acceptance test procedures, 162 data requirements, 161 execution plans, 161–162 generating diagrams, 160 security requirements, 161 Index space requirements, 160 testing, 162 tuning goals, 161 version requirements, 161 packages, 23 Parallel Query, and distribution of CPU requirements, 244 parallelism, 131, 244–245 partition elimination, 130 partition keys, 14 partitioned indexes, 15 partitioned tables, 14–15, 557 application-controlled (system) partitioning, 570 coalescing table partitions, 579–580 composite list-hash, list-list, and listrange partitioning, 565–566 composite range-hash partitioning, 561–563 composite range-list partitioning, 563–565 composite range-range partitioning, 566–567 compressed partitioned tables, 571 creating, 557 hash partitioning, 560–561 indexing partitions, 571–575 interval partitioning, 567–569 list partitioning, 561 maintaining index partitions, 580 maintaining table partitions, 576–577 managing with EM Database Control, 582–588 merging partitions, 580 range partitioning, 557–559 reference partitioning, 569–570 renaming local index partitions, 581–582 splitting, adding, and dropping partitions, 577–579 splitting global index partitions, 580–581 virtual column partitioning, 570 Partitioning Option, 131 partitions, 130–131, 266 sizing, 149 password files, 29, 280–283 password-enabled roles, 311 pctfree, estimating the proper value of, 147–148 permanent tablespaces, 62–65 permissions, Flashback Data Archive, 237–238 Personal Edition, 638 PGA See Program Global Area (PGA) physical backups, 393–395 integrating logical and physical backups, 415–416 physical standby databases failovers to, 490 opening in read-only mode, 491 startup and shutdown, 491 switchovers to, 487–489 physical storage structures, 24–25 alert log files, 28 archived log files, 27 backup files, 28 control files, 26–27 datafiles, 25–26 initialization parameter files, 27–28 Oracle Managed Files (OMF), 29 password files, 29 redo log files, 26 trace log files, 28 PITR, 465 PKI See Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) PL/SQL, 22 packages, 23 procedures/functions, 22–23 triggers, 23 PMON, 36–37 point in time recovery, 465 primary key values, 16 privileges, 39–40 auditing, 336 granting privileges to a role, 309 procedures, 22–23 privileges, 305–306 663 664 Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook Process Monitor See PMON PROCESSES parameter, 47 processors, 130 profiles, 21 create profile command, 293–294 management, 292–293 and password control, 293–297 and resource control, 297–299 Program Global Area (PGA), 35 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), 285 Q query rewrite, 629–630 quiescing databases, 157–158 quotas, 289 R RACs See Real Application Clusters (RACs) RADIUS, 285 range partitions, 15, 557–559 range queries, 248 rapid connect-time failover, 352 raw devices, 267 read consistency, 209–210 vs successful DML, 222–223 Real Application Clusters (RACs), 5, 41–42, 350 adding a node to a cluster with CRS, 386–387 ASMLib library, 358–360 Cluster Ready Services (CRS), 351, 360–368 Cluster Synchronization Services (CSS), 363 creating a new Oracle instance, 387–389 creating the RAC database with the DBCA, 372–378 database software installation, 368–371 disadvantages, 350 disk storage, 352–353 distribution of CPU requirements, 244 dynamic performance views, 380–382 failover scenarios and TAF, 383–385 hardware configuration, 351 initialization parameters, 380 installing Oracle software on a new node, 387 kernel parameters, 354–355 memory and disk requirements, 354 network configuration, 351–352, 356 node failure scenario, 385–389 operating system configuration, 354–360 operating system software installation, 386 Oracle Cluster File System (OCFS2), 352–353 Oracle Cluster Registry, 354, 360 rapid connect-time failover, 352 redo log files, 383 removing a node from a cluster, 385–386 removing an instance, 385 server parameter file characteristics, 