Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH http://freedentaleducation.blogspot.com ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL RADIOLOGY A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL RADIOLOGY A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH David MacDonald, BDS, BSc(Hons.), LLB(Hons.), MSc, DDS(Edin.), DDRRCR, FDSRCPS, FRCD(C) �WILEY-BLACKWELL A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication This edition first published 2011 © 2011 David MacDonald Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John W iley & Sons in February 2007 Blackwell's publishing program has been merged with W iley's global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form W iley-Blackwell Registered office: John scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by practitioners for any particular patient The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the W iley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: Disclaimer The contents of this work are intended to further general 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings the copyright material in this book please see our website at and precautions Readers should consult with a specialist where www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell appropriate The fact that an organization or Website is referred Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged The fee codes for users of the 1fansactional Reporting Service are ISBN - 13: 978-0-8138- 1414-8/2011 Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom Front cover photo credits: Top image: Courtesy of Dr Montgomery Martin Second image from top: Courtesy of Dr Babak Chehroudi Bottom image: Courtesy of Dr Montgomery Martin Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data MacDonald, David, 1955- Oral and maxillofacial radiology : a diagnostic approach / David MacDonald p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8138-1414-8 (hardcover : alk paper) Radiography Maxilla-Radiography Mouth Face-Radiography I Title [DNLM: pathology Diagnostic Imaging Stomatognathic System Diagnosis, Oral WN 230] RK309.M33 2011 61 7.5'22075-dc22 2010041339 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9780470958797; ePub 9780470958803 Set in 10.5 on 12 pt ITC Slimbach by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 2011 To my mother, my daughter, Amy, and to my wife Contents Author and contributors ix Preface xi Part Introduction Chapter Basics of radiological diagnosis D MacDonald Chapter 37 Viewing conditions D MacDonald Chapter Physiological phenomena and radiological interpretation 44 D MacDonald Part 47 Advanced imaging modalities Chapter Helical computed tomography 49 D MacDonald Chapter Cone-beam computed tomography 59 D MacDonald Chapter Magnetic resonance imaging 67 D MacDonald Chapter Positron emission tomography 84 D MacDonald Chapter Basics of ultrasound 88 D MacDonald Part 91 Radiological pathology of the jaws Chapter 93 Radiolucencies D MacDonald Chapter 10 51 Radiopacities D MacDonald Chapter 11 195 Maxillary antrum D MacDonald Chapter 225 Temporomandibular joint D MacDonald Chapter 233 Imaging of the salivary glands D MacDonald vii viii Contents Chapter 14 Fractures of the face and j aws Chapter IS Part Radiological pathology of the extragnathic head and neck regions Chapter 16 244 D MacDonald Osseointegrated implants T Li and D MacDonald Introduction 249 267 269 D MacDonald and M Martin Chapter Benign lesions 278 M Martin and D MacDonald Chapter Malignant lesions 304 M Martin and D MacDonald Index 41 Author and Contributors Author Dr David MacDonald, BDS, BSc(Hons.), LLB(Hons.), MSc, DDS(Edin.), DDRRCR, FDSRCPS, FRCD(C) Associate Professor and Chairman, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Faculty of Dentistry The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada With eontributions by Dr Montgomery Martin, MD, FRCP(C) Clinical Director, Department of Diagno stic Imaging British Columbia Cancer Agency Faculty of Radiology The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Dr Thomas Li, BDS, MSc, DDRRCR, DGDP(UK), FCDSHK, FHKAM Former Head, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Currently in full-time Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology specialist practice ix 339 Chapter : Malignant lesions C atalano PJ, S en C, Biller HF Cranial neuropathy sec Bray F, H augen M , Moger TA, Tretli S , Aalen 00, ondary to perineural spread of cutaneous malignancies Grotmol T Age-incidence curves o f nasopharyngeal Am J Otol carcinoma worldwide: bimo dality in low-risk popula 9 ; : 772 - 7 31 Vrielinck U , O styn F , v a n D amme B , van d e n Bogaert W, Fossion E The significance of p erineural spread in adenoid cystic c arcinoma o f the maj o r and minor salivary glands Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 88 ; : 90-1 93 tions and aetiologic implications Biomarkers Prev Cancer Epidemiol 0 ; : 6-23 Chong VF, Fan YF, Khoo JB Nasopharyngeal c arcinoma with intracranial spread: CT and MR characteristic s Comput Assist Tomogr J 9 ;2 : 63 -5 AI-Kayyalic B S Ilhan 0, S ener EC, Ozyar E Outcome of abducens Acinic cell c arcinoma of the salivary glands: aliterature nerve p aralysis in patients with nasopharyngeal c arci AI-Zaher N, review Obeid A, AI- S alam S, Hematol Oncol Stem Cel Ther 2009;2 : 3 Hoffman HT, Karnell L H , Robinson RA, Pinkston JA, noma 02 ; : 5 - Eur J Ophthalmol Lavertu