This page intentionally left blank Adjunct Adverbials in English In this original study, Hilde Hasselg˚ard discusses the use of adverbials in English, through examining examples found in everyday texts Adverbials – clause elements that typically refer to circumstances of time, space, reason and manner – cover a range of meanings and can be placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence The description of the frequency of meaning types and discussion of the reasons for selecting positions show that the use of adverbials differs across text types Adverbial usage is often linked to the general build-up of a text and can reflect its content and purpose In using real texts, Hasselg˚ard identifies a challenge for the classification of adjuncts, and also highlights the fact that some adjuncts have uses that extend into the textual and interpersonal domains, obscuring the traditional divisions between adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts is Professor of English Language at the University of Oslo Her previous publications include Introducing English Grammar (with Magne Dypedahl and Berit Løken, ), English Grammar: Theory and Use (with Stig Johansson and Per Lysv˚ag, ) and a series of articles on word order, cohesion and information structure General editor Merja Kyt¨o (Uppsala University) Editorial Board Bas Aarts (University College London), John Algeo (University of Georgia), Susan Fitzmaurice (University of Sheffield), Charles F Meyer (University of Massachusetts) The aim of this series is to provide a framework for original studies of English, both present-day and past All books are based securely on empirical research, and represent theoretical and descriptive contributions to our knowledge of national and international varieties of English, both written and spoken The series covers a broad range of topics and approaches, including syntax, phonology, grammar, vocabulary, discourse, pragmatics and sociolinguistics, and is aimed at an international readership Already published in this series: Christian Mair: Infinitival complement clauses in English: a study of syntax in discourse Charles F Meyer: Apposition in contemporary English Jan Firbas: Functional sentence perspective in written and spoken communication Izchak M Schlesinger: Cognitive space and linguistic case Katie Wales: Personal pronouns in present-day English Laura Wright: The development of standard English, –: theories, descriptions, conflicts Charles F Meyer: English corpus linguistics: theory and practice Stephen J Nagle and Sara L Sanders (eds.): English in the southern United States Anne Curzan: Gender shifts in the history of English Kingsley Bolton: Chinese Englishes Irma Taavitsainen and P¨aivi Pahta (eds.): Medical and scientific writing in late medieval English Elizabeth Gordon, Lyle Campbell, Jennifer Hay, Margaret Maclagan, Andrea Sudbury and Peter Trudgill: New Zealand English: Its origins and evolution Raymond Hickey (ed.): Legacies of colonial English Merja Kyt¨o, Mats Ryd´en and Erik Smitterberg (eds.): Nineteenth-century English: stability and change John Algeo: British or American English? A handbook of word and grammar patterns Christian Mair: Twentieth-century English: history, variation and standardization Evelien Keizer: The English noun phrase: the nature of linguistic categorization Raymond Hickey: Irish English: history and present-day forms G¨unter Rohdenburg and Julia Schl¨uter (eds.): One language, two grammars? Differences between British and American English Laurel J Brinton: The comment clause in English Lieselotte Anderwald: The morphology of English dialects: verb formation in non-standard English Jonathan Culpeper and Merja Kyt¨o: Early modern English dialogues: spoken interaction as writing Daniel Schreier, Peter Trudgill, Edgar Schneider and Jeffrey Williams: The lesser-known varieties of English: an introduction Adjunct Adverbials in English University of Oslo CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521515566 © Hilde Hasselgard 2010 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13 978-0-511-67713-7 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-51556-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of figures List of abbreviations Preface page xiii xv xvii Part I A framework for analysing adverbials Studying adjunct adverbials . Introduction . Research questions . Material and method .. A corpus-based study .. Corpora used .. Qualitative and quantitative description .. Text types included in the investigation .. Excerption, analysis, database . Theoretical and classificatory framework . Representation of examples . Plan of the book The classification of adverbials . The delimitation of ‘adverbial’ .. Adverbs and adverbials .. Adverbial versus predicative (complement) .. Adverbials versus particles in multiword verb constructions .. Adverbials versus modifiers . Major classes of adverbials . Different classification schemes . Semantic categories of adjuncts .. Space adjuncts .. Time adjuncts v vi