379–380 software configuration, 351 software directories, 358 software installation, 360–378 starting up a RAC, 382–383 stretch clusters, 351 tablespace management, 390 tuning a RAC node, 389 undo tablespaces, 383 user accounts, 356–357 voting disk, 354, 360 real-time apply, 486 RECO, 37 recoverer process See RECO recovery block media recovery, 455–456 point in time recovery, 465 restoring a control file, 456 restoring a datafile, 459–461 restoring a tablespace, 456–458 restoring an entire database, 461–463 and software installation, 637 Index and undo tablespaces, 210 See also backup; export; import; RMAN Recovery Manager See RMAN recovery window, 430 recursive calls, 34 redo log buffer, 34 redo log files, 26 analyzing with LogMiner, 502–504 multiplexing, 30–31 in a RAC environment, 383 redundancy, 430 disk groups, 179–180 reference partitioning, 569–570 referential integrity values, 17 refresh intervals, 266 refreshes, 625–629 regular views, 20 relational tables, 9–10 remote databases, 24 remote procedure calls, 270 remote queries, 601–602 replication of data using materialized views, 268–269 report command, 472–474 resizing tablespaces and datafiles, 76–77 bigfile tablespaces, 91 smallfile tablespaces, 77–91 restore preview command, 464–465 restore validate command, 465 Resumable Space Allocation, 192–195 reverse indexes, 249 reverse key indexes, 18, 148 RMAN, 39, 418 archived redo log files, 444–445 backup compression, 420, 432, 451–452 backup types, 421–423 backupsets and backup pieces, 422 block change tracking, 450–451 block media recovery, 455–456 block-level recovery, 420 catalog maintenance, 471–472 cataloging, 421 cataloging other backups, 470–471 commands, 423, 424–425 components, 419–420 compressed backups, 422–423 consistent and inconsistent backups, 421–422 control file and SPFILE backup, 444 control file autobackup, 431 data dictionary views, 433–434 Data Recovery Advisor, 465–470 datafile backup, 442 device type, 430–431 dynamic performance views, 433–434 encrypted backups, 421 Flash Recovery Area, 452 full and incremental backups, 422 full database backups, 435–439 image copies, 422, 442–443 incremental backup block change tracking, 450–451 incremental backups, 420, 445–447 incrementally updated backups, 447–450 initialization parameters, 432–433 list command, 472–473 multiple I/O channels, 421 online backups, 394 open database backups, 420 persisting RMAN settings, 428–432 platform independence, 421 point in time recovery, 465 recovery window, 430 redundancy, 430 registering a database, 428 report command, 472–474 restoring a control file, 456 restoring a datafile, 459–461 restoring a tablespace, 456–458 restoring an entire database, 461–463 retention policy, 430 scripting capabilities, 421 setting up a repository, 423–427 skipping unused blocks, 420 tablespace backup, 439–442 tape manager support, 421 vs traditional backup methods, 420–421 665 666 Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook RMAN (continued) validating backups, 453–455 validating restore operations, 464–465 roles, 39–40, 306 assigning roles, 310 creating roles, 308–309 data dictionary views, 311–313 default, 310–311 dropping roles, 309 granting privileges to a role, 309 password-enabled, 311 predefined, 307–308 revoking roles, 310 secure application roles, 308 rollback, 209 rollback segments, row directories, 167 row migration, 148, 259 S SAME, 267 schema object auditing, 337–338 See also auditing schemas, 21 SCN, 37 Secure Sockets Layer See SSL security for abstract datatypes, 154–156 non-database, 279 Segment Advisor, 185–187, 200–204 segments, 7, 167, 170–171 data segments, fragmented, 166 index segments, rollback segments, segment segregation, 73–74 temporary segments, See also Automatic Segment Space Management (ASSM) sequences, 22 SGA See System Global Area (SGA) SGA_TARGET parameter, 46 shared database links, 608–609 shared pool, 33 shared server configuration, 35 SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter, 47 SID See Oracle System Identifier (SID) sizing objects, 143 bitmap indexes, 148–149 estimating proper value for pctfree, 147–148 estimating space requirements for indexes, 146–147 estimating space requirements for tables, 145–146 impact of extent size on performance, 144–145 index-organized tables, 149 partitions, 149 reasons for, 143 reverse key indexes, 148 space calculation rules, 143–144 tables containing large objects (LOBs), 149 smallfile tablespaces resizing, 76 resizing using ALTER DATABASE, 77–78 resizing using EM Database Control, 78–84 SMON, 35 snapshots, 271 software code area, 35 software executables, 68–69 software installation, 636–637 installation options, 637–638 using Oracle Universal Installer (OUI), 638 sorted hash clusters, 13–14 sorts, eliminating unnecessary sorts, 128 space management archived redo log file management, 184 Automatic Storage Management (ASM), 179–181 Automatic Workload Repository, 187–189 bigfile tablespaces, 178–179 Index fragmented tablespaces and segments, 166 index usage, 189–190 insufficient space for temporary segments, 165 locally managed tablespaces, 176–177 managing alert and trace files with ADR, 195–197 OS space management, 197 Resumable Space Allocation, 192–195 running out of free space in a tablespace, 165 scripts, 197–199 Segment Advisor, 185–187, 200–204 segments that cannot allocate additional extents, 197–198 SYSAUX monitoring and usage, 182–184 too much or too little undo space allocated, 165–166 Undo Advisor, 187–189, 204–206 undo management considerations, 181–182 used and free space by tablespace and datafile, 198–199 using DBMS_SCHEDULER to automate and streamline notification, 199 using OEM job control and monitoring, 200–206 using OMF to manage space, 177–178 warning levels, 190–192 SPFILE, backup, 444 SQL generating SQL from Data Pump import jobs, 409–410 profiles, 143 See also Automatic SQL Tuning Advisor; tuning SQL SQL Access Advisor, 617–621 SQL*Loader, Direct Path option, 262–263 SSL, 284–285 standard deliverables, 133–135 Standard Edition, 637 Standard Edition One, 638 standby databases configuration, 479–485 physical vs logical, 477 See also Data Guard; logical standby databases; physical standby databases statement auditing, 332–336 See also auditing statistics, 129 STATSPACK, 270–271 See also Automatic Workload Repository stored outlines, 140–142 editing, 142–143 SQL profiles, 143 streams pool, 34 STREAMS_POOL_SIZE parameter, 47 stretch clusters, 351 suspending databases, 157–158 switchovers, 487–489 synonyms, 22 SYSAUX tablespace, 54, 63–65, 72 monitoring and usage, 182–184 System Change Number See SCN System Global Area (SGA), 5, 32–33 buffer caches, 33 data dictionary cache, 34 Java pool, 34 large pool, 34 library cache, 33–34 redo log buffer, 34 shared pool, 33 specifying the size of, 255–256 streams pool, 34 System Monitor See SMON system privileges, 39, 40, 299–300 auditing, 336 common system privileges, 301 data dictionary views, 302 granting, 300–302 SYSTEM tablespace, 63, 72 system triggers, 194–195 667 668 Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook T table directories, 167 tables, clustered tables, 13 effective table design, 243–244 encrypting, 345 estimating space requirements for, 145–146 external tables, 12, 263–264, 555–557 Flashback Table, 227–232 hash clusters, 13 object tables, 11–12 partitioned indexes, 15 privileges, 304, 305 recovering dropped tables using Flashback Drop, 496–498 redefining online, 507–508 relational tables, 9–10 sorted hash clusters, 13–14 temporary tables, 11 See also index-organized tables; partitioned tables tablespaces, 6–7 backup, 439–442 bigfile tablespaces, 62, 67–68, 76–77, 91, 178–179, 545–552 creating in a VLDB environment, 545–552 dropping a datafile from a tablespace, 84–91 encrypting, 345–346 EXAMPLE tablespace, 73 fragmented, 166 installation tablespaces, 72–73 locally managed