P, Roberts J K , Kraus D H , Levine H L , Wo o d B G , Menck HR National C ancer D ata B ase report on c ancer Medendorp SV, e t a l S quamous cell c arcinoma o f the o f the head and neck: acinic cell c arcinoma p aranasal Head Neck sinuses: 77-1986 9 ;21 : 7-3 Kim SA, Mathog RH Acinic cell c arcinoma o f the the Cleveland Laryngoscope Clinic St-Pierre S , B aker SR S quamous cell carcinoma o f the p arotid gland: a -year review limited to a single sur maxillary sinus: analysis o f 66 cases geon at a single institution 83 ; : 08-51 Ear Nose Throat J 0 ;84: 51 Qureshi 7-602 Public health agency of C anada, H e alth statistics divi SS, Chaukar DA, Talole Head Neck Surg SD, D ' Cruz sion, S urveillance and risk assessment division C ancer Memorial H o spital exp erience 43 : 6-2 L e e KJ Indian J Cancer Argiris A, Karamouzis MV, Raben D, Ferris RL H e ad and neck cancer Lancet Essential otolaryngology: head and neck surgery, 2003 Binahmed A, 0 ; 71 : 69 - 70 Marur S , Forastiere AA H e ad and neck c ancer: chang Nason RW, Ab doh AA, S andor GK Population-based study o f treatment outcomes in squa ing epidemiology, diagno sis, and treatment mous cell c arcinoma o f the retromolar trigone Proc 0 ; 83 : 489-501 Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endo Erratum in Mayo Clin Mayo Clin Proc 0 ; oral and oropharyngeal s quamous c anc ers Cancer J Velly AM, Franco EL, S chlecht N, Pintos J, Kowalski LP, Oliveira BV, et al Relationship b etween dental factors and risk of upper aero digestive tract cancer Oral Oncol J Prosthet Dent Meredith S D Use of computed tomography in the retromolar trigone Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 5 Crecc o M , Vidiri A, Angelone M L , Palma 0, Morello R resonance imaging and correlation with pathological data 84 ; : 64- 66 41 D ' S o uza G , Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M , Fakhry Eur J Radiol 9 ; : 82 - 8 Ginsb erg LE , D eMonte F Imaging o f perineural tumour C, Koch WM, et al Case-control study of human p apil spread from p alatal c arcinoma lomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer : 141 7-1422 N Engl J Med B arnes L 0 ;3 : 944- 42 Chien YC , Chen JY, Liu MY, Yang H I , H s u M M , Chen CJ, et al S erologic markers of Epstein-B arr virus infec tion and nasopharyngeal c arcinoma in Taiwanese men N Engl J Med 2001 ;345 : 7 - 882 Semin Cancer Bioi I, Van Den Brule AJ , Brink AA, Snij ders PJ, Walb oomers JM, Van Der Waal I, et al No direct role for Epstein-B arr virus in oral carcinogenesi s : a study at the D NA, RNA and protein levels Int J Cancer 2000; Surgical pathology of the head and neck pathology: squamous carcinoma o f the hypopharynx 59 U.S 2003 ; : 81 -85 National Institutes (NCI) of Health (Laryngeal National C ancer and Pharyngeal) C ancer 0 ; Available at : http : //www cancer gov/cancertopics/ types/throat/ C ervin JR, Silverman JF, Loggie BW, Geisinger KR Virchow's node revisited Analysis with clinic opatho logic correlation of fine-needle a spiration biopsies : 6-3 61 S alted fish and nasopharyngeal c arcinoma [see com Lancet 998; H elliwell TR Best Practice N o : Evidence based Institute 02 ; : 43 -441 Am J Neuroradiol Dekker, New York 85 J Clin Pathol 43 Raab-Traub N Epstein-B arr virus in the pathogenesis o f NPC 2000; 2 : 673-677 Retromolar trigone tumours: evaluation by magnetic 9 ; : 84-291 Gorsky M, Silverman S Jr D enture wearing and oral c anc er Lane AP, Buckmire RA, Mukherj i SK, Pillsbury HC III, assessment o f mandibular invasion in c arcinoma o f the 9 ;4 : -3 ment] Oral 0 ; 104: 662-665 83 : 604 38 Mashberg A, S amit A Early diagno sis of asymptomatic 44 Cruz 2006; 8th ed McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub Division, New York index-eng php Clin AK S quamous cell c arcinoma of the maxillary sinus: a Tata surveillance online, 2005 statistics 0 ; Available at : http : //dsol-smed p h a c - a sp c g c c a/dsol-smed/canc er/ exp erience 98 ;9 : 1 - 11 9 ;2 : 840-842 of supraclavicular lymph nodes 9 ; 11 : 72 7-73 Arch Pathol Lab Med 340 61 Loh Part Radiological pathology of the extragnathic head and neck regions KY, Yushak AW Images in Virchow's node (Troisier' s sign) clinical medicine N Engl J Med 75 van den Brekel MW, Castelij ns JA, Snow GB The size o f lymph nodes in the neck on sonograms a s a radio 2007; logic criterion for metastasis: how reliable is it? [see : 82 comment] 62 Donta TS , Smoker WR H ead and neck cancer: c arci noma o f unknown primary Topics Magnet Reson Imag Am J Neuroradiol 9 8; : 69 -700 Mancuso AA, H arnsb erger HR, Muraki AS, Stevens MH Computed tomography of cervical and retropharyngeal 07 ; : - 63 Jereczek-Fo s s a B A , Jassem J , Orecchia R lymph nodes: normal anatomy, variants of normal, and C ervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell c arcinoma applications in staging head and neck c ancer Part II: from an unknown primary p athology Cancer Treat Rev 2004;3 : Radiology 83 ; : 71 - 72 7 Som PM Detection o f metastasis i n cervical lymph - 64 nodes: CT and MR criteria and differential diagno sis 64 Johansen J , B uus S , Loft A, Keiding S , Overgaard M , H ansen H S , e t al Prospective study of 8FDG-PET i n t h e detection a n d management of p atients with lymph Am J Roentgenol 92 ; : 61 -9 78 Rouviere H Anatomy of t h e human lymphatic system, node metastases to the neck from an unknown primary A compendium translated from the original tumour Results