GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE - PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE A GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Danh động từ Phân từ tại) I Gerund (Danh động từ) Hình thức: V-ing Chức năng: Danh động từ làm: - Chủ từ (Subject) Ex: Collecting stamps is my hobby - Túc từ động từ: Ex: She enjoys watching cartoons - Túc từ giới từ: Ex: He is interested in learning English - Bổ ngữ cho chủ từ (Subject Complement) Ex: Her joy is helping the homeless - Ngữ đồng vị (Appositive) Ex: My hobby, playing table tennis, makes me feel happy - Cấu tạo danh từ ghép gerund + noun Ex: cooking-oil (dầu ăn), sleeping-pill (thuốc ngủ) noun + gerund Ex: child-rearing (nuôi dạy con), child-bearing (việc sinh con) II Present participle (Hiện phân từ) Hình thức: V-ing Chức năng: - Dùng tiếp diễn: be + Present participle (V-ing) Ex: It is raining now (Present progressive) We will be studying English at this time tomorrow (Future progressive) - Dùng tính từ (mang nghĩa chủ động thường miêu tả vật) Ex: The film is interesting It’s an exciting journey - Thay cho mệnh đề * Mệnh đề độc lập câu ghép: + Hai kiện xảy đồng thời chủ từ hai mệnh đề thay phân từ Ex: He washed his car and sang happily - Washing his car, he sang happily - He washed his car, singing happily + Hai kiện xảy nhau: kiện xảy trước thay phân từ Ex: She put on her coat and went out - Putting on her coat, she went out * Mệnh đề phụ câu: + Mệnh đề quan hệ: đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề chủ động thay phân từ Ex: The girl who lent me this book is my best friend - The girl lending me this book is my best friend + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian: Ex: Since he left school, he has worked in a restaurant - Leaving school, he has worked in a restaurant + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý do: hai mệnh đề phải chủ từ Ex: Because he drove carelessly, he had an accident - Driving carelessly, he had an accident - Cấu trúc câu: S + sit / stand / lie / come / run (cụm từ nơi chốn) + present participle Ex: He sat on the chair reading a book - Cấu trúc: There + be + Noun + present participle Ex: There are many people waiting for the bus B PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE (Danh động từ hoàn thành Phân từ hoàn thành) I Perfect Gerund (Danh động từ hoàn thành) Hình thức: having + V3/-ed Chức năng: dùng thay cho hình thức danh động từ đề cập đến hành động khứ Ex: He was accused of having stealing their money (Anh ta bị buộc tội lấy cắp tiền họ) II Perfect participle (Phân từ hoàn thành) Hình thức: having + V3/-ed Chức năng: - Dùng rút ngắn mệnh đề hành động mệnh đề xảy trước Ex: He finished all his homework and then he went to bed - Having finished all his homework, he went to bed - Dùng rút ngắn mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian Ex: After he had fallen from the horse back, he was taken to hospital and had an operation - After having fallen from the horse back, he was taken to hospital and had an operation EXERCISES: Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences replacing the underlined part with a present participle or a perfect participle They are vegetarians and they don’t eat meat Since we watch the news everyday, we know what is going on the world She was talking to her friend and forgot anything around her The boy asked his mother’s permission and then went out to play 5 As he had drunk too much, he didn’t drive home himself Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with gerund or present participle: It’s a waste of money _ (smoke) It is no use (try) _ to escape It is not worth (hurry) (play) soccer is my interest Could you stop (make) _ so much noise? I don’t enjoy (write) _ a letter to Nga Have you finished (wash) you hair yet? We are contented with (have) _ a warm home Now, I am (study) at school 10 I saw a boy (run) across the street yesterday 11 He felt something (move) inside his shirt 12 People smelt the fry-pan (burn) 13 I heard someone (talk) _ about you 14 I had difficulty in (manage) _ my living-fee 15 They spent a lot of time (play) cards 16 (Go) home late, he felt tired so much 17 (Spend) a long time (live) _ alone, he knew the true value of life 18 My mom was (watch) _ at 6pm last night 19 Daisy is (water) _ the trees in the garden at the moment 20 I don’t mind (help) you 21 My friends suggest ( go) _ (camp) _ next week 22 Now, keep (work) 23 No one can’t stand (live) with the monster 24 My father talked about (have) _ a monster in the story 25 There is no point in (seek) _ a crazy man 26 The crazy man is (eat) a snake now 27 It is worth (spend) _ much time in study 28 (Seek) _ a suitable job is hard 29 (Finish) _ the homework, I went to bed 30 He watched the thief (jump) over the windows 31 (Check) _ up your health helps prevent some dangerous diseases 32 We are focus on (travel) 33 It is no good (cheat) in exams 34 I am bored with (stay) _ alone 35 He died of (have) cancer 36 Don’t avoid (meet) _ me 37 I regretted (tell) you the truth 38 (Read) _ books is my hobby 39 I am fond of (swim) 40 I can’t help (do) my homework Exercise 3: Combine each pair of sentences by using “Ving or Having + V3/ed”: He was lying on the bed She was crying She was sitting in an armchair She was reading books I got home I was watching TV The old man was walking along the street He was talking to himself They were playing tennis They hurt your arm Mary was listening to news She fell asleep He was getting off the bus The man slipped The boy was crossing the road He was knocked over The fireman was trying to put out the fire The fireman was overcome by smoke 10 I cut myself while I was shaving 11 Be careful when you are crossing the street 12 We returned home after we had finished our work 13 We bought a ticket Then we went into the theatre 14 They had dinner Then they went on their journey 15 Sue did all her shopping Then she went for a cup of coffee 16 We fulfilled our work We went home 17 I thought they might be hungry So I offered them something to eat 18 She is a foreigner So she needs a visa to stay in this country 19 He travelled a lot So he knows a lot about other countries 20 We had spent nearly all our money So we couldn’t afford to stay in a hotel