NGHIÊN CỨU XÂM NHẬP MẶN NƯỚC DƯỚI ĐẤT TRẦM TÍCH ĐỆ TỨ VÙNG NAM ĐỊNH

Header Page of 148 i B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC M - A CHT HONG VN HOAN NGHIấN CU XM NHP MN NC DI T TRM TCH T VNG NAM NH Ngnh: K thut a cht Mó s: 62.52.05.01 LUN N TIN S A CHT NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: 1: PGS.TS Phm Quý Nhõn 2: PGS.TS Flemming Larsen H Ni - 2014 Footer Page of 148 Header Page of 148 ii LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca riờng tụi Cỏc s liu, kt qu nờu lun ỏn l trung thc v cha tng c cụng b bt c cụng trỡnh no khỏc Tỏc gi lun ỏn Hong Vn Hoan Footer Page of 148 Header Page of 148 iii MC LC LI CAM OAN ii MC LC iii DANH MC CC Kí HIU, CC CH VIT TT vi DANH MC CC BNG vii DANH MC CC HèNH V, TH .viii M U Chng - TNG QUAN NGHIấN CU XM NHP MN NC DI T 10 1.1 Tng quan v nghiờn cu xõm nhp mn ND trờn th gii 11 1.1.1 Nhúm ỏnh giỏ hin trng v xỏc nh nguyờn nhõn .11 1.1.2 Nhúm nghiờn cu c ch dch chuyn vt cht, nh hng t trng 14 1.1.3 Nhúm nghiờn cu xõm nhp mn c, ng dng k thut ng v 15 1.1.4 Nhúm d bỏo v ỏnh giỏ xõm nhp mn bng mụ hỡnh s 16 1.1.5 Nhúm nghiờn cu cỏc gii phỏp hn ch xõm nhp mn .17 1.2 Tng quan nghiờn cu xõm nhp mn ND Vit Nam 18 1.3 Lch s nghiờn cu a cht, CTV vựng Nam nh 22 Chng - S HèNH THNH THU KNH NC NHT 29 2.1 V trớ vựng nghiờn cu 29 2.2 c im a cht 30 2.2.1 c im a tng 30 2.2.2 c im cu trỳc vựng nghiờn cu .34 2.3 c im a cht thy 40 2.3.1 Cỏc tng cha nc 40 2.3.2 Cỏc thnh to a cht nghốo nc, cỏch nc .44 2.3.3 c im thu a hoỏ 45 2.3.4 Cu trỳc CTV vựng nghiờn cu 46 2.4 Quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh thu kớnh nc nht .47 2.4.1 Quỏ trỡnh tin húa trm tớch Kainozoi 47 2.4.2 Gi thit v quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh thu kớnh nc nht 53 2.5 Ngun b cp cho thu kớnh nc nht 60 Footer Page of 148 Header Page of 148 iv 2.5.1 Phng phỏp nghiờn cu 60 2.5.2 Kt qu nghiờn cu 63 2.5.3 Phõn tớch v tho lun kt qu 67 Chng - NGHIấN CU HIN TRNG PHN B MN NHT ND 72 3.1 C s la chn phng phỏp ỏp dng 72 3.1.1 in tr sut ca tng cha nc 72 3.1.2 C s phng phỏp trng chuyn .74 3.1.3 C s phng phỏp o cm ng (o dn) 76 3.2 Kt qu ỏp dng phng phỏp trng chuyn .77 3.2.1 V trớ khu vc kho sỏt 77 3.2.2 Kt qu kho sỏt 78 3.2.3 Phõn tớch kt qu kho sỏt 82 3.3 Kt qu xỏc nh phõn b mn-nht nc di t bng phng phỏp a vt lý l khoan 84 3.3.1 V trớ kho sỏt v lng thc hin 84 3.3.2 Kt qu xỏc nh hin trng phõn b mm-nht theo chiu sõu 84 3.4 Kt qu khoan kho sỏt CTV 86 3.5 Kt qu phõn tớch thnh phn húa hc nc l rng 86 3.6 Tng hp kt qu xỏc nh hin trng phõn b mn-nht ND vựng N 91 Chng - C CH XM NHP MN THU KNH NC NHT TNG CHA NC PLEISTOCEN 96 4.1 C s lý thuyt v dch chuyn cht hũa tan ND 96 4.1.1 Cỏc quỏ trỡnh dch chuyn cht hũa tan 96 4.1.2 c trng ca dch chuyn mn ND 