from the DAHANCA- study des Lymphatiques de I 'Homme by M Neck Head Bro s Inc , Ann Arbor, Michigan 0 ; : 71 -478 65 Dong MJ, Zhao K , Lin XT, Zhao J , Ruan LX, Liu ZF Role of fluorodeoxygluco s e-PET fluorodeoxygluco s e-PET /c omputed Nucl Med Commun S o m P M , Curtin H D , Mancuso AA tomography adenopathy in Curr Oncol Rep adj unct to recent clinically based nodal classifications 0 ; : 9- agement and future directions in unknown primary carcinoma Semin Oncol B ender R A , Erlander MG Molecular classification of unknown primary c ancer Semin OncoI 0 ; : 8-43 69 Ferrer R Lymphadenopathy : differential diagnosis and evaluation Am Fam Physician 81 Arch Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 9 ; : 88-3 Som P M , Curtin H D Head and Neck Imaging, 4th e d Mosby, St Louis 0 82 Greene 0 ; : 75 -8 9 ;5 : 3 - 0 ; 74 : 83 7-844 classification for the cervical nodes designed a s an 0 ; : 791 -802 Varadhachary G R , Greco FA Overview o f p atient man Am J Roentgenol S o m PM, Curtin H D , Mancuso A A A n imaging-based 6 S chmalbach CE, Miller FR O ccult primary head and neck c arcinoma Imaging-based nodal classification for evaluation of neck metastatic versus detection of unknown primary tumour: a meta-analysis of the literature Anatomie J Tobias Edwards FL, American Joint American C ancer S o ciety Committee on Cancer, AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 6th ed Springer-Verlag, New York 2002 83 D ammann F, H orger M, Mueller-B erg M, Schlemmer H , Claussen C D , Hoffman J , e t a l Rational diagnosis o f 70 Kaj i AV, Mohuchy T, Swartz Imaging of cervical squamous cell c arcinoma o f the head and neck region: CT & MR comp arative evaluation o f CT, MRI, and 8FDG PET 71 Elsheikh MN, Rinaldo A, Hamakawa H , M ahfouz ME, 84 C orry J, Rischin 0, Hicks RJ, Peters U The role of Rodrigo JP, Brennan J , et al Importance of molecular PET-CT in the management of p atients with advanced analysis in detecting cervical lymph node metastasis in c ancer o f the head and neck head and neck squamous c ell c arcinoma 149-1 5 lymphadenopathy S eminars in ultrasound, 9 ; : 2 0-24 Am J Roentgenol Head Neck 0 ; 84 : 6- 3 Curr Oncol Rep 2008;10: Quon A , Fischbein NJ, McDougall IR, L e QT, L o o BW 0 ;2 : 842-849 72 Friedman M, Roberts N, Kirshenbaum GL, C olombo J Jr, Pinto H, et al Clinical role of 8F-FDG PET /CT in Nodal s i z e of metastatic s quamous c e l l c arcinoma o f the management of squamous cell c arcinoma o f the the neck Laryngoscope head and neck and thyroid carcinoma 9 ; 103 : 85 4-85 73 D o n O M , Anzai Y, Lufkin RB , F u Y S , Calcaterra TC Evaluation of cervical lymph node metastases in squa J Nuclear Med 2007;48: 8S - S Wilson , B ernard F Current Adult Clinical Indications Laryngoscope For PET /CT S canning (as o f S eptember , 20 07) Avail 74 van den Brekel MW, Stel HV, Castelij ns JA, Nauta JJ, C D B - -4 B - E F O - C C 6BA61 / 5 / mous cell c arcinoma o f the head and neck able 9 ; 10 : 669-674 van der Waal I, Valk J, et al C ervical lymph node metastasis: assessment of radiologic criteria 9 ; 77 : 79-3 84 Radiology at: http : //www b c c ancer b c ca/NR/rdonlyres/ CurrentAdultindic ationsSept 90 p df Index Note 1: Although lesions will be indexed according to their full names, followed only by formally rec ognized abbreviations, tho se technical terms that app ear mo st frequently as abbreviations will also b e indexed Their abbreviations will b e followed by their full names Note 2: The pages of entries in Tables and Figures are Accessory mental foramen ITALICS Differential diagno sis 60-261 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 69 Recurrence , Achondroplasia AIDS-related cyst Acinic cell c arcinoma Ambient lighting 309 Radiological presentation on computed tomography Ameloblastoma 63 D efinition Acne scar 52 11 - 21 , 99-120, 2 -226 11 'lYpes Aco ustic meatus D esmoplastic External 70 Peripheral Internal 70 11 113 S olid (multilocular) , Aco ustic neuroma (See Vestibular schwannoma) Aco ustic noise 187 235 7, , 41 Ambiguous Figures (See Reversible figures) (CT) 31 Acne 187 Treatment 113 , 11 , 11 7-11 presentation 11 -114 Unicystic Clinical 73 Acromegaly Radiological presentation on conventional radiography Actinomyces 3, 8, 9, 7, 28, 7, Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 11 6, 52, Computed tomography (CT) 11 7- 20, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 307 Adenocarcinoma n o t otherwise specified ( N O S ) Adenoid cystic c arcinoma 99 modalities 79 Differential diagnosis 79 Adenocarcinoma 114-11 , Radiological presentation on advanced imaging Differential diagno sis 96, 97, 07 Treatment 309 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 11 7, 118-11 , 207 119-120, 208 25 11 , 99-120 Recurrence , 208 104 Systematic review 29, 11 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging Ameloblastic c arcinoma modalities - 21 4- presentation Ameloblastic fibroma Computed tomography (CT) , 31 5-31 Clinical Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography 309, 31 5-31 135, Differential diagnosis 70 (CT) Recurrence Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) D efinition Treatment , , 86-1 87 Recurrence 2, 86 Clinical presentation 36 Radiological presentation on computed tomography Treatment 135 135 Malignant transformation 86 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 135 Ameloblastic fibro - odontoma D efinition 86 187 Clinical presentation 