Financial reporting and analysis 12e by gibson

12e Financial Reporting & Analysis Using Financial Accounting Information Charles H Gibson The University of Toledo, Emeritus Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Financial Reporting & Analysis, 12th Edition Charles H Gibson Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W Calhoun Editor-in-Chief: Rob Dewey ª 2011, 2009 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Sr Executive Editor: Matt Filimonov Developmental Editor: Henry Cheek Marketing Manager: Natalie King Marketing Coordinator: Heather Mooney Sr Content Project Manager: Holly Henjum Media Editor: Amir Nasiri Sr Frontlist Buyer, Manufacturing: Doug Wilke Permissions Acquisition Manager/Text: Mardell Glinski-Schultz Editorial Assistant: Lauren Athmer Production Service and Compositor: Cadmus Communications For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com ExamView¤ is a registered trademark of eInstruction Corp Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc used herein under license ª 2008 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Sr Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Production Technology Analyst: Jeff Weaver Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940357 Cover Designer: Lou Ann Thesing ISBN 13: 9781439080863 Cover Image: ª Getty Images/Creative/ Photographer’s Choice ISBN 10: 1-4390-8086-0 South-Western Cengage Learning 5191 Natorp Boulevard Mason, OH 45040 USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com Material from the Certified Management Accountant Examination, Copyright ª 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1988, by the Institute of Certified Management Accountants, is reprinted and/or adapted with permission Material copyrighted by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, 401 Merritt 7, P.O Box 5116, Norwalk, Connecticut 06856-5116, U.S.A., is reprinted with permission Copies of the complete documents are available from the FASB Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part About the Author C harles Gibson is a certified public accountant who practiced with a Big Four accounting firm for four years and has had more than 30 years of teaching experience His teaching experience encompasses a variety of accounting courses, including financial, managerial, tax, cost, and financial analysis Professor Gibson has taught seminars on financial analysis to financial executives, bank commercial loan officers, lawyers, and others He has also taught financial reporting seminars for CPAs and review courses for both CPAs and CMAs He has authored several problems used on the CMA exam Charles Gibson has written more than 60 articles in such journals as the Journal of Accountancy, Accounting Horizons, Journal of Commercial Bank Lending, CPA Journal, Ohio CPA, Management Accounting, Risk Management, Taxation for Accountants, Advanced Management Journal, Taxation for Lawyers, California Management Review, and Journal of Small Business Management He is a co-author of the Financial Executives Research Foundation Study entitled, ‘‘Discounting in Financial Accounting and Reporting.’’ Dr Gibson co-authored Cases in Financial Reporting (PWS-KENT Publishing Company) He has also co-authored two continuing education courses consisting of books and cassette tapes, published by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants These courses are entitled ‘‘Funds Flow Evaluation’’ and ‘‘Profitability and the Quality of Earnings.’’ Professor Gibson is a member of the American Accounting Association, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants, and Financial Executives Institute In the past, he has been particularly active in the American Accounting Association and the Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants Dr Gibson received the 1989 Outstanding Ohio Accounting Educator Award jointly presented by the Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants and the Ohio Regional American Accounting Association In 1993, he received the College of Business Research Award at the University of Toledo In 1996, Dr Gibson was honored as an ‘‘Accomplished Graduate’’ of the College of Business at Bowling Green State University In 1999, he was honored by the Gamma Epsilon Chapter of Beta Alpha Psi of the University of Toledo Dedication T his book is dedicated to my wife Patricia and daughters Anne Elizabeth and Laura Special Dedication To hardworking students mastering financial reporting and analysis