The e business handbook

The E-Business Handbook SL3054_frame_FM Page Wednesday, November 21, 2001 10:31 AM The E-Business Handbook Edited by Paul Benjamin Lowry J Owen Cherrington Ronald R Watson ST LUCIE PRES S A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C SL3054_frame_FM Page Wednesday, November 21, 2001 10:31 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The e-business handbook / [edited by] Paul Benjamin Lowry, J Owen Cherrington, Ronald R Watson p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1-57444-305-4 (alk paper) Electronic commerce Business enterprises Computer network resources I Title: Ebusiness handbook II Lowry, Paul Benjamin III Cherrington, J Owen IV Watson, Ronald R V Title HF5548,32 ,E1742001 658.8′4—dc21 2001048644 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher All rights reserved Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-57444-3054/02/$0.00+$.50 The fee is subject to change without notice For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC St Lucie Press is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 1-57444-305-4 Library of Congress Card Number 2001048644 Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper SL3054_frame_FM Page Wednesday, November 21, 2001 10:31 AM Introduction Before embarking on this journey commonly called “e-business,” it is important to not get lost in the mind-boggling array of technologies, business strategies, and jargon Unfortunately, since the IT industry has started appending “e-” to almost every word in Webster’s dictionary, a false illusion has been created that “new economic rules” exist So, while e-business represents a significant shift in academic research and business strategy (especially for trendsetters and followers), it is important to remember that this so-called revolution has been in the making for at least 50 years Arguably, the e-business revolution may have started with the advent of mainframe computing (i.e., UNIVAC I in 1951), which was soon followed by computers’ being built with transistors in 1958, and the introduction of procedural languages (e.g., COBOL in 1960 by Dr Grace Hopper) The revolution picked up steam with the introduction of ARPANET in 1969 (providing the foundation for the Internet), followed by the production of large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs) in 1970, the creation of the microprocessor in 1971 by Dr Ted Hoff of Intel, the release of the Altair home computer in 1975, and the introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 The revolution further gained momentum with the introduction of the Mosaic Browser by Marc Andreesen in 1993, the subsequent launch of Netscape and Linux in 1994, and the introduction of Java in 1995 In the 1990s, we witnessed the recombinant synergistic application of many existing technologies (i.e., cryptology, packetswitching networks, protocols, standards, scalable servers, and relational databases) that finally caught the notice of mass markets and made e-commerce and e-business household terms But, given this history, can we really call e-business a radical revolution? — perhaps if you were sleeping through the last five decades E-business is not so much a revolution as an acceleration of some of the underlying fundamentals of economics and technology No economic rules have changed; instead, certain economic principles have been simplified or more strongly accentuated because of technological advances Thus, the rules of the game remain the same: A firm must deliver quality products and services faster and cheaper than its competitors; likewise, it must post a reasonable profit, create tangible value, differentiate itself from competitors, provide excellent customer service, find ways to produce “lock in” and to take advantage of network externalities Similarly, intellectual capital has always been important in strategic competition, but with ebusiness, it becomes increasingly crucial to strategic survival, as many firms no longer trade in physical goods, but in ideas and services in a global arena In the same way, while standards have been pivotal to business success for many decades, they now have an increased importance Early on, the potential utility of standards was brought to light when gun manufacturers learned to utilize replaceable parts in the manufacturing process The importance of standards was further high- SL3054_frame_FM Page Wednesday, November 21, 2001 10:31 AM lighted during the Industrial Revolution when standard widths were created for railroad tracks and replaceable parts were made for gasoline engines Now standards can be used to interconnect suppliers and customers to shore up vertical supply chains and to create value-added intranets and extranets Thus, a business focused on e-business products or services cannot survive