87 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 87 Radiological presentation on computed tomography Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology: A Diagnostic Approach, D avid MacDonald © 2011 D avid MacDonald (CT) 222 34 342 Index Ameloblastic fibro-o dontoma (continue) B otryoid o dontgenic cyst Treatment D efinition Recurrence , Clinical presentation 87 Amelogenesis imperfecta Aneurysms 84, 70 108 85 Differential diagnosis Recurrence 278 Aneurysmal bone cyst (AB C) D efinition Bruits 12, 9-140 Clinical presentation 109 139 9-140 Treatment 140 Recurrence 12, 140 Calcifications o f stylohyoid complex 12 151-153 p atterns of c alcification of the styloid complex 55 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography S econdary to fibrous dysplasia 56- 140, 73 Ankylosis Radiological presentation o n computed tomography (CT) 58 Antral polyps Calcified c arotid artery atheroma (CCAA) 196 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 202 , 6-1 , 58 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 206 Antrolith 108 108 Buccal bifurcation cyst (BBC) (See Paradental cyst) 139 Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography Anodontia 108 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography Anatomy scan (T l -weighted MRI) Annihilation radiation 108 108 96, 204 Arachnoid cyst (CT) 58 Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) 283 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities M agnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) 87 Clinical presentation 293 187 Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography 293 80, 108 187 Differential diagnosis 108 Clinical presentation 12, 187 D efinition Computed tomography (CT) D efinition 156-157 Radiological presentation o n computed tomography 87 Treatment 108 Athero sclerosis ( S e e c alcified c arotid artery athroma (CCAA) ) Recurrence , 87 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) AUC (Area under the curve) 11 12, Avascular necrosis 226 84- 86 D efinition 84 B andwidth (BW) Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography Clinical presentation 70 B asioccipital invertion - 86 70 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 02 B-cell lymphoma Differential diagnosis Treatment imaging (MRI) 31 2, 31 9, 3 86 Calcifying odontogenic cyst (see Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) ) C alculus (S alivary) 235 Bisphosphonate-associated o steonecrosis (BON) 64 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 88, 8, 240 C arcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma C arnoy ' s solution 285, 31 , 11 8, C arotid b o dy tumor (See c arotid paraganglioma) 64 , 65 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging C arotid p araganglioma 279 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 86 86 Recurrence , 305 Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance B enign lymphepithelial lesions 185 64, 65 M agnetic resonance imaging (MRI) B OLD (Blo o d oxygen level dependent) 64 77 mo dalitie s Comp uted tomography (CT) 284 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 284 Index Cementoblastoma , , 81 - 83 Claustrophobia 73 D efinition 81 Cleft p alate Clinical presentation 81 Cleidocranial dysotosis 9, Radiological presentation on conventional radiography CNR (Contrast-to-noise ratio) , 70 - 83 , 82 - 84 Co chleovestibular apparatus 70 Differential diagnosis 54 Coincidence 84, 85 Treatment Color-coded D reformatting 55, Recurrence , 82 Cemento-osseous dysplasia (See Osseous dysplasia) 76 - 80 Cemento-ossifying fibroma (See O s sifying fibroma) 11 C entral giant cell lesion 3 - D efinition Clinical presentation 3 Radiological presentation o n c onventional radiography 133 -134, 36 Complex motion tomography , 254 Compre s sion of images Lossy 42 Lossless 42 Computer-aided planning (CAD/CAM) Computer-assisted design/computed-assisted manufacturing Computed tomography (CT) H elical computed tomography (HCT) Cone-beam computed tomography (CB CT) 11 Treatment Condensing o steitis , , Recurrence Condylar hyperplasia 226 C entral necrosis Congenital syphilis Cephalometric measurement Contrast index C erebral spinal fluid (CSF) 294 Contrast medium C ereb ellopontine angle (CPA) 22 7, 7, 290 Computed tomography (CT) Chamb erlain ' s line 02 M agnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 74-76 Cherubism - Conventional radiography D efinition Coronoid hyperplasia 22 Clinical presentation Cranial fo s s a Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography 7- , Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Treatment , Recurrence 343 Anterior 70 Middle 70 Po sterior 70 Craniopharyngioma Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 81 Differential diagno sis 70 CRT (Cathode ray tube) 41 Childhood illness Cyst typ e (Lingual bone defect) 41 Chondroma Cystercicosis Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities D egenerative arthritis 226, 22 Computed tomography (CT) 306 D entinogenesis imperfect Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D e n s e bone island ( O B I ) , , 7, 87 - 88 306-307 Differential diagnosis 70 Chondrocalcinosis 2 , 22 Chondros arcoma 62 , 22 , 04 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 308, 309 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 308 Differential diagnosis 70 Treatment Recurrence D efinition - 88 Clinical presentation 88 