100 4.2 C ch xõm nhp mn thu kớnh nc nht, TCN qp vựng Nam nh .104 4.2.1 Khỏi nim chung v nh hng nghiờn cu c ch xõm nhp mn thu kớnh nc nht, TCN Pleistocen 104 4.2.2 Xõm nhp mn TCN Pleistocen t lp thm nc yu 106 4.2.3 Xõm nhp mn thu kớnh nc nht, TCN Pleistocen nh hng ca chờnh lch mc nc 117 Chng - DIN BIN XM NHP MN THU KNH NC NHT TNG CHA NC PLEISTOCEN 123 5.1 Xõm nhp mn TCN Pleistocen nh hng lp thm nc yu 123 Footer Page of 148 Header Page of 148 v 5.1.1 Xõm nhp mn nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh khuch tỏn phõn t v phõn d trng lc 123 5.1.2 Gii hn xy quỏ trỡnh khuch tỏn phõn t v phõn d trng lc 126 5.2 Din bin xõm nhp mn thu kớnh nc nht, TCN Pleistocen nh hng ca khai thỏc .127 5.2.1 Kt qu tớnh toỏn dch chuyn biờn mn theo ti liu quan trc ND.127 5.2.2 Kt qu d bỏo xõm nhp mn thu kớnh nc nht, TCN Pleistocen bng phng phỏp mụ hỡnh s .129 5.3 Gii phỏp khc phc, hn ch xõm nhp mn vựng Nam nh 139 5.3.1 Gii phỏp khc phc, hn ch xõm nhp mn 139 5.3.2 Gii phỏp khai thỏc, s dng nc di t 140 KT LUN V KIN NGH 142 DANH MC CC CễNG TRèNH KHOA HC CA TC GI 145 TI LIU THAM KHO 148 Footer Page of 148 Header Page of 148 vi DANH MC CC Kí HIU, CC CH VIT TT Footer Page of 148 BP Trc thi im hin ti DIC Hp cht Cacbon vụ c BBB ng bng Bc B B-TN ụng bc - Tõy nam C a cht CTV a cht thy TS in tr sut VL a vt lý Hcp H thp mc nc cho phộp IAEA C quan Nng lng nguyờn t quc t M Tng khoỏng húa NCKH Nghiờn cu khoa hc ND Nc di t TB-N Tõy bc - ụng nam TCN Tng cha nc TDS Tng hm lng cht rn hũa tan TEM Phng phỏp trng chuyn Header Page of 148 vii DANH MC CC BNG Bng 2.1: Thnh phn ng v bn ca ND v nc mt (thỏng 5/2010) 64 Bng 2.2: Thnh phn ng v bn ca ND thỏng 8/2011 v thỏng 3/2012 64 Bng 2.3: Thnh phn ng v bn nc bin v nc ma nm 2011 65 Bng 2.4: Tui ca ND xỏc nh qua hot phúng x ca 14C DIC ca ND 66 Bng 2.5: Thnh phn ng v bn 13C ND 66 Bng 2.6: Kt qu phõn tớch thnh phn ng v bn v cỏc ng v khớ tr v Triti 67 Bng 3.1: Tng hp kt qu o trng chuyn khu vc nghiờn cu 81 Bng 3.2: Kt qu phõn tớch thnh phn húa hc ND vựng nghiờn cu 87 Bng 3.3: Kt qu phõn tớch thnh phn húa hc nc l rng, l khoan VietAS_ND 01 88 Bng 3.4: Kt qu phõn tớch thnh phn húa hc nc l rng l khoan VietAS_ND 02 89 Bng 3.5: Bng tng hp cỏc dng cụng tỏc ó thc hin phc v cho nghiờn cu 92 Bng 4.1: Kt qu xỏc nh chiu dy lp trm tớch bin qua kt qu o VL l khoan 107 Bng 4.2: Kt qu phõn tớch TPHH v ng v bn nc l rng ti LK VietAS_ND01 113 Bng 4.3: Kt qu phõn tớch TPHH v ng v bn nc l rng ti LK VietAS_ND02 114 Bng 4.4: Kt qu phõn tớch thnh phn thch hc TCN Pleistocen 118 Bng 4.5: Thng kờ kt qu xỏc nh h s dn nc TCN Pleistocen 119 Bng 5.1: Kt qu xỏc nh dũng mn nh hng ti cỏc v trớ nghiờn cu 125 Bng 5.2: Thng kờ cỏc cụng trỡnh khai thỏc nc trung 133 Bng 5.3: Thng kờ cỏc cụng trỡnh khai thỏc l 