without embracing or creating standards that facilitate access to a critical mass of target users For example, a given e-mail system is virtually useless if it does not interconnect with hundreds of disparate e-mail systems Suppliers and customers need to be able to rapidly exchange product and inventory data using preset exchange protocols Ultimately, business is still about accurately delivering on transactions Ebusiness now allows a much higher volume and more accurate quality to transfer between companies much faster than was previously possible This nearly frenetic pace has increased the need for integrated supply chains, partners, trust, security, and verification We call this electronic acceleration of internal and external business networks “e-business.” This book presents leading research on a wide range of e-business topics such as strategy, web development, net auctions, XML, emerging Internet-based technologies, virtual teams, international issues, intelligent agents, e-transactions, customer relationship management and security Because of the multidimensional nature of its content, this book is an appropriate manual for a wide range of academic and advanced practitioner audiences For example, this book can be used for upperdivision undergraduate courses in CS and MIS, for graduate courses in business and e-commerce, and as a professional primer Paul Benjamin Lowry Editor SL3054_frame_FM Page Wednesday, November 21, 2001 10:31 AM Acknowledgments I would like to personally thank the international body of authors and researchers who made this work possible Their persistence and hard work, conducted in a short period of time, have enabled us all to benefit from the timely production and distribution of this knowledge on e-business I would also like to thank my coeditors, Drs Owen Cherrington and Ronald Watson, for their outstanding work, as well as Jessica Stant and Bethany Stevens for their administrative assistance Moreover, I appreciate the support I have received from the Center for the Management of Information (CMI) at the University of Arizona, including from Dr Queen Booker, Dr James Lee, Dr Judee Burgoon, and Betty Albert Finally, I would like to thank Dr Jay F Nunamaker, Jr for the vision that made CMI possible — for all of us, Jay is truly an international scholar, leader, friend, and visionary Paul Benjamin Lowry Editor SL3054_frame_FM Page Wednesday, November 21, 2001 10:31 AM SL3054_frame_FM Page Wednesday, November 21, 2001 10:31 AM Editors Paul Benjamin Lowry is a research associate at the distinguished international Center for the Management of Information (CMI) at the University of Arizona, under the direction of Dr Jay Nunamaker, Jr., a Regents Professor of MIS and founder of Group Systems.com CMI conducts leading research in collaboration, knowledge management, and e-business Cumulative research over the years at CMI has produced hundreds of research articles and scores of books, and many international honors Paul’s professional MIS and e-business experience comes from several Fortune 100 companies including Ernst & Young Management Consulting, Ameritech, Novell, Price Waterhouse Management Consulting, and IBM His key clients have included organizations such as 3M, Imation, Dial Corporation, the United Nations, the Wyoming Transportation Department, InfoPak, Pacific Telesis, Vanstar, Computerland, and PG&E Paul attended Brigham Young University, receiving a B.S in Information Systems and later an MBA from the Marriott School of Management He is scheduled to complete his Ph.D in MIS from the University of Arizona in April 2002 At CMI, Paul conducts research emphasizing Internet-based collaboration (ecollaboration), e-business, GroupWare/GSS, technology-assisted virtual teams, autofacilitation, and distributed group work His current research involves creating technologies and improved collaborative processes to enable distributed groups to effectively work together over the Internet J Owen Cherrington is the Mary & Ellis Distinguished Professor of Accounting and Information Systems at Brigham Young University He is currently the director of the information systems faculty and programs in the Marriott School of Management, and the director of the Rollins Center for eBusiness Dr Cherrington earned MBA and Ph.D degrees at the University of Minnesota with an emphasis in accounting and information systems He is a CPA, a member of the AICPA and the UACPA, and is licensed to practice public accounting in Utah He was a principal in the management consulting division of Arthur Young & Co Dr Cherrington has an extensive list of publications, including four major college textbooks in introductory accounting, cost and managerial accounting, information systems, and CPA review He has published more than 50 articles and monographs in professional