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 4, 84, 88 Differential diagno sis 53 , 54, 88 Treatment , 88 Recurrence Systemic review 5, 88 D ental computed tomography (O CT: See Cone-beam computed tomography) Dens in dente 344 Index D entigerous cyst , , 110 - 1 Fat suppression 73 -74 D efinition 110 FS or FatSat (Fat s aturation) 74 Clinical presentation 110 - 1 Fat scan (T l -weighted MRI) 70 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography Flat panel detector (FPD) , 5 1 - 11 , 110 111 , 11 3, 211 , 21 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 11 3, 211 , 21 Differential diagno sis 96, 7, 11 Treatment 11 , 11 Recurrence , 11 , 11 Systemic review 31 , 111 D ermoid cyst 88 M agnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 75 Ultrasound 89 D etectors Fibrous dysplasia , , , 7, - 73 , -210, D efinition 65 Clinical presentation 65 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography , 21 , 69, 70 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging mo dalitie s Comp uted tomography (CT) 8, 69, 71 , 71 , 73 , 21 5-21 9, 2 , 230, 300-301 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 76, 01 Differential diagnosis 7, 53 , 54, 75 , 226, 70 C onventional radiography - Treatment , 72 Computed tomography (CT) Reactivation , 72 Po sitron emission tomography (PET) S arcomatous change 73 Diamagnetic 75 , 7 D I C O M 41 , Systematic review 3 , 74 Fibro-osseous lesion (FOL) 64-1 65 , 66, 79 , 80 Diffusion-weighted MRI Fibro sarcoma Digital s ub straction angiography (D SA) Field o f view (FOV) Dilaceration D i s c displac ement (Temp oromandibular j o int disease/ dysfunction) Incomplete Complete D oppler ultrasound 88-89 Down ' s syndrome 10 Cone-b eam computed tomography 61 , 64-65 Flattening the condyle 2 , Floor of the mouth S quamous cell c arcinoma Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (See Floird osseous dysplasia) Florid o s seous dysplasia (FOD) 5, 76 - , 210 D efinition 76 Echo time (TE) 70 Clinical presentation 76- 7 Ectodermal dysplasia 10 Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography Ehler-Danlos syndrome 22 Ependymomas 283 Epidermolysis bullo s a 1 4, 45, 7 - 78, 221 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 7 - 78, 78 Exo stosis , 61 , 6, 204 Differential diagnosis 53 Extracorpreal shock wave lithoprip sr (ESWL) 88 Treatment Recurrence FASE (Fast asymmetry spin echo) 77, 82 Systematic review , 7 FISP (Fast imaging with steady state precession) 71 8-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FOG) 84, , , 2 FLASH (Fast low angle shot) 71 Fluoro sis FSE (Fast (or turbo) spin echo) 71 Fo c al Cemento-osseous dysplasia ( S e e Focal o s seous Familial adenomatous polyp o sis (FAP) 61 Familial gigantiform c ementoma , 80 D efinition dysplasia) Fo c al o s seous dysplasia (FocOD) 76 - , 210 D efinition 78 Clinical presentation 80 Clinical presentation 79 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 80 23, 106, 79 - , 79 Differential diagno sis Differential diagnosis 54 , 79 Treatment , 80 Treatment , 79 Recurrence , 80 Recurrence Association with neurofibromatosis type , 80 Systematic review , 78 Index Foramina for the base of the skull Jugular F 70 345 H emangioma 108-109 D efinition 108 F Lacerum 70 Clinical presentation F of Monroe 281 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography F Ovale 70 F Rotundum 70 F Spino sum 70 Stylomastoid F 70 Fo s s a of Rosenmuller Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 320 108-109 , 109 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 56, 109 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 81 , 10 , 293 Differential diagno sis 9, H emarthosis 2 Fractures of the face : current causes 244 H emifacial hyperplasia Fractures of the mandible H emifacial hypoplasia Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 244, Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 246, Fractures of t h e maxilla Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 244, 246, Fractures of t h e base-of-the-skull 244 Fractures of the cervical spine -246 Fractures and vision 244, 245 Fractures and hemorrhage 244 Hereditary gingival hyp erplasia HIV-associated hyperplasia 3 , 234, H o unsfield unit (HU) H o dgkin ' s lymphoma H uman-contrast sensitivity (HCS) , 41 Hydroc ephalus Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 81 Hyoid bone Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography 158 Free induction density (FlO) 69 Hypertelorism 63 G adolinium 74-76 Hypopharyngeal c ancer G ardner ' s syndrome 61 - 62 , 8 Hypoparathroidism Hyperthyroidism 0, 100 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 61 , 298 Radiological presentation on computed tomography Hypopituitism Hypothyroidism Hyoid bone (CT) 298 Differential diagnosis , 53 Giant cell lesion (See c entral giant cell lesion) Gigantiform cementoma (See florid o s seous dysplasia and familial gigantiform cementoma) Gigantism Glandular odontogenic cyst - 3 D efinition Clinical presentation Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography -1 3 , 35 Differential diagnosis Treatment Recurrence , 3 Systematic review , 34 Global gro ups , Glomus tumors (See Paragangliomas) Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome (See Nevoid basal cell c arcinoma syndrome) Idiop athic osteosclerosis , , Illuminance (See Ambient lighting) Image enhancement 41 International classification of diseases for oncology (ICD-O) 11 Interarticular disc Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2 8, 229 Intracranial aneuryms 78-2 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 279, 282 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 279, 282 Inverted p apilloma , 8 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Granuloma Iodide mump s 4, Grayscale standard display function (GSDF) , 41 Isotropic voxel , 62 346 Index Joint effusion 2 , Joint mice 2 , 22 Lateral p eriodontal cyst 107-108 D efinition 107 JPEG (Joint photographic experts group) 42 Clinical presentation 107 Jugular glomus (See Jugular p araganglioma) Radiological presentation on conventional radiography Jugular p araganglioma Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Differential diagno sis 70 Juvenile idiop athic arthritis D efinition 108 Differential diagnosis 96, 107-108 Treatment Lateral radicular cyst 96 Law C anadian Clinical presentation Differential diagno sis , 2 Common Lax temporomandibular c ap sule 70 Treatment LCD (Liquid crystal display) 41 Assco ciation with uveitis a n d blindness Leontiasis o s sea 0 , 60 Association with lymphoproliferative malignancy Linear tomography , 253 Juvenile (aggressive) o ssifying fibroma (See O s sifying fibroma) 66, 74 Juvenile p s ammomatoid o ssifying fibroma (See O ssifying fibroma) 74 Juvenile recurrent p arotitis Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (See Juvenile idiopathic arthritis) D efinition Clinical presentation Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 43 - 44 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging mo dalitie s Juvenile trab ecular o ssifying fibroma (See o ssifying fibroma) Lingual bone defect - 74 Computed tomography (CT) 44- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Differential diagnosis 95 Kaposi's sarcoma Keratocystic odontognic tumor (KCOT) - , 9 , 01 , 2 D efinition - Clinical presentation - Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 7- , 8- 3� 206 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) , 209, 210 Differential diagno sis 23, 96 7, 25, Treatment Recurrence Lingual foramen 61 -2 62 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 263 Lithotripsy 234, 8-2 LAN (Local area network) 42 Lymphangioma 80 Lymphocytic leukemia 3 Luminance (See Brightness) Treatment , - Recurrence , - Mach b and effect 44, 45 Systematic review 31 , Magnet 68 A s p art o f nevoid basal cell c arcinoma syndrome , Magnetic field strength (T) , 201 Keratocyst (See odontogenic kerato cyst AND kerato cystic odontogenic tumor) 11 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Malignant ameloblastoma (See Metastasizing ameloblastoma) Langerhan' s cell histiocytosis 98 Mandibular incisive canal 261 Clinical presentation Mastoiditis 22 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) , , 68 , 72 , , 100 Differential diagnosis 94 Laryngeal c ancer Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 331 Lateral cephalograms 62 290 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 69, 02 Mcgregor's line 02 Medical-grade diagnostic gray-scale monitors (MGDG) , 40, 41 Index Meningioma 83 , 290-292 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging 347 Myo sitis o s sificans , 22 Myxofibroma (See O dontogenic myxoma) mo dalities Computed tomography (CT) 290-292 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 91 -292 Differential diagnosis 70 Metal artefact reduction (MAR) 5 Metastasizing ameloblastoma Definition Clinical pres entation Differential diagnosis Nasal lymphoma 05 Radiological presentation on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 31 Nasopalatine Canal -264 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) -264 Nasopalatine duct cyst Definition 140 MISME syndrome Clinical presentation M R I accidents 73 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography MR compatible 73 MRI safety 73 MRI suite Mucosal antral (pseudo) cyst Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography , 205 Radiological pres entation on computed tomography (CT) , 205 Mucocele Muco epidermoid carcinoma , Radiological pres entation o n conventional radiography 04 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities Computed tomography (CT) 104 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , Treatment Recurrence Mump s Clinical pres entation 3 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities Computed tomography (CT) Ultrasound (US) Differential diagnosis Treatment 3 Mump s and rubella (MMR) vaccine 3 Multidetector Computed tomography (MDCT) 50, , 4- 5 Multiplanar reformatting (MPR) - 5 Multiple myeloma 7- , 04 Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography 305 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 305 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 99 Po sitron emission tomography (PET) 97 Differential diagno sis 94, 70 , 41 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 41 - 42 Differential diagnosis 25 Treatment Recurrence Nasopharyngeal carcinoma , Radiological presentation on advanced imaging mo dalities Computed tomography (CT) 323-324 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 320-324 Differential diagnosis 70 Nephrogenic systemic fibro sis (NSF) 76 Neurofibroma Neurofibromatosis typ e II (NF2) Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Differential diagnosis 70 Neurolemmoma 95 Neuroma Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Nevoid