iii Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Brief Contents Preface xiv Chapter Introduction to Financial Reporting Chapter Introduction to Financial Statements and Other Financial Reporting Topics 46 Chapter Balance Sheet 89 Chapter Income Statement 147 Chapter Basics of Analysis 187 Chapter Liquidity of Short-Term Assets; Related Debt-Paying Ability 210 Chapter Long-Term Debt-Paying Ability 261 Chapter Profitability 306 Chapter For the Investor 346 Chapter 10 Statement of Cash Flows 373 Summary Analysis Nike, Inc (Includes 2009 Financial Statements of Form 10-K) 415 Chapter 11 Expanded Analysis 463 Chapter 12 Special Industries: Banks, Utilities, Oil and Gas, Transportation, Insurance, and Real Estate Companies 513 Chapter 13 Personal Financial Statements and Accounting for Governments and Not-for-Profit Organizations 554 Appendix Thomson ONE Basics and Tutorial 579 Glossary 585 Bibliography 603 Index 613 iv Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Contents Preface xiv Chapter Introduction to Financial Reporting DEVELOPMENT OF GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES (GAAP) IN THE UNITED STATES American Institute of Certified Public Accountants  Financial Accounting Standards Board  Operating Procedure for Statements of Financial Accounting Standards  FASB Conceptual Framework ADDITIONAL INPUT—AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (AICPA) EMERGING ISSUES TASK FORCE (EITF) A NEW REALITY FASB ACCOUNTING STANDARDS CODIFICATIONTM (CODIFICATION) 10 TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTIONS OF THE ACCOUNTING MODEL 10 Business Entity  Going Concern or Continuity  Time Period  Monetary Unit  Historical Cost  Conservatism  Realization  Matching  Consistency  Full Disclosure  Materiality  Industry Practices  Transaction Approach  Cash Basis  Accrual Basis USING THE INTERNET 18 Companies’ Internet Web Sites  Helpful Web Sites SUMMARY 19 / TO THE NET 19 / QUESTIONS 20 / PROBLEMS 22 / CASES 27 Case 1-1 Standard Setting: ‘‘A Political Aspect’’ 27 Case 1-2 Politicization of Accounting Standards—A Necessary Act? 29 Case 1-3 Independence of Accounting Standard Setters 31 Case 1-4 Looking Out For Investors 34 Case 1-5 Flying High 35 Case 1-6 Hawaii Centered 36 Case 1-7 Going Concern? 37 Case 1-8 Economics and Accounting: The Uncongenial Twins 40 Case 1-9 I Often Paint Fakes 40 Case 1-10 Oversight 41 Case 1-11 Regulation of Smaller Public Companies 44 Web Case Thomson ONE Business School Edition 44 Chapter Introduction to Financial Statements and Other Financial Reporting Topics 46 FORMS OF BUSINESS ENTITIES 46 THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 47 Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position)  Statement of Stockholders’ Equity (Reconciliation of Stockholders’ Equity Accounts)  Income Statement (Statement of Earnings)  Statement of Cash Flows (Statement of Inflows and Outflows of Cash)  Notes v Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part vi CONTENTS THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE 50 Recording Transactions  Recording Adjusting Entries  Preparing the Financial Statements  Treadway Commission AUDITOR’S OPINION 52 Auditor’s Report on the Firm’s Internal Controls  Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 56 THE SEC’S INTEGRATED DISCLOSURE SYSTEM 56 PROXY 59 SUMMARY ANNUAL REPORT 60 THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS 60 ETHICS 60 SEC Requirements—Code of Ethics HARMONIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 62 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS 66 ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS COMBINATIONS 67 SUMMARY 67 / TO THE NET 67 / QUESTIONS 68 / PROBLEMS 69 / CASES 74 Case 2-1 The Ceo Retires 74 Case 2-2 The Dangerous Morality of Managing Earnings 76 Case 2-3 Firm Commitment? 81 Case 2-4 Rules or Feel? 81 Case 2-5 Materiality: In Practice 82 Case 2-6 Management’s Responsibility 82 Case 2-7 Safe Harbor 83 Case 2-8 Enforcement 84 Case 2-9 View of Foreign Financial Statements Reported to the Sec 85 Case 2-10 Multiple Country Enforcement 86 Case 2-11 Notify the Sec 87 Web Case Thomson ONE Business School Edition 87 Chapter Balance Sheet 89 BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE BALANCE SHEET 89 Assets  Liabilities  Stockholders’ Equity  Quasi-Reorganization  Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income  Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)  Treasury Stock  Stockholders’ Equity in Unincorporated Firms  International Consolidated Balance Sheet (IFRS) SUMMARY 120 / TO THE NET 121 / QUESTIONS 121 / PROBLEMS 123 / CASES 130 Case 3-1 Ready-To-Eat 130 Case 3-2 The Entertainment Company 133 Case 3-3 Health Care 136 Case 3-4 Specialty Retailer 137 Case 3-5 Our Principal Asset is Our People 140 Case 3-6 Brand Value 140 Case 3-7 Advertising—Asset? 