books and journals In addition, he has written training materials or conducted training programs for IBM, AICPA, Utah Association of CPAs, Arthur Young, Ernst & Young, Alexander Grant & Co., Price Waterhouse, and BYU Conferences and Workshops Dr Cherrington’s awards and recognitions have been numerous In 1997, he received the Marriott School Outstanding Professor Award He has been recognized SL3054_frame_C27 Page 484 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM 484 The E-Business Handbook TABLE 27.4(B) Strategic XML Opportunities for Fast-Follower Corporations High Market Dominance B Support XML Industry-Specific Standardization Include XML-based Methods in Strategic Planning Low Market Dominance A Participate in XML Industry-Specific Standardization Specify XML-Based Solutions for Exchanges with Trading Partners C D Monitor Standards for Strategic Operations Encourage Adoption of Broadly-Based Standards Track Trading Partners Development Custom XML-Based Solutions Identify VARs for XML-based Solutions Low Strategic Importance High Strategic Importance Even when a firm has a dominant role within the industry, a third factor should influence a company’s approach is the strategic importance of the XML-based application While XML often serves only a supportive role in the delivery of products and services to customers, such as the traditional role served of EDI, XML is increasingly being incorporated into the products and services delivered directly to customers Depending on which role XML serves, its strategic importance directly affects the approach to the adoption of XML-based applications a company should take As an example of how a manager might use Table 27.4, consider the case of a small company with limited resources that has a key XML-based product In this case, the company’s size, and corresponding relatively low market dominance, will probably limit its approach to being a fast-follower But given the potential strategic importance of XML to this firm, which strategy should this company adopt? As shown in Quadrant D of Table 27.4(A), this company should adopt the dual strategy of encouraging the adoption of broadly based XML standards while, at the same time, creating competitive advantage through custom XML-based solutions In this way, XML allows the company to maximize its market opportunities with its trading partners as well as maintain product differentiation SL3054_frame_C27 Page 485 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM XML, A Collaborative Enabler of E-Business 485 27.4 CONCLUSION XML is a strategic technology that can enable firms to better pursue Internet-based e-business and intracompany collaboration XML is positioned between the limited standard of HTML and the much more complex standard of SGML XML’s middleof-the-road standard offers many practical advantages over HTML, SGML, and other data mediation approaches; including greater flexibility, greater extensibility, separation of data and display, and a superior internal data structure Despite XML’s strengths, it is still a nascent technology where standards are not clearly defined and best practices are continually evolving For example, the ongoing examination of alternatives on how to automate XML data exchanges among trading partners clearly demonstrates how even well-defined business processes can have a variety of XMLbased implementations and standards This chapter examined three specific approaches to implementing XML in trading partner data exchanges: Building on existing EDI standards Joining a business consortium Creating custom standards The decision of which XML-based approach to select for automating data exchanges among trading partners will have a significant impact on the value proposition of the outcome; thus, such a decision must consider a company’s strategies, executive commitment, legacy EDI entrenchment, competitor reaction, available resources, existing expertise, and its risk portfolio Clear parallels exist between the decisions companies have made regarding the adoption of XML and their investments in ERP during the 1990s While some firms will use XML to differentiate themselves in the marketplace and develop sustainable competitive advantage, others will simply spend a lot of resources playing “catch up” with their competitors or wasting resources automating inferior and poorly understood business processes Even when optimal decisions are made regarding data mediation approaches, firms are still faced with high orders of complexity driven by the intricate, heterogeneous nature of their corporate knowledge bases Thus, it is quixotic to believe this complexity battle will be won anytime in the near future; likewise, it is strategically dangerous to involve clients and vendors in any solution without a wellformulated strategy Successful