basal c e l l carcinoma syndrome ( N B C C S ) , 129, 199 Definition Clinical presentation Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 129, 130 Radiological presentation o n computed tomography (CT) , 210 Differential diagnosis 94 Recurrence Associated with brain malignancy Node o f Rouviere Radiological presentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 320 Non-Hodgkin' s lymphoma 9 , Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 99 348 Index Non-Hodgkin ' s lymphoma (continue) Radiological pres entation on computed tomography (CT) 98 Treatment 9 Differential diagnosis , Treatment Recurrence , 3 Systematic review , Orthokeratotic variant ( o f the former odontogenic Odontogenic kerato cyst (See Kerato cystic odontogenic tumor) kerato cyst) Osteitis 63 Mixed orthokeratotic-parakeratotic variant Osseointegrated implants O rthokeratotic variant ( S e e orthokeratinized O s s eous dysplasia (OD) 76 - 81 odontogenic cyst) Parakeratotic variant (See kerato cystic odontogenic tumor) Odontogenic myxoma 21 - , 9 , 2 Definition Clinical presentation 2 Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography 20, 2 - 24 , 24 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 7, 20, 23 , 24, 4- , 21 , 21 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Differential diagno sis 7, O s sifying fibroma (OF) 73 - 76 Definition 73 Clinical presentation 74 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 75 , 75 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging mo dalities Comp uted tomography (CT) 76 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 74 Differential diagnosis 7, 54, 75 Treatment 74 Recurrence Systematic review 3 , 74 Pos sible association with hyperparathyroidism 74 Treatment , O steoblast om a , 81 Recurrence , Osteo chondroma 226 Systematic review , 21 Osteoid o steoma 81 Odontoma - 84 Definition Complex 83 Compound 83 Clinical presentation 83 - 84 Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography 6, , 84 , 84, 21 9, 220 Differential diagno sis 54 Treatment Recurrence , 84 Systematic review 85 Olefactory neuroblastoma Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 05, 306 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 05, 306 Differential diagno sis 70 Ophthalmic referral 246 Orbital hemangioma Radiological pres entation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 293 Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst 0- 31 Definition Osteoma 80 - 81 , 8 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 298 Radiological presentation computed tomography (CT) 81 , 230, 298 Differential diagnosis 226 Osteomyelitis, 62 - 63 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 63 , 64 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 99 Differential diagnosis 7, 63 , 64, 22 O steonecrosis Osteopenia 0 Osteophyte 2 , 2 O steoporosis 7, , 100 Osteos clero sis , 0 Osteosarcoma , 54 , 62 Radiological presentation on conventional radiography 62 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 63 , 230 Paget ' s disease of bone 61 Clinical presentation Osteoid o steoma Radiological pres entation o n conventional radiography Osteofibroma (See o s sifying fibroma) , 2, 3 , 21 Otitis media 22 Index Paget ' s disease of bone (PDB) 349 Differential diagnosis Definition 60 - 61 , Treatment Clinical pres entation 61 Recurrence Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography 61 Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma , 31 Port-wine stain 109 Differential diagnosis 9, 7, 53, 70 Treatment 61 Po sitron emission tomography (PET) 84 ,-87, 85-86, , 3 , 3 , 3 6, 3 Asso ciation with sarcomatous change 61 Paradental cyst 106-107 Primary intraosseous s quamous cell carcinoma (PIOSCC) 101 , 103 Definition 106 Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography Clinical pres entation 106-107 101 , 105 Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography , 107 Radiological pres entation on computed tomography (CT) 101 - 02, 105 Differential diagnosis 106 Proton density , 69 Paraganglioma 79 P s eudogout (See Chondro calcino sis) Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities Pulse sequence 69 Pustulosis 63 Computed tomography (CT) 284 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4, 285 Differential diagnosis 70 Radicular cyst Radiological pres entation on conventional radiography Parakeratotic variant (of the former o dontogenic kerato cyst) Paramagnetic 75 , 77 203 Radi o frequency (RF) coils 68, 68, , 70 Pathology s can (T2 -weighted MRI) 70 Radiotherapy 10 Periapical cyst (See Radicular cyst) Rarefying osteitis Periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD) 79 Periapical radiolucency (of inflammatory origin) 2, 96 Treatment 12 Recurrence Rathke ' s p o uch cyst 78 Receiver operating characteristics (RO C) II Recurrent dislo cation 70 Relative period prevalence (RPP) II Peri coronal radiolucencies - 110 Relaxation 70 Perimes encephalic cistern 6, Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) 0 Petro clival fissure 70 Renal insufficiency , 0 Petrous temporal bone 70 Repetition time (TR) Phlebolith 109 Reversible figures 4 Piezoelectric crystal 88 Rheumatoid arthritis 226, 22 Pierre-Robin syndrome 226 Root resorption 24, Pindborg's tumor (See Calcifying epithelial o dontogenic Routine radiographic screening tumor (CEOT) ) Pineal gland 70 SAPHO syndrome 63 Pitch Sarcoidosis 52 