133 Bng 5.4: Thng kờ cỏc l khoan khai thỏc nc UNICEF 133 Footer Page of 148 Header Page of 148 viii DANH MC CC HèNH V, TH Hỡnh 2.1: V trớ vựng nghiờn cu 29 Hỡnh 2.2: a tng l khoan TB-DK-1X 31 Hỡnh 2.3: Kiu trm tớch bin vựng nghiờn cu 34 Hỡnh 2.4: Cu trỳc a cht phớa tõy, tõy bc vựng nghiờn cu 36 Hỡnh 2.5: V trớ vựng nghiờn cu v cu trỳc b trm tớch Sụng Hng 38 Hỡnh 2.6: S v trớ tuyn thm dũ a chn 2D 38 Hỡnh 2.7: Cỏc tuyn mt ct a chn song song vi ng b bin 39 Hỡnh 2.8: Dao ng mc nc ti l khoan VietAS_ND02, TCN Pleistocen 42 Hỡnh 2.9: Dao ng mc nc bin v TCN qp ti l khoan Q225b 42 Hỡnh 2.10: Din bin mc nc cỏc TCN khu vc t 1994 n 2014 43 Hỡnh 2.11: Mc nc bin t thi k Pleistocen mun n 51 Hỡnh 2.12: S minh quỏ trỡnh tin húa trm tớch 9.000 nm tr li õy 54 Hỡnh 2.13: S tin húa trm tớch k t 55 Hỡnh 2.14: S ng ỏp TCN Pleistocen v v trớ tuyn mt ct 57 Hỡnh 2.15: Mụ hỡnh khỏi nim v lch s phỏt trin CTV Kainozoi 58 Hỡnh 2.16: Mụ hỡnh 2D mụ phng quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh thu kớnh nc nht 59 Hỡnh 2.17: S v trớ ly mu ng v v tuyn mt ct 63 Hỡnh 2.18: Kt qu phõn tớch thnh phn ng v bn ca cỏc loi nc 68 Hỡnh 2.19: S bin i ca 18O ND theo chiu sõu 68 Hỡnh 2.20: Din bin mc nc TCN Pleistocen v Triat ti cm quan trc Q92 69 Hỡnh 2.21: Din bin mc nc TCN Pleistocen v Neogen ti cm quan trc Q109 69 Hỡnh 2.22: S ng tui TCN Pleistocen 70 Hỡnh 2.23: S ng tui TCN Neogen 70 Hỡnh 2.24: Mụ hỡnh khỏi nim v hng ng ca ND 70 Hỡnh 2.25: S ng ca ND cung cp cho thu kớnh nc nht vựng Nam nh 71 Hỡnh 3.1: Khong bin i giỏ tr in tr sut v dn in ca t ỏ 74 Hỡnh 3.2: ng c tớnh v nguyờn tc ca phng phỏp trng chuyn 75 Hỡnh 3.3: Mụ hỡnh dũng xoỏy cm ng thay i theo thi gian 76 Footer Page of 148 Header Page of 148 ix Hỡnh 3.4: Nguyờn lý tng hp ca Zond o dn in 77 Hỡnh 3.5: V trớ cỏc im o trng chuyn 78 Hỡnh 3.6: Kt qu o dũng cm ng v mc nhiu ti im o 79 Hỡnh 3.7: Kt qu gii oỏn ti liu trng chuyn 79 Hỡnh 3.8: V trớ cỏc cp s liu tng quan 80 Hỡnh 3.9: Tng quan hi qui gia TDS v in tr sut vựng nghiờn cu 80 Hỡnh 3.10: Kt qu o trng chuyn theo tuyn mt ct 81 Hỡnh 3.11: Phõn b in tr sut ti sõu 25ữ30m (h tng Hi Hng) 83 Hỡnh 3.12: Phõn b in tr sut ti sõu 55ữ60m (h tng Vnh Phỳc) 83 Hỡnh 3.13: S v trớ l khoan o VL, l khoan ly mu trm tớch ộp nc l rng 84 Hỡnh 3.14: S phõn b dn in ca tng theo chiu sõu 85 Hỡnh 3.15: S bin i dn in ca tng v ca nc l rng theo chiu sõu 90 Hỡnh 3.16: Tng quan gia dn in ca tng v dn in ca nc l rng 90 Hỡnh 3.17: th tng quan gia hm lng Cl- vi dn in ca nc l rng 90 Hỡnh 3.18: th tng quan gia hm lng Na+ vi dn in ca nc l rng 90 Hỡnh 3.19: th tng quan gia hm lng Cl- vi dn in ca tng 91 Hỡnh 3.20: th tng quan gia hm lng Na+ vi dn in ca tng 91 Hỡnh 3.21: Mt ct thy a húa - phõn b hm lng TDS ca nc l rng 91 Hỡnh 3.22: S phõn b hm