organizations will address the challenge of Internetbased data collaboration by choosing an XML mediation approach that is technically manageable and is aligned with the strategic goals of their entire supply chain Meanwhile, IS researchers and industry leaders must continue to refine XML’s role within IT business strategy As XML continues to expand its role in the IT mainstream, solutions will be needed for issues such as scalable XML architectures, security integration, automated portal services, impendence mismatch with OO data, workflow and process awareness, and robust development environments As these and other challenges are met, XML will be able to achieve its promise of being the enabling data-mediation technology for global e-business solutions BTP FPML Industry Proposed XML Standard Industry Proposed XML Standard Industry Proposed XML Standard Industry Proposed XML Standard Industry Proposed XML Standard IFX Interactive Financial Exchange A framework for the exchange of financial data Software by Tibco to help automatically schedule exchanges of B2B transaction, and automatic conversion of XML documents to flat-files or relational formats AuthXML is a specification for authentication and authorization information in XML AuthXML is a transport-independent XML definition that allows security authorities in separate organizations to communicate about authentication, authorization, user profiles and authenticated user sessions in an open way “Business transaction protocol,” competitor to emerging XAML Allows complex XML messages transactions to be tracked and managed as loosely coupled messages amongst businesses Financial Processing Markup Language A language for describing financial derivatives Financial Services Markup Language A language used to implement e-checks and other financial documents Helps with large-scale content management and publishing, using XML Description FPML.org http://www.fpml.org FSTC.org (Financial Services Technology consortium) http://www.fstc.org IFX (Interactive Financial Exchange) Forum www.ifxforum.org BEA Systems http://www.bea.com/index.shtml CheckPoint Software Technologies, Entrust, Novell, Securant Technologies, etc http://www.authxml.org/ TIBCO http://www.tibco.com/ http://www.documentum.com/ Organization/Web site Industry-specific Industry-specific Industry-specific ** **** ** *** Potential strategic impact 486 FSML Documentum 4i eBusiness Edition 4.0 TIB/Business Connect and Business Partner AuthXML Applications using XML Applications using XML XML technology XML Taxonomy APPENDIX 27.1 Taxonomy of XML Technologies SL3054_frame_C27 Page 486 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM The E-Business Handbook WSDL Industry Proposed XML Standard Internet initiative using XML Internet initiative using XML XML trust services Industry Proposed XML Standard Microsoft NET initiative Biztalk XML-RPC SOAP OFX MCF Industry Proposed XML Standard Industry Proposed XML Standard Industry Proposed XML Standard Industry Proposed XML Standard Set of Web-based technologies (smart devices, user experiences, Web services, development tools, and infrastructure) to build, deploy, operate, integrate, aggregate and consume Internet-based services XML is used as the integration methodology for NET Meta Content Framework Provides a standard for describing files and collections of information.10 Open Financial Exchange Standard for financial data exchange Simple Object Access Protocol A transport protocol designed to exchange information over the Web Integrated with XML for the NET initiative XML Remote Procedure Call is a spec and a set of implementations that allow software running on disparate operating systems, running in different environments to make procedure calls over the Internet Four major trust services to integrate into e-business: XML Key management Specification (digital signatures and encryption) Security Services Markup language (portable authentication and authorization) XMLPay (secure e-commerce payment processing) Extensible Provisioning Protocol (streamlines domain-name registration) Web Services Description Language A language for describing Web-based business interfaces Microsoft’s XML server platform for small to mediumsized businesses that need data mediation support Microsoft http://www.biztalk.org/BizTalk/defa ult.asp Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/net/ www.uddi.org VeriSign http://www.verisign.com/developer/ xml/ XML-RPC Org www.xmlrpc.org Netscape www.netscape.com CheckFree, Microsoft, Intuit www.ofx.net Msdn.Microsoft.com/soap **** * * ** ** *** (continued) Industry-specific ** SL3054_frame_C27 Page 487 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM XML, A Collaborative Enabler of E-Business 487 UDDI DOM DTD SGML XFDL XHTML XLink W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard XML technology Internet initiative using XML XML Taxonomy APPENDIX 27.1 (CONTINUED) Taxonomy of XML Technologies The DOM is a standard set of function calls to help manipulate XML from a programming language Likely to be replaced with SAX APIs DTD (document type definition), a collection of XML declarations that define the valid structure (elements and attributes) that can be used in a document that uses the DTD Note: compliance is strictly enforced XML is a subset of SGML SGML is an older, far more complex markup language specification XFDL is the Extensible Forms Description language, which will allow the creation of very complex forms, currently not supported by HTML XHTML is an extended HTML 4.0 standard that is XMLbased; thus XHTML document are viewable, editable, and able to be validated through standard XML-based tools Xlink provides a standard for adding hyperlinks to an XML file, but will be more advance than unidimensional HTML links.24 Universal Description Discovery and Integration A framework to allow people and companies to find and transact business over the Web Description Core component Core component Core component Core component Core component Core component **** Potential strategic impact 488 W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xlink/ W3C http://www.w3.org/ W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTEXFDL W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/ Universal Description, Discovery and Integration of Business for the Web www.uddi.org W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOMLevel-1/ W3C http://www.w3.org/ Organization/Web site SL3054_frame_C27 Page 488 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM The E-Business Handbook XPath XSLT XML namespaces XML Schema XPointer and Xfragments XML style sheets XSL Apache Xalan BeanML W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard W3C XML Standard XML toolset XML toolset A language for creating or defining the semantics of XML documents XPointer and Xfragments go beyond Xlink by allowing developers to point to data contained inside an XML document Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens or in print By attaching style sheets to structured documents on the Web (e.g., HTML), authors and readers can influence the presentation of documents without sacrificing device independence or adding new HTML tags XSL is an advanced language for expressing style sheets based on XSLT24, which will allow Developers to create style sheets that customize displays for different devices or users A processor for transforming XML documents into other formats JavaBean-centered XML development The primary purpose of XPath is to address parts of an XML document and provide basic facilities for manipulation of strings, numbers and Booleans XSL Transformations (XSLT) is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents It is for use as part of XSL (it is not a generalpurpose XML transformation language) Allows a developer to describe the association between XML tags and Internet URLs IBM www.alphaworks.ibm.com/ www.apache.org W3C http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/ W3C http://www.w3.org/Style/ W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xmlnames/ W3C http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath * * (continued) Core component Core component Core component Core component Core component Core component Core component SL3054_frame_C27 Page 489 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM XML, A Collaborative Enabler of E-Business 489 WebSphere Commerce Suite 4.1 Pro Edition Xenon XML Junction XwingML XML toolset XML toolset XML toolset XML toolset XML toolset Sequoia XML Portal Server WebDAV XML technology XML toolset XML Taxonomy APPENDIX 27.1 (CONTINUED) Taxonomy of XML Technologies Xenon is the first complete architecture for XML applications and was designed specifically for the development of electronic business systems It is based entirely on open standards, offering users and software providers a reliable, durable framework with interfaces for development, deployment and scalability of XML applications Data conversion and data bridging tool, by Data Junction, that helps developers map source files to XML targets Like BeanML, focusing on Swing GUIs World Wide Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning Enhancements to HTTP to make it a better collaborative editing platform (including use of metadata and file locking) to improve Web site design and development, and integration with B2B applications A comprehensive suite of tools to build largely scalable ecommerce suites Native XML portal server by Sequoia Description * ** *** ** * * Potential strategic impact 490 Data Junction Corporation http://www.xmljunction.net/ www.bluestone.com/ IBM