Pituitary adenoma 78 Schwannomas 83 Radiological pres entation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 79, 280 Pixel-to-pixel Pleomorphic (salivary) adenoma (P SA) 242, Definition 242 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 286-288 Differential diagnosis 70 Clinical pres entation Scleroderma 24, 52 Radiological pres entation on c onventional radiography S entinal Node 242 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities Sequential computed tomography S O , 50 Shimming 74 Shimming coils 74 Computed tomography (CT) 242, 295 Sialadenitis , 23 9-241 , 241 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 69, 71 , 78, 242 Sialoliths (See calculus, salivary) 350 Index Sialolithiasis Sialectasis , 7-2 , 23 Sialography C onvectional 3 , , 23 7, 23 9-241 Interventional 3 , 8-241 Sialosis 234, Sickle cell disease Differential diagno sis 70 Signal Node (See S entinel N ode) Sinus -lift grafts 210-2 , 223 Sinusitis - Simple bone cyst (SBC) 8- Definition Clinical presentation Radiological pres entation o n conventional radiography 8, 21 , , 43 - 44 Radiological pres entation on computed tomography (CT) 44-1 45 Radiological presentation o n conventional radiography 133 Treatment 3 Recurrence 3 S quamous cell carcinoma (SCC) - ,3 , , Epidemiology Clinical presentation Radiological presentation on conventional radiography , 25, 100, 101 , 103, Radiological presentation on advanced imaging mo dalities Comp uted tomography (CT) 101 , 25-329, 331 - 3 4, 3 6- 3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 74, 7, , 325, 9, 3 0, 3 -3 Differential diagnosis , 70 Treatment Recurrence Differential diagno sis 13 Stafne's cyst (See lingual bone defect) Treatment , Stafne's typ e (lingual bone defect) Recurrence , Sj ogren ' s syndrome Clinical presentation Radiological pres entation o n conventional radiography , 23 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging modalities STIR (Short T l inversion recovery) 74, 78 Storage o f images 41 -42 Stricture (s alivary) 234, 241 S ubmandibular fo ssa 262-263 S up ernumerary teeth 10, 111 , 11 , 61 S up erp aramagnetic 75 Synovial chondromatosis 2 , 22 Ultrasound (US) Synovitis 63 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Systematic review (SR) 8-3 Differential diagno sis SNR (Signal-to-noise ratio) , Taurodontism 10 S N U C (Sino-nasal undifferentiated carcinoma) 05 TE (Echo time) 70 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging modalities Computed tomography (CT) 31 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 31 Differential diagno sis 70 SPECT ( Single photon emission computed tomography) 231 Solitary o s seous plasmacytoma ( S O P ) Spondylo arthopathies SPAMM (spatial mo dulation o f magnetization) 72 SPIO (sup ermagnetic iron oxide) 74 76 SUV (standard uptake value) 84-85 SE ( Spin echo) 71 Temporomandibular j oint disorder (TMD) 2 6-231 Radiological presentation on advanced imaging mo dalities Comp uted tomography (CT) 228 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 228-229 Systematic review 2 -2 Thalass emia , 89 - Radiological presentation on conventional radiography , 98 Radiological presentation on computed tomography (CT) 200, 299 Differential diagnosis 94, -2 Treatment - Spin-lattice (See T l -weighted MRI) 70 TIFF (Tagged image file format) Spin-spin (See T2 -weighted MRI) 70 Timing value Spontaneous gigantiform cementoma 80 Tonsillolith S quamous odontogenic tumor 3 Definition 3 Clinical presentation 3 Radiological presentation o n computed tomography (CT) 59 Differential diagnosis 52 Index Tornwaldt ' s cyst 8 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities Computed tomography (CT) 298 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 298 Differential diagnosis 70 Torus palatinus , 61 35 Verrucous c arcinoma Vestibular schwannoma Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 86-288 Differential diagnosis 70 TMN (Tumor, node, metastasis system) , 3 4-3 Virchow ' s Node (See S entinal Node) Transducer 88 Volume acquisition computed tomography (See Helical Traumatic bone cyst (See Simple bone cyst) computed tomography) Traumatic optic neuropathy 246 Volume rendering Treacher-Collins syndrome Volumetric computed tomography (VCT: S e e Cone-b eam Trigeminal neuralgia 7 computed tomography) Triticae cartilage ( S e e Triticeous cartilage) Triticeous cartilage - Water scan (TZ -weighted MRI) 70 Tub erculosis (TB) 52 Warthin ' s tumour 241 , 85 -2 Turner' s tooth 10 Definition T l -weighting MRI 70 , 71 Clinical presentation T2 -weighting MRI 70 , 71 Radiological pres entation on advanced imaging mo dalities UIA (Unruptured intracranial aneurysms) 78-2 Computed tomography (CT) 286, 296 Ultrasonography ( U S ) 88, 3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 296 D oppler 88, Grayscale 88, 89, Ultrasound (US) 241 , 296 Differential diagnosis Ultrasound 88, 241 , 296 Treatment Unknown primary cancer of the head and neck , 2 Recurrence Kee p u w·th critical fiel Wo u l d you like t o receive u p-to-date i nfo r m ation o n our books, j o u r n a l s a n d databases in the a reas t h at i nterest you, di rect t o your m ail box? 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This will consist of two or Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology: A Diagnostic Approach, D avid MacDonald © 2011 D avid MacDonald Modalities u sed in oral and maxillofacial radiology Conventional Radiography