lng TDS TCN Holocen 93 Hỡnh 3.23: S phõn b hm lng TDS TCN Pleistocen 93 Hỡnh 3.24: Kt qu xỏc nh ranh gii mn-nht TCN Pleistocen vựng nghiờn cu 94 Hỡnh 3.25: Mụ hỡnh khỏi nim phõn b mn nht theo tuyn mt ct 94 Hỡnh 4.1: Cỏc yu t nh hng n quỏ trỡnh phõn tỏn c hc cỏc iu kin 97 Hỡnh 4.2: ng dũng mụi trng l hng di tỏc dng ca QT phõn tỏn TL 98 Hỡnh 4.3: Mụ phng quóng ng DCVC MT cht lng v MT trm tớch 100 Hỡnh 4.4: Cõn bng thy tnh gia nc mn v nht 102 Hỡnh 4.5: Phõn b mn nht ND cn cỏt ven bin 102 Hỡnh 4.6: Dũng chy mn nh hng ca t trng 103 Hỡnh 4.7: S v trớ kho sỏt s phõn b ca lp thm nc yu 108 Footer Page of 148 Header Page 10 of 148 x Hỡnh 4.8: Phõn b ca lp thm nc yu theo chiu sõu 108 Hỡnh 4.9: S ng chiu dy lp thm nc yu ngun gc bin vựng Nam nh 109 Hỡnh 4.10: Phõn b theo chiu sõu ca ng v bn v EC ti LK VietAS_ND01 111 Hỡnh 4.11: Thnh phn ng v bn ca nc l rng, nc bin v nc TCN qp 111 Hỡnh 4.12: Thớ nghim xỏc nh h s khuch tỏn 112 Hỡnh 4.13: Kt qu xỏc nh h s khuch tỏn 112 Hỡnh 4.14: Kt qu mụ hỡnh 1D, mụ phng din bin nng mui theo thi gian, 113 Hỡnh 4.15: Phõn b dn in, hm lng Cl-, 18O trờn c s phõn tớch nc l rng v kt qu o karota ti l khoan VietAS_ND01 115 Hỡnh 4.16: Phõn b dn in, hm lng Cl-, 18O trờn c s phõn tớch nc l rng v kt qu o karota ti l khoan VietAS_ND02 115 Hỡnh 4.17: Tng quan gia mn (Cl-) v ngun gc ca ND (18O) 116 Hỡnh 4.18: Xõm nhp mn TCN t lp sột ngun gc bin 116 Hỡnh 4.19: Din bin mc nc TCN Pleistocen t nm 1994 n nm 2014 120 Hỡnh 4.20: S ng ỏp v hng dũng chy ND, TCN qp (nm 2012) 121 Hỡnh 4.21: Mt ct mụ phng c ch xõm nhp mn vựng Nam nh 122 Hỡnh 5.1: Dũng mn nh hng ti TCN Pleistocen t lp thm nc yu 125 Hỡnh 5.2: Din bin mn nht TCN Pleistocen trờn c s kt qu kho sỏt 128 Hỡnh 5.3: S liu quan trc thnh phn húa hc ND tng qp ti ranh gii mn-nht 128 Hỡnh 5.4: Cu trỳc cỏc lp mụ hỡnh khu vc Nam nh 130 Hỡnh 5.5: Din bin mc nc ti cụng trỡnh quan trc Q109, TCN Holocen 131 Hỡnh 5.6: Xõy dng ụ li trờn mụ hỡnh GMS 131 Hỡnh 5.7: Kt qu mc nc tớnh toỏn v mc nc quan trc thc t ti Q108a 133 Hỡnh 5.8: Kt qu mc nc tớnh toỏn v mc nc quan trc thc t ti Q109a 134 Hỡnh 5.9: Kt qu mc nc tớnh toỏn v mc nc quan trc thc t ti Q110a 134 Hỡnh 5.10: Phõn b hm lng TDS ban u 135 Hỡnh 5.11: Din bin mc nc v dõn s theo thi gian 135 Hỡnh 5.12: Tng quan gia dõn s v sõu mc nc ti LK quan trc Q109a 135 Hỡnh 5.13: th gia tng dõn s theo thi gian 136 Hỡnh 5.14: Kt qu d bỏo xõm nhp mn thu kớnh nc nht, TCN qp, kch bn 136 Footer Page 10 of 148 Header Page 157 of 148 146 CTV vựng Nam nh bng k thut ng v, Tp Cỏc khoa hc v trỏi t, s 35(2), 120-129 Nguyn Vn Lõm, Nguyn Th Thanh Thy, Hong Vn Hoan (2006), Tớnh toỏn s dch chuyn ranh gii mn - nht ca nc ngm TCN qp Hi Triu, Tiờn L, Hng Yờn, Bỏo cỏo hi ngh khoa hc ln th 17 H M - a cht, H Ni, tr 134-138 