Contents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Manner adjuncts Contingency adjuncts Respect adjuncts Adjuncts of degree and extent Participant adjuncts Other adjunct categories Overlapping between categories – semantic blends ... Time and space ... Manner and space ... Time and manner ... Time and reason ... Degree and frequency ... Manner and degree .. Frequency distribution of semantic types . More on the class membership of some time adverbials . The realisation of adjuncts . The classification of adjuncts – summary Some syntactic features of adverbial placement . Adverbial positions .. The clause .. The classification of adverbial positions .. Problems with differentiating initial and medial position . Syntactic relations between the verb and the adverbial . The semantic scope of adverbials . Adverbial sequences . Favoured positions . The relationship between semantics, realisation types and position of adverbials . General principles for the placement of adverbials Part II Adverbial positions: theme, cohesion and information dynamics Initial position . Syntactic and semantic properties of adjuncts in initial position .. The distribution of semantic types .. Obligatoriness and scope Contents vii .. .. Clauses with thematised adjuncts Sequences involving adjuncts in initial position .. The realisation of adjuncts in initial position The factors influencing adverbial placement and their relevance for initial position Theme and information structure Functional motivations for thematising adjuncts .. Given information first .. Initial adjuncts with a low degree of communicative dynamism .. Crucial information first .. Cohesion .. Thematic development/text strategy .. Idiomatic and context-specific uses .. Indirect motivation .. Summary Adjuncts realised by clauses The build-up of clusters in initial position Medial position . Syntactic and semantic properties of adjuncts in medial position .. The distribution of semantic types .. Obligatoriness and scope .. Clauses containing adjuncts in medial position .. Sequences involving adjuncts in medial position .. The realisation of adjuncts in medial position . The factors influencing adverbial placement and their relevance for medial position .. Focus .. Scope .. Information structure and weight . Not-position adjuncts . Long adjuncts in medial position: parenthetical insertion . A note on the split infinitive . The build-up of clusters in medial position . . . . . End position . Syntactic and semantic properties of adjuncts in end position .. The distribution of semantic types viii Contents .. Obligatoriness and scope .. Clauses with adjuncts in end position .. Sequences involving adjuncts in end position .. The realisation of adjuncts in end position . The factors influencing adverbial placement and their relevance for end position .. Obligatoriness and scope .. Semantic closeness to the verb .. The weight principle .. End focus .. Cohesion .. Information structure (in text) .. Text strategy .. Indirect motivation .. Summary . Adjuncts realised by clauses . The build-up of clusters in end position .. The use and extent of clusters in end position .. Order according to syntactic obligatoriness and scope .. Order according to weight and complexity .. Order according to semantic categories .. Conflict and interaction between ordering principles The cleft focus position . The cleft focus position and the it-cleft construction . Syntactic and semantic properties of adjuncts in cleft focus position .. Semantic types .. Realisation of adjuncts in cleft focus position .. Obligatoriness and scope . The information dynamics of it-clefts in general . The information dynamics of it-clefts with clefted adjuncts . Discourse functions of it-cleft constructions .. Contrast .. Topic-launching .. Topic-linking: transition .. Summative .. Thematisation .. Discourse functions and information structure . It-clefts in different genres . Concluding remarks Appendix ICE-GB texts included in the core corpus Text type Text number Participants / content Letters WB- : Jane to Emma; : Bryan to Emma and Ginny; : Anne Marie to Emma; : Nigel to Emma : Isabel to “Thing”; : Isabel to D.B : Ruthie to Laura; –: Swoo to Laura; –: Ian to Laura –: Swoo to Laura; : Ruthie to Simon; : Jane to Laura; : Ellie to Laura –: Andy to friend; : Andy to cousin; : B.C to boyfriend Brunt, P.A Roman Imperial Themes Oxford: Clarendon Press, – Collier, Peter The unconscious image In Peter Collier and Judith Davies, eds., Modernism and the European Unconscious Cambridge: Polity Press, – Campbell, Adrian and Warner, Malcolm Management roles and skills for new technology In Ray Wild, ed., Technology and Management London: Cassell, – Barker, Eileen New lines in the supra-market: How much can we buy? In Ian Hamnett, ed., Religious Pluralism and Unbelief: Studies Critical and Comparative London: Routledge, – Horan, N J Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems: Theory and Operation Chichester: Wiley, – From The Independent: : Brown, Colin and Judy Jones, ‘Ministers knew of