http://www4.ibm.com/software/Webservers/co mmerce/wcs_pro/ Software AG www.softwareag.com/corporat/news /jan2000/XENON.htm Sequoia Software http://www.sequoiasoftware.com/ WebDAV org http://www.Webdav.org/ Organization/Web site SL3054_frame_C27 Page 490 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM The E-Business Handbook SL3054_frame_C27 Page 491 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM XML, A Collaborative Enabler of E-Business 491 REFERENCES A Kotok and D Webber, Less Is More In E-Business: The XML/EDI Group, vol 2000: xml.com, 1999 R Worden, XML E-Business Standards: Promises and Pitfalls, xml.com, 2000 A.C Lear, XML seen as integral to application integration, IT Prof., vol 1, pp 1216, 1999 J Bosak, Media-independent publishing: four myths about XML, Computer, vol 31, pp 120-122, 1998 B Bos, XML in 10 points, W3C, 1999 S Widergren, A deVos, and J Zhu, XML for Data Exchange, presented at Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 1999 F Bapst and C Vanoirbeek, XML Documents Production for an Electronic Platform of Requests for Proposals, presented at Reliable Distributed Systems, 1999 Proc 18th IEEE Symp., 1999 R Khare and A Rifkin, XML: a door to automated Web applications, IEEE Internet Comp., vol 1, pp 78-87, 1997 H WiumLie and J Saarela, Multipurpose Web publishing using HTML, XML, and CSS, Comm ACM, vol 42, pp 95-101, 1999 10 T Koch, XML in Practice: The Groupware Case, presented at Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 1999(WET ICE ‘99) 11 B Dorshkind, WAP untethers the Web, UNIX Review’s Performance Computing, vol 17, pp 59-61, 1999 12 S Pemberton et al., XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, vol 2000: W3C, 2000 13 R.J Glushko, J.M Tenenbaum, and B Meltzer, An XML framework for agent-based e-commerce, Comm ACM, vol 42, pp 106-114, 1999 14 H Smith and K Poulter, Share the ontology in XML-based trading architectures, Comm ACM, vol 42, pp 110-111, 1999 15 G Szentivanyi, The role of XML in generic and distributed multimedia management, presented at IEEE 8th Int Workshops on Enabling Technol Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 1999 (WET ICE ‘99) 16 K.J Fellner and K Turowski, Component Framework Supporting Inter-Company Cooperation, presented at Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, 1999 EDOC '99, 1999 17 A Kotok and D Webber, The XML/EDI Group’s XML for e-business initiative, vol 2000: XML.com, 1999 18 M Laplante, Making EDI Accessible with XML, EC.COM, vol 4, pp 23-26, 1998 19 S Abiteboul, On Views and XML, presented at PODS’99, Philadelphia, PA, 1999 20 P.B Lowry, XML data mediation and collaboration: a proposed comprehensive architecture and query requirements for using XML to mediate heterogeneous data sources and targets, 34th Ann Hawaii Int Conf On Sys Sci (HICSS), Maui, Hawaii, 2001 21 C Baru, XViews: XML views of relational schemas, 10th Int Workshop on Database and Expert Sys Appl., 1999 22 C Petrou, S Hadjiefthymiades, and D Martakos, An XML-based, 3-tier scheme for integrating heterogeneous information sources to the WWW, presented at 10th Int Workshop on Database and Expert Sys Appl, 1999 23 M.E Porter, How competitive forces shape strategy, Harvard Business Review, vol 57, pp 137-145, 1979 SL3054_frame_C27 Page 492 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 9:46 AM 492 The E-Business Handbook 24 J Tauber, XML after 1.0: you ain’t seen nothin’ yet, IEEE Int Comp vol 3, pp 100-102, 1999 25 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 8879:1986 Information Processing — Text and Office Systems — Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), Geneva, Switzerland, 2001 26 Wireless Application Protocol Forum, Ltd., Wireless Application Protocol Wireless Markup Language Specification, Version 1.3, WAP-191-WML, 19 February 2000 27 M Lieberman and D Montgomery, First mover advantages, Strategic Mgmnt J., vol 9, pp 41-58, 1988 SL3054_frame_index Page 493 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 3:02 PM INDEX A Absorptive capacity, 207 actBIG.com, 122 Active database technology, 397 Advisory boards, 216 AECT, 163 Aggregation data, 148 Amazon.com, 100 Analyzing a business model, AOL, 14, 271 Time Warner, 340 Apollo computer, 280 Application Integration, 471 Architecture of Integrated Information Systems (ARIS), 306 Ascending English, 89 ASCP, 163 Asset Revaluation, 288 Auctions, 85 combinational, 91 discriminatory, 90 event-condition-auction (ECA), 398 generalized Vickery auction (GVA), 95 multidimensional, 92 multi-unit auctions, 89 non-traditional, 101 online, 85 reverse, 92 single-item, 87 traditional, 101 B Backup.com, 303, 304 Bazaar, 237 Benford, Frank, 334 Benford’s Law, 334 Beyond.com, 302, 303 Bidding strategies, 92 Biometrics, 325 BizTalk, 479 Borderless Internet transaction Grid, 262 Born Global, 264 Branding, 463 