Hoang V H, Lassen R, Tran V L, Vu V H, Tran T L, Pham Q N And Larsen F (2009), Mapping of fresh and saline groundwater in coastal aquifers in the Nam Dinh province (vietnam) by electrocal and transient electromagnetic soundings, 1st Asia-Pacific Coastal Aquifer Management Meeting Dec 9-10, 2009, Bangkok, Thailand Hoan V Hoang, Nhan Q Pham, Flemming Larsen, Long V Tran, Frank Wagner And Anders V Christiansen (2011), Processes Controlling High Saline Groundwater in the Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam, 2nd Asia-Pacific Coastal Aquifer Management Meeting October 18-21, 2011, Jeju, Korea 10 Luu T TRAN, Flemming LARSEN, Nhan Q PHAM, , Anders V CHRISTIANSEN, Hung V VAN, Long V TRAN, Hoan V HOANG and Klaus HINSBY (2011), Scenarios for distribution of different saline groundwater types in the Red River floodplain, Vietnam, 2nd Asia-Pacific Coastal Aquifer Management Meeting October 18-21, 2011, Jeju, Korea 11 Flemming Larsen, Pham Quy Nhan, Tran Thi Luu, Tran Vu Long, Hoang Van Hoan (2012), Processes controlling the presence of of salty (paleo) groundwater in the Red River flood plain, SWIM 2012, June 17-22, Armacao dos Buzios, Brazil 12 Hong Vn Hoan, Phm Quý Nhõn, Flemming Larsen, Trn V Long, Nguyn Th Chuyờn, Trn Th Lu (2012), nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh khuch tỏn ti s phõn b mn ca nc l rng lp trm tớch bin tui Footer Page 157 of 148 Header Page 158 of 148 147 t khu vc Nam nh, Bỏo cỏo hi ngh khoa hc ln th 20, H M - a cht, H Ni 13 Wagner, F., Ludwig, R R., Noell, U., Hoang, H V., Pham, N Q., Larsen, F., Lindenmaier, F (2012), Genesis of economic relevant fresh groundwater resources in Pleistocene/Neogen aquifers in Nam Dinh (Red River Delta, Vietnam), EGU 12, European Geosciences Union, 22-27 April, 2012 in Vienna, Austria 14 Christoph Gerber, Roland Purtschert, Flemming Larsen, Hoan V Hoang, Long V Tran, Luu T Tran, Nhan Q Pham, and Jỹrgen Sỹltenfuss (2013), 39 Ar groundwater dating of a coastal aquifer in the Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam EGU 13, European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria Footer Page 158 of 148 Header Page 159 of 148 148 TI LIU THAM KHO Ting Vit Nguyn Biu (2001), Bn a cht ven b Vit Nam, Cc a cht v Khoỏng sn Vit Nam, H Ni on Vn Cỏnh (1996), Ti nguyờn mụi trng ND vựng Nam nh-H Nam, Bỏo cỏo nghiờn cu khoa hc cp B, H Ni on Vn Cỏnh, L Th Li (2004), Nghiờn cu, iu tra tng hp ti nguyờn ND tnh Nam nh, xut mt s phng ỏn quy hoch khai thỏc, s dng hp lý v bn vng, Bỏo cỏo ti, H Ni Nguyn Thnh Cụng (2004), Nghiờn cu khai thỏc ti u, khng ch xõm nhp mn ND mt s khu vc c trng ven bin ng bng Trung B Vit Nam, Lun ỏn Tin s ng Tin Dng (2004), Nghiờn cu c ch xõm nhp mn ND mt s vựng ven bin bc-trung