MoD intervention in Wallace affair’; : Cusick, James, ‘Lockerbie lawyers say timing of TV report “suspicious”’; : Mills, Heather, ‘Home Office ready to consider code on rights of prisoners’; : Hughes, Colin, ‘Pay-offs for dockworkers “% above original cost”’; : Anon, ‘Detective “set up man accused of blackmail” ’ From Sunday Times: : Hogg, Andrew, ‘The children who know only war and starvation’; : Lees, Caroline, ‘Heads challenge McGregor on curriculum’ WB- WB- WB- WB- Academic writing WA- WA- WA- WA- WA- Press reportage WC- WC- 306 Appendix 307 Text type Text number Participants / content WC- From The Scotsman: : McKenzie, Eric, ‘Steel plant union leader vows to fight on’; : Scott, David, ‘Council house mortgage plan seen as threat to rural areas’; : Wilson, Sarah, ‘Region acts over racial fostering problem’; : Kennedy, Linda, ‘Rat clearance plan to lure puffins back to island’; : Chisholm, William, ‘Tenants launch campaign to block homes sell-off’ From Glasgow Herald: : McGregor, Stephen, ‘Decisions, decisions: Major faced with double dilemma after poll disaster’; : Clark, William, and MacDonald, George, ‘No Tory seat is safe, says Hattersley’; : Horsburgh, Frances, ‘More interest kindled in plan to assist tenants buying home’ From Daily Mail: : Deans, John, ‘Council tax will still punish the big spenders’; : Harris, Paul, ‘Charles looks to happy days at Happylands’; : Anon, ‘ “Graffiti art” student joined gang of spray can raiders’; : Rose, Peter, ‘Jogger mystery after “perfect son” murder’; : Anon, ‘Laureate too ill for royal poem’; : ‘Anon, ‘Major belt for Owen’; : Anon, ‘Travel in London dearest in Europe’ Enters, Ian Up to Scratch London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, – Harris, Steve 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of modal , proposition-related , realisations of , , –, speech-act-related , vs disjunct , vs predicative , – adverb , single , , vs adverbial adverb phrase , , adverbial circumstance complementation , , discourse function of , linking particle position , stance , textual function of usage across text types vs modifier adverbial clause , , placement of semantic types of thematisation of adverbial sequence , , , across text types homosemantic – vs single adjunct agent as backgrounding , , , , be copular intransitive –, because , bleaching, semantic , , , , boundary marker British National Corpus causality enabling , law-like clarity principle , , , classification of adverbials criteria for scheme – clause causal –, – concessive conditional –, contingency finite , -ing participle initial manner non-finite , prepositional , purpose quasi-temporal relative spatial 315 316 Index clause (cont.) subjectless temporal , , –, , cleft clause cleft construction cleft focus position , , clefted constituent cluster , , , , , , , , – and text type , – heterosemantic homosemantic lexical semantic pattern in , –, –, , , , syntactic pattern in three-adjunct –, coherence , – spatial cohesion , , , , , , , , – cohesive chain cohesive harmony combination –, , , , , , , adverbial placement in and text type – containing a cluster of initial and end position – of initial and medial position of medial and end position of medial positions of three positions pattern of semantic types , – communicative dynamism (CD) , , basic distribution of complement , complexity, syntactic , condition hypothetical , –, open , conditional subject-like conjunct , , , conjunction subordinating , , connector , , contrast –, – conversation , co-ordination core corpus , text selection – cos culmination adjunct –, , , –, detachment , discourse function , , , discourse marker –, , , discourse organisation , , disjunct , –, , , , , content value judgment Dutch early immediate constituents , , , , elaboration , , end focus , , , , , end position , , , , , , , , , English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC) enhancement , , experiential iconicity –, , , , , , extent factor analysis (Biber) , , , , fiction , , , focus , cleft contrastive divided , prosodic – thematic , focus-worthy , , formality , frame of interpretation , , of reference frequency definite indefinite , non-specific specific frequency distribution of adjuncts across text types of realisation types , , , of semantic types , , , , –, , functional sentence perspective (FSP) German , , gradability grammaticalisation , , , , hedging , , , , here , homosemantic hypotaxis vs parataxis Index 317 ice-breaker imperative – inclusiveness relation , –, infinitive, split – in speech vs writing information crucial , given –, , , new , , new information and theme information distribution information management , , , information packaging information principle information structure , , , , , , , and discourse function of it-clefts – initial-end position , initial position , , , , , , , , vs medial position , International Corpus of English (ICE-GB) , , identification tag parsing tagging –, inversion conditions for locative – of object and adjunct , , of subject and verb , involvement , it-cleft , given information in information pattern – informative presupposition , , new information in rhetorical properties of stressed focus textual function of thematising function of – juncture just – letters , , linear modification – London-Lund Corpus (LLC) , , markedness , , prosodic meaning and syntactic position central circumstantial , conjunctive interpersonal , , , metaphorical extension , , peripheral textual medial position , , , , –, , , , M , M , M , metafunction experiential , , , , interpersonal , , , textual , , , , metalinguistic comment metaphor spatial –, , metaphoricity continuum of method of development modality , , modifier mood motivation indirect , multi-word verb , , narrative , – natural order , , news , nominalisation , Norwegian , , – not-position , , –, adverb , noun phrase now – object clausal – extraposed oblique obligatory adverbial , , , only , – optional adverbial Oslo Multilingual Corpus (OMC) paragraph structure parenthetical insertion , , , participant vs circumstantial particle, adverbial partition , , , , , passive , long pause-filler –, , – phrasal verb 318 Index placement of adverbials and realisation type – and semantic type default , , factors for , initial prediction of polarity , positional preference , , pragmatic criteria predicate , centrality to predicational adjunct , , preposition , spatial prepositional phrase prepositional verb prescriptive rule presentative , –, , , , process process type and types of adjunct , –, –, , , , , , existential frequency distribution of , , , material –, , mental , relational , , , verbal , processing projection prominence prosodic thematic tonic prototype proximity principle qualitative description quantitative description realisation types position reference grammars , , , , rheme marked , , , , , , N-rheme , , , , , scope , , , , –, , , in clefts object-related predicational , predicational vs sentential , propositional sentential , , speech-act-related , subject-related semantic blend – semantic criteria , sentence balance sentential adverbial , , test of sequence of adverbials , , , continuous discontinuous setting , shift , similarity chain spatial expression specification , , speech vs writing , , , , sports commentaries , , , , –, subject non-agentive subjunct , , –, subject-orientation temporal , , summative –, SVO language Swedish , syntactic criteria , systemic-functional grammar (SFG) , , , text segmenting text-strategic chain , text-strategic continuity – text strategy , , , , , , , contingency spatial , , temporal , , , text structuring , text type and adverbial position and adverbial usage and realisation type definition description –, distribution of adjuncts across , , , , , selection textual function texture thematic development , thematic structure , , , thematicity thematisation , , , , device , restrictions on Index 319 theme , , constant marked predicated , special theme construction topical then , , –, – there existential , , time interval time span tone unit topic -launching , -linking , persistence , topicalisation topic-worthy , transition (in text) transition (FSP) , transitivity , , , usuality , , , , valency valency adverbial variable expression variation stylistic verb dynamic motion of existence/appearance posture , stative , verb-second constraint weight prosodic , syntactic , , , weight principle –, , , , –, , , wh-cleft word order , word order principle –, clause-internal , , , grammatical textual , , , Types of adjunct in the classification used in this book comparison/alternative adjunct contingency adjunct , , , , , cause , , , cause vs reason concession , – condition , –, purpose , , , purpose vs cause , – purpose vs time result , result vs purpose degree adjunct , , , , , , – amplifier dimension , downtoner intensifier , –, vs frequency , focus adjunct , , –, – manner adjunct , –, , accompaniment , , attire , instrument manner/quality , , means , , method , , method vs purpose role/capacity , similarity – vs degree vs space participant adjunct , , –, –, , agent , , behalf , beneficiary , product source , respect adjunct –, , , , –, domain , matter , , regard , situation adjunct , space adjunct , –, , cluster of – direction , –, distance , – goal path position , 320 Index space adjunct (cont.) source vs time , , time adjunct , , –, duration , – frequency , , , goal position , , relationship , , , –, source span vs contingency , vs manner vs space , viewpoint adjunct , , , – ...This page intentionally left blank Adjunct Adverbials in English In this original study, Hilde Hasselg˚ard discusses the use of adverbials in English, through examining examples found in everyday... thematised adjuncts Sequences involving adjuncts in initial position .. The realisation of adjuncts in initial position The factors influencing adverbial placement and their relevance for initial... The probability for adjunct types to occur in initial position Clauses containing thematised adjuncts The realisation of adjuncts in initial position The length of adjuncts in initial position The