Business, information age, models, 2, 3, 99 Business-to-business (B2B), 39, 67, 86, 133, 168, 300,448,467 architecture, 451, 452 payment, 182 Business-to-consumer (B2C), 139, 229 models, 230 Buy chain, Buyer-central exchange, 170 C California energy crisis, 340 Capitalization and bankruptcy, 274 Cataloging, 449 Caterpillar, 280 CBL, 185 Client proxy objects, 433 Clueless agents, 388 Code obfuscation, 389 signing, 387 Collaborative Architectures, 423 CMI collaborative server, 428 Combinational auctions, 91 Commercial protocols and services (COPS), 367, 370 Complementarities, 308 Component based design, 446 process architecture, 445 system, 445 Computer Viruses, 349 Confidentiality, 384 Consumer Behavior, 146 Consumer to consumer (C2C), 300 architectures, 453 Content restrictions, 274 Continuous replenishment planning (CRP), 81 493 SL3054_frame_index Page 494 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 3:02 PM 494 Control Activities, 324 CORBA, 399, 401, 424 Corporate Security policy, 359 CoShopper.com, 123 COTS, 444 C-Tribe.com, 123 Culture-sensitive e-commerce, 237 Currency flow, 283 Curriculum, 203 Customer impersonation, 323 information support (CSI), 451 relationship management (CRM), 73 Customizable products, 462 Cyber Attacks, 343 Cyber Offensives, 343 D Data, 476 mediation, 476 mining, 332 theft, 322 DEC, 281 Demandline.com, 124 Denial-of-services (DoS) Assaults, 348 Descending Dutch, 89 Detection of fraud, 328 Digital business infrastructure, 12 Digital divide, 250 Digital signatures, 325 Discovery sampling, 332 Discriminatory auction, 90 Distributed software, 395 Dynamic pricing, 100 mechanisms, 100 models, 101 E eBay, 86, 100 com, 235 E-business, 17, 19 global, 261 infrastructure distributor, 25 models, 4, 19 focused distributor, 23 infrastructure distributor, 26 infrastructure portal, 27 The E-Business Handbook infrastructure producer, 28 portal, 24 producer, 25 revenue and cost, 29 portals, 21 process design, 443 revenue and cost, 29 E-channel, 40 E-citizens, 249 Economies, information age, of scale, of scope, EDGAR, 279 Education curriculum, 203 e-business major, 209 internship program, 217 reinventing, 203 Efficient consumer response (ECR), 75 E-lancer Model, 265 electronic commerce (EC) embedding, 38 electronic commerce (EC) enterprise, 35 Electronic commerce, see e-commerce (EC), 33, 34, 45, 367, 379 embedding, 38 enterprise, 35 evolution, 229 hierarchical framework, 36 Electronic data interchange (EDI), 33, 76 XML/EDI, 477 Electronic, 244 democracy, 244 government (e-gov), 243, 245, 246 hubs (e-hubs), 171 market, 366 E-Marketplace, 37, 168 external, 169 internal, 169 Emusic.com, 303, 304 Encryption, 326 functions, 389 horizontal, 169 vertical, 169, 174 Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), 396, 399, 400 server, 430 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), 301 E-procurement, 167 system, 168 SL3054_frame_index Page 495 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 3:02 PM Index E-services, 297, 298 European Information Society (EIS), 244 Evaluators, 93 Event-condition auction (ECA), 398 Evergreen evolution, 207 Exchanges, 168 private, 170, 172, 173, 176 public, 170, 172, 173, 174 Execution monitoring, 386 tracing, 390 Experiential products, 461 Exposure problem, 91 Extraversion, 193 Extraverts, 195 F False Web, 323 Falsifies Identity, 322 Fast-follower corporations, 484 Fault tolerance, 390 Firewalls, 437 First-mover corporation, 483 Foreign-currency, 280 Fraud, 316, 317 detection of, 328 motivations, 317 risks, 318 symptoms, 329 G Generalized Vickery Auction (GVA), 95 Global governance model, 265 Globalization, 282, 284 Government Accounting Office (GAO), 247 Group-buying, 99 mentality, 104 models, 101, 102 Web site, 106, 107 495 I In Situ products, 462 Independent private values (IPV), 87 Inductive fraud detection, 335 Information and communication technologies (ICTs), 228 Infrastructure, 24 distributor e-business models, 26 distributors, 21 portal e-business models, 27 portals, 21 producer e-business models, 28 producers, 22 Inside-Out Integration, 179 Institutional environment, 270 Integration Rules (IRules), 396 definition language (IRDL), 404 language, 408 project, 402 Integrity, 384 Intellectual property, 222, 273 Intelligent agents, 471 Internal e-marketplace, 170, 173 Internationalization, 284 Internet, 470 appliances, 470 evolution, 189 fraud, 346 Introverts, 195 Intuit, 10 IRules, 411–415 J Java virtual machine (JVM), 429 JavaBeans, 399, 400 K Knowledge management system (KMS), 304, 307 H L Hackers, 361, 362 Heterogeneous data, 467 Hierarchical framework, 36, 37 HomeNet, 190, 191 Horizontal e-marketplaces, 175 Large open distributed systems, 379 Lead-time gap, 73 Letsbuyit.com, 116 Localization, 282, 284 Locking, 437 SL3054_frame_index Page 496 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 