tablespaces, 7, 176–177 managing in a RAC environment, 390 permanent tablespaces, 62–65 reorganizing, 85–91 resizing, 76–91 restoring, 456–458 running out of free space in a tablespace, 165 segment segregation, 73–74 smallfile tablespaces, 76, 77–84 SYSAUX tablespace, 54, 63–65, 72 SYSTEM tablespace, 63, 72 TEMP tablespace, 72 temporary tablespaces, 62, 65–67 transportable tablespaces, 593–597 undo tablespaces, 62, 65 UNDOTBS1 tablespace, 73 USERS tablespace, 73 See also Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) TEMP tablespace, 72 templates, selecting, 639–640 temporary segments, 8, 170–171 avoiding use of, 130 insufficient space for, 165 temporary tables, 11, 149–150 temporary tablespace groups, 65–67 temporary tablespaces, 62, 65–67 default, 171 testing, 131–133, 162 text indexes, 250 thin-client architecture, 512, 514 third normal form, 243 three-tier architecture, 512 three-tier authentication, 286 throughput, designing to, 130 TNS See Transparent Network Substrate (TNS) trace log files, 28 traffic reduction, 268 replication of data using materialized views, 268–269 using remote procedure calls, 270 transactions, 208–209 distributed transactions, 630–632 Flashback Transaction Blackout, 227 Flashback Transaction Query, 234–235 resolving in-doubt transactions, 631 Transparent Data Encryption, 342–346 See also data encryption Transparent Network Substrate (TNS), 515 transportable tablespaces, 593–597 trigger-based integrity, 17 Index triggers, 23, 603, 610–612 disabling, 264–265 system triggers, 194–195 truncate command, 265–266 tuning, 275–276 distribution of CPU requirements, 244–245 effective application design, 245–246 effective table design, 243–244 tuning a RAC node, 389 tuning data access, 257 identifying chained rows, 258–259 increasing the Oracle block size, 259–260 locally managed tablespaces, 257–258 using index-organized tables, 260–262 tuning data manipulation, 262 bulk data moves, 263–264 bulk deletes, 265–266 bulk inserts, 262–263, 264–265 using external tables, 263–264 using partitions, 266 using the SQL*Loader Direct Path option, 262–263 using the truncate command, 265–266 tuning distributed databases, 632–634 tuning memory usage, 252–255 compute statistics option, 257 specifying the size of the SGA, 255–256 using the cost-based optimizer, 256–257 tuning Oracle Net, 540–542 tuning physical storage, 267 using ASM, 267 using raw devices, 267 tuning SQL, 247–248 bitmap indexes, 249 clusters, 249 concatenated indexes, 247 equivalence queries, 249 explain plans, 250–252 full table scans, 247 function-based indexes, 249–250 impact of order on load rates, 248–249 index range scans, 247–248 range queries, 248 reverse indexes, 249 text indexes, 250 Two-Phase Commit, 602–603 two-tier architecture, 512 U Undo Advisor, 187–189, 204–206, 221 undo segments eliminating the need to query, 128–129 too much or too little undo space allocated, 165–166 undo tablespaces, 62, 65, 209 controlling undo usage, 222 creating, 210–214 and database recovery, 210 dropping, 214–215 dynamic performance views, 216 Flashback, 210, 223–239 initialization parameters, 216–217 management considerations, 181–182 modifying, 215 multiple, 217–220 in a RAC environment, 383 read consistency, 209–210 read consistency vs successful DML, 222–223 rollback, 209 sizing and monitoring, 220–222 too much or too little undo space allocated, 165–166 Undo Advisor, 221 using OMF for, 215 UNDO_MANAGEMENT parameter, 47, 216, 217 UNDO_RETENTION parameter, 217 UNDO_TABLESPACE parameter, 47, 216–217 UNDOTBS1 tablespace, 73 unique column values, 16 unique indexes, 18 upgrading to Oracle Database 11g after upgrading, 59 choosing an upgrade method, 51–52 669 670 Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook upgrading to Oracle Database 11g (continued) copying data from an earlier version, 50, 52, 58–59 Database Upgrade Assistant (DBUA), 50, 51, 53–54 direct upgrade, 51 with Export and Import