Trung B Vit Nam, Lun ỏn Tin s Nguyn Vn n (2009), Nghiờn cu, ỏp dng t hp cỏc phng phỏp CTV, VL, mụ hỡnh s iu tra, ỏnh giỏ nhim mn v tỡm kim cỏc thu kớnh hoc TCN nht di ven bin Nam nh, Bỏo cỏo ti, H Ni Nguyn Vn n (2010), ND vựng ven bin Nam nh v nh hng iu tra, khai thỏc s dng, Tp Ti nguyờn v Mụi trng, k 1, thỏng 3/2010, 46-49, H Ni Nguyn Vn (1996), Bn CTV vựng Nam nh t l 1:50.000, Cc a cht v Khoỏng sn Vit Nam, H Ni Nguyn Vn Hong, Nguyn Thnh Cụng (2000), Lp phng trỡnh ng liờn kt vi mụ hỡnh phn t hu hn tớnh toỏn khai thỏc ti u nc TCN khụng ỏp, TC a cht 260, 51-62, H Ni Footer Page 159 of 148 Header Page 160 of 148 149 10 Nguyn Vn Hong (2005), Bn v kinh t ca tng chn ngm ngn xõm nhp mn cụng trỡnh khai thỏc nc ngm phc v sinh hot vựng ven bin, Tp Nụng nghip v Phỏt trin Nụng thụn, k - thỏng 3/2005, H Ni 11 Nguyn Vn Hong (2011), Mụ hỡnh s lan truyn cht ụ nhim ND, Giỏo trỡnh i hc v Sau i hc, Khoa Mụi trng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhiờn H Ni 12 Hong Ngc K (1999), Bn a cht Vit Nam 1:200.000, Cc a cht v Khoỏng sn Vit Nam 13 Doón ỡnh Lõm (2003), Lch s tin húa trm tớch Holocen chõu th Sụng Hng, Lun ỏn tin s a cht 14 Nguyn Vn Lõm, Nguyn Th Thanh Thy, Hong Vn Hoan (2006), Tớnh toỏn s dch chuyn ranh gii mn - nht ca nc ngm TCN qp Hi Triu, Tiờn L, Hng Yờn Bỏo cỏo hi ngh khoa hc ln th 17, H M - a cht 15 Trn Nghi (2012), Trm tớch hc, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni 16 Phm Quý Nhõn (2000), S hỡnh thnh v tr lng ND trm tớch t vựng dng bng Sụng Hng v ý ngha ca nú nn kinh t quc dõn, Lun ỏn Tin s, H Ni 17 Phm Quý Nhõn v nnk (2007), Nghiờn cu c s khoa hc v xỏc nh mt s thụng s di chuyn vt cht chớnh TCN Holocen v Pleistocen vựng H Ni, ti nghiờn cu c bn cp Nh nc, MS 7160-06, H Ni 18 Phm Quý Nhõn v nnk (2010), ng dng phn mm SUTRA, xỏc nh s dch chuyn ca dũng thm vi 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coastal aquifer, Mersin-Erdemli basin (Turkey), Environ Geol 49, 477-487 122 Zubari W K (1999), The Dammam aquifer in Bahrain hydrochemical characterization and alternative for management of groundwater quality, Hydrogeology Journal, vol 7, 197-208 Footer Page 171 of 148 ... cứu xâm nhập mặn nước đất giới; 1.2 Tổng quan nghiên cứu xâm nhập mặn nước đất Việt Nam; 1.3 Lịch sử nghiên cứu địa chất, địa chất thủy văn vùng Nam Định Chương 2: Sự hình thành thấu kính nước. .. để nghiên cứu xâm nhập mặn nước biển cổ chứa tầng trầm tích vùng Nubian 1.1.5 Nhóm nghiên cứu giải pháp hạn chế xâm nhập mặn Hầu hết nghiên cứu đề cập đến nguyên nhân chủ quan gây xâm nhập mặn. .. tan nước đất; 4.2 Cơ chế xâm nhập mặn thấu kính nước nhạt, tầng chứa nước Pleistocen vùng Nam Định; Chương 5: Diễn biến xâm nhập mặn thấu kính nước nhạt tầng chứa nước Pleistocen 5.1 Xâm nhập mặn