3:02 PM 496 M Macro effects, 342 Malicious agents, 385, 388 Management, 38 Market efficiency, 140 exchange matching mechanism (MEM), 451 mechanisms, 103 Marketing, 449 Marketspace, 235 Mentoring, 218 Menu costs, 142 Mercata.com, 108, 129, 130 Metadata, 469 Microstructure, 100 Mobile agents, 381 Mobshop.com 111, 129, 130 Modeling security semantics of business processes (MoSSbp), 367 Models of governance, 267 Modularization, 301 MS Market, 180 Multichannel sales, 40 Multicurrency, 282, 289, 290 Multidimensional auctions, 92 Multinationalization, 282, 284, 290 Multi-Unit Auctions, 89 N National Emergency Management Information System (NEMIS), 244 NetDocuments, 213 Non-traditional Auctions, 101 O OBI, 185 OFX, 184 Oklahoma Investment Forum (OIF), 162 Online auctions, 85 markets, 249 trade fairs, 155 OnlineChoice.com, 124 Operational analysis, 82 Opportunists, 93 Order, 449 The E-Business Handbook Order-cycle time, 73 OSD, 185 OTP, 184 Outside-In System Integration Policy, 175 Outsourced Solutions, 183 P Partial result encapsulation, 388 Participators, 93 Partnerships between business and academia, 213 Path histories, 387 Payments, 450 Pennwell Publishing’s Fire Department Instructors’ Conference (FDIC Online), 164 Performance gap analysis, 63 Personal fit products, 462 Personalization, 256 PointSpeed.com, 124 Portals, 19 Porter and Millar, 68 Price dispersion, 141 elasticity, 141 levels, 140 reduction models, 101 threshold effect, 104, 105 Pricing, 139, 449 Privacy, 252, 253, 349 Private exchanges, 170, 172, 173, 176 Private ExcLNLhange, 170 Procurement Marketplaces, 173 Producers, 20 Programming Frameworks, 425 Proof carrying code, 386 Property handles, 432 Public Exchanges, 172, 173, 174 Push and Pull Chain, 71 Q Quality Evaluation Method (QEM), 58 Questionable bidding behavior (QBB), 94 Quicken.com, 10 R Rapid application development (RAD), 425 SL3054_frame_index Page 497 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 3:02 PM Index REMAP, 307 Replication, 390 Representative government, 253 Request for proposal (RFP), 473 Requisition, 450 Retailer Behavior, 143 Reverse auctions, 92 Risk assessment, 321, 360 management, 287 Remote method invocation (RMI), 433 RossetaNet, 185 S Sand boxing, 386 Sealed-bid Multi-Round Auction Protocol (S-MAP), 95 Security, 252, 253, 339, 367, 437 audits, 353 cost paradox, 360 myths, 356 requirements, 369, 384 threats, 385 Seller-Centric exchange, 170 Service individualization, 299 Sessioning, 437 Sevice architecture, 298 Shipping, 450 SHOP2gether.com, 125 Shopbots, 147 Shopping mall, 230 Single-item auctions, 87 Sir Freddy Laker, 280 SmithKline, 281 Sniffing, 322 Social compensation, 193 impact, 189 support, 193, 196 Sponsorships, 219 Spoofing, 323 Stages of e-gov, 254 State appraisal, 387 Strategic Planning, 79 Supply and demand chain, 71 Supply chain, 5, 38 management (SCM), 67, 69, 171 497 T Tactical analysis, 81 TechnoXpo, 163 Third party exchange, 170 Threshold problems, 91 Time value of money (TVM), 280, 286 Trading partners, 467 Traditional auctions, 101 Transaction cost economics (TCE), 266 cost theory, 268 grid, 262 Trust, 463 management, 360 Trusted electronic, 365 U Ubiquitous computing, 41 Unauthorized Access, 322 Union Carbide, 281 V Value Chain, 68, 69 framework, Value web, Value-added networks (VAN), 76, 81 Value-creating activities, Vendor-managed inventory, (VMI), 74 Vertical and Horizontal E-Marketplaces, 169 Vertical e-marketplaces, 174 Virtual private network (VPN), 81 reality (VR), 457, 458 technologies, 460 selling, 40 trade fairs, 153, 154 VolumeBuy.com, 125 W Web defacement, 348 development process, 50, 62 evaluation, 45, 46 approaches, 48 security audit services, 354 strategy Development, 50 SL3054_frame_index Page 498 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 3:02 PM 498 The E-Business Handbook benefits of, 473 business consortiums, 479 custom, 479, 480 data mediation, 481 strategic Opportunities, 483 wireless access protocol (WAP), 471 wireless markup language (WML), 471 XML/EDI, 477 assessment, 57 Web-marts, 227, 231 WebQual, 57 Web-Visit Hijacking, 323 Wireless access protocol (WAP), 471 markup language (WML), 471 Worms, 349 WWW Consortium (W3C), 468 X XML, 184, 467 Z Zwirl.com, 126 ... is recommended that the reader review these appendices before proceeding to the next section The e- business model classification presented above suggests that there is a separation between companies... multiple business models that generate separate revenue streams from the same infrastructure, a network of businesses can more efficiently use resources, more effectively meet customer needs for... channel managers The new e- business models emerging on the Internet can be classified within one or more of the generic market roles (see Figure 1.4) In addition, the models can be grouped into