utilities, 50, 57–58 manual upgrade, 50, 51, 54–57 options, 50–51 with Oracle Data Pump, 50, 52 steps prior to upgrading, 52–53 user accounts altering users, 289–291 becoming another user, 291–292 creating users, 288–289, 290 data dictionary views, 292 dropping users, 291 users, 21 USERS tablespace, 73 V V$ALERT_TYPES, 174–175 V$OBJECT_USAGE, 175 V$SORT_SEGMENT, 175 V$TABLESPACE, 552 V$TEMPSEG_USAGE, 175 V$UNDOSTAT, 175 validating backups, 453–455 versioning, 158 Very Large Databases See VLDB environments views, 19–20 materialized views, 19, 20–21, 131, 268–269, 589, 603–604, 612–615 object views, 21 privileges, 304 regular views, 20 virtual column partitioning, 570 Virtual Private Database, 41, 313–314 creating a VPD, 320–328 creating application contexts, 314–316 developing a VPD policy, 328–330 security policy implementation, 316–317 using DBMS_RLS, 317–320 VLDB environments, 544 bitmap indexes, 589–591 creating tablespaces in, 545–552 and external tables, 555–557 and global temporary tables, 553–555 and index-organized tables, 553 partitioned tables, 557–588 VPD See Virtual Private Database W wallets, creating, 343–345 FREE SUBSCRIPTION Yes, please send me a FREE subscription to Oracle Magazine NO To receive a free subscription to Oracle Magazine, you must fill out the entire card, sign it, and date it (incomplete cards cannot be processed or acknowledged) You can also fax your application to +1.847.763.9638 Or subscribe at our Web site at otn.oracle.com/oraclemagazine From time to time, Oracle Publishing allows our partners exclusive access to our e-mail addresses for special promotions and announcements To be included in this program, please check this circle signature (required) date Oracle Publishing allows sharing of our mailing list with selected third parties If you prefer your mailing address not to be included in this program, please check here If at any time you would like to be removed from this mailing list, please contact Customer Service at +1.847.647.9630 or send an e-mail to oracle@halldata.com n a m e t i t l e c o m p a n y e - m a i l x s t r e e t / p o a d d r e s s b o x c i t y / s t a t e / z i p o r p o s t a l c o d e c o u n t r y t e l e p h o n e f a x YOU MUST ANSWER ALL TEN QUESTIONS BELOW WHAT IS THE PRIMARY BUSINESS ACTIVITY OF YOUR FIRM AT THIS L O C A T I O N ? (check one only) ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Aerospace and Defense Manufacturing Application Service Provider Automotive Manufacturing Chemicals, Oil and Gas Communications and Media Construction/Engineering Consumer Sector/Consumer Packaged Goods Education Financial Services/Insurance Government (civil) Government (military) Healthcare High Technology Manufacturing, OEM Integrated Software Vendor Life Sciences (Biotech, Pharmaceuticals) Mining Retail/Wholesale/Distribution Systems Integrator, VAR/VAD Telecommunications Travel and Transportation Utilities (electric, gas, sanitation, water) 98 Other Business and Services WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES YOUR PRIMARY JOB F U N C T I O N ? (check one only) Corporate Management/Staff ▫ 01 Executive Management (President, Chair, ▫ ▫ ▫ CEO, CFO, Owner, Partner, Principal) 02 Finance/Administrative Management (VP/Director/ Manager/Controller, Purchasing, Administration) 03 Sales/Marketing Management (VP/Director/Manager) 04 Computer Systems/Operations Management (CIO/VP/Director/ Manager MIS, Operations) IS/IT Staff ▫ 05 Systems Development/ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 06 07 08 09 10 11 98 Programming Management Systems Development/ Programming Staff Consulting DBA/Systems Administrator Education/Training Technical Support Director/Manager Other Technical Management/Staff Other WHAT IS YOUR CURRENT PRIMARY O P E R A T I N G P L A T F O R M ? (select all that apply) ▫ 01 Digital Equipment UNIX ▫ 02 Digital Equipment VAX VMS ▫ 03 HP UNIX ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 99 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 98 ▫ Hardware IBM AIX IBM UNIX Java Linux Macintosh MS-DOS MVS NetWare Network Computing OpenVMS SCO UNIX Sequent DYNIX/ptx Sun Solaris/SunOS SVR4 UnixWare Windows Windows NT Other UNIX Other None of the above Hardware Software Application Development Tools Database Products Internet or Intranet Products None of the above IN YOUR JOB, DO YOU USE OR PLAN TO PURCHASE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING P R O D U C T S ? (check all that apply) Software ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Business Graphics CAD/CAE/CAM CASE Communications Database Management File Management Finance Java Materials Resource Planning Multimedia Authoring Networking Office Automation Order Entry/Inventory Control Programming Project Management Scientific and Engineering Spreadsheets Systems Management Workflow 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 28 29 30 31 32 33 ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 98 Tools Macintosh Mainframe Massively Parallel Processing Minicomputer PC Network Computer Symmetric Multiprocessing Workstation Bridges/Routers/Hubs/Gateways CD-ROM Drives Disk Drives/Subsystems Modems Tape Drives/Subsystems Video Boards/Multimedia 99 ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 30 31 32 33 98 Oracle Developer Suite Oracle Discoverer Oracle JDeveloper Oracle Migration Workbench Oracle9i AS Portal Oracle Warehouse Builder 99 ▫ Oracle Outsourcing Oracle Consulting Oracle Education Oracle Support Other None of the above WHAT OTHER DATABASE PRODUCTS ARE I N U S E A T Y O U R S I T E ? (check all that apply) ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Application Service Provider Consulting Education/Training Maintenance Online Database Services Support Technology-Based Training Other None of the above WHAT ORACLE PRODUCTS ARE IN USE A T Y O U R S I T E ? (check all that apply) Oracle E-Business Suite 24 25 26 27 28 29 99 Services ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Oracle Services Peripherals DO YOU EVALUATE, SPECIFY, RECOMMEND, OR AUTHORIZE THE PURCHASE OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING? (check all that apply) ▫ 01 ▫ 02 ▫ 03 ▫ 04 ▫ 05 99 ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 98 ▫ Access ▫ 08 Baan ▫ 09 dbase ▫ 10 Gupta ▫ 11 IBM DB2 ▫ 12 Informix ▫ 13 Ingres ▫ 14 Other None of the above Microsoft Access Microsoft SQL Server PeopleSoft Progress SAP Sybase VSAM WHAT OTHER APPLICATION SERVER PRODUCTS ARE IN USE AT YOUR SITE? (check all that apply) Oracle Marketing ▫ 01 BEA Oracle Sales ▫ 02 IBM Oracle Order Fulfillment ▫ 03 Sybase Oracle Supply Chain Management ▫ 04 Sun Oracle Procurement ▫ 05 Other Oracle Manufacturing DURING THE NEXT 12 MONTHS, HOW Oracle Maintenance Management Oracle Service MUCH DO YOU ANTICIPATE YOUR Oracle Contracts ORGANIZATION WILL SPEND ON Oracle Projects COMPUTER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, Oracle Financials PERIPHERALS, AND SERVICES Oracle Human Resources F O R Y O U R L O C A T I O N ? (check only one) Oracle Interaction Center ▫ 01 Less than $10,000 Oracle Communications/Utilities (modules) ▫ 02 $10,000 to $49,999 Oracle Public Sector/University (modules) ▫ 03 $50,000 to $99,999 Oracle Financial Services (modules) ▫ 04 $100,000 to $499,999 Server/Software ▫ 05 $500,000 to $999,999 ▫ 17 Oracle9i ▫ 06 $1,000,000 and over ▫ 18 Oracle9i Lite 10 W H A T I S Y O U R C O M P A N Y ’ S Y E A R L Y ▫ 19 Oracle8i S A L E S R E V E N U E ? (please choose one) ▫ 20 Other Oracle database ▫ 21 Oracle9i Application Server ▫ 01 $500, 000, 000 and above ▫ 22 Oracle9i Application Server Wireless ▫ 02 $100, 000, 000 to $500, 000, 000 ▫ 23 Oracle Small Business Suite ▫ 03 $50, 000, 000 to $100, 000, 000 ▫ 04 $5, 000, 000 to $50, 000, 000 ▫ 05 $1, 000, 000 to $5, 000, 000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 100103