140 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part CONTENTS Case 3-8 Telecommunications Services—Part 140 Case 3-9 Canadian GAAP vs U.S GAAP 144 Web Case Thomson ONE Business School Edition 145 Chapter Income Statement 147 BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE INCOME STATEMENT 147 Net Sales (Revenues)  Cost of Goods Sold (Cost of Sales)  Other Operating Revenue  Operating Expenses  Other Income or Expense SPECIAL INCOME STATEMENT ITEMS 149 (A) Unusual or Infrequent Item Disclosed Separately  (B) Equity in Earnings of Nonconsolidated Subsidiaries INCOME TAXES RELATED TO OPERATIONS 152 (C) Discontinued Operations  (D) Extraordinary Items  (E) Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting Principle  (F) Net Income—Noncontrolling Interest (previously minority share of earnings) EARNINGS PER SHARE 156 RETAINED EARNINGS 156 DIVIDENDS AND STOCK SPLITS 157 LEGALITY OF DISTRIBUTIONS TO STOCKHOLDERS 159 COMPREHENSIVE INCOME 160 INTERNATIONAL CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT (IFRS) 162 Disclaimer SUMMARY 166 / TO THE NET 166 / QUESTIONS 167 / PROBLEMS 168 / CASES 176 Case 4-1 Home Building Blues 176 Case 4-2 Mobile Experiences 177 Case 4-3 Apparel 179 Case 4-4 The Big Order 180 Case 4-5 Celtics 181 Case 4-6 Impairments 182 Case 4-7 Canadian GAAP vs U.S GAAP 184 Case 4-8 Telecommunications Services—Part 185 Web Case Thomson ONE Business School Edition 186 Chapter Basics of Analysis 187 RATIO ANALYSIS 187 COMMON-SIZE ANALYSIS (VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL) 188 YEAR-TO-YEAR CHANGE ANALYSIS 188 FINANCIAL STATEMENT VARIATION BY TYPE OF INDUSTRY 188 REVIEW OF DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION 191 COMPARISONS 193 Trend Analysis  Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual  North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)  Industry Averages and Comparison with Competitors  Caution in Using Industry Averages RELATIVE SIZE OF FIRM 200 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part vii viii CONTENTS OTHER LIBRARY SOURCES 200 Ward’s Business Directory  Standard & Poor’s Stock Reports  Standard & Poor’s Register of Corporations, Directors, and Executives  Standard & Poor’s Analyst’s Handbook  Standard & Poor’s Standard Corporation Descriptions (Corporation Records)  Standard & Poor’s Security Owner’s Stock Guide  Standard & Poor’s Statistical Service  Standard & Poor’s Net Advantage  Mergent Dividend Record Standard & Poor’s Annual Dividend Record  D&B¤ Million Dollar Directory¤  Directory of Corporate Affiliationsä  Thomas Register of American Manufacturers  Mergent Industrial Manual and News Reports  D&B Reference Book of Corporate Managements  Compact Disclosure  Lexis-Nexis THE USERS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 202 SUMMARY 203 / TO THE NET 204 / QUESTIONS 205 / PROBLEMS 206 Web Case Thomson ONE Business School Edition 209 Chapter Liquidity of Short-Term Assets; Related Debt-Paying Ability 210 CURRENT ASSETS, CURRENT LIABILITIES, AND THE OPERATING CYCLE 210 Cash  Marketable Securities  Receivables  Inventories  Prepayments  Other Current Assets  Current Liabilities CURRENT ASSETS COMPARED WITH CURRENT LIABILITIES 228 Working Capital  Current Ratio  Acid-Test Ratio (Quick Ratio)  Cash Ratio OTHER LIQUIDITY CONSIDERATIONS 232 Sales to Working Capital (Working Capital Turnover)  Liquidity Considerations Not on the Face of the Statements SUMMARY 234 / TO THE NET 234 / QUESTIONS 235 / PROBLEMS 237 / CASES 249 Case 6-1 Steelmaking 249 Case 6-2 Rising Prices, a Time to Switch off Lifo? 250 Case 6-3 Imaging Innovator 251 Case 6-4 Diversified Technology Consolidated Statement of Income 254 Case 6-5 Booming Retail 256 Case 6-6 Social Expression 256 Case 6-7 Specialty Retailer—Liquidity Review 259 Case 6-8 Eat at My Restaurant—Liquidity Review 260 Web Case Thomson ONE Business School Edition 260 Chapter Long-Term Debt-Paying Ability 261 INCOME STATEMENT CONSIDERATION WHEN DETERMINING LONG-TERM DEBT-PAYING ABILITY 261 Times Interest Earned  Fixed Charge Coverage BALANCE SHEET CONSIDERATION WHEN DETERMINING LONG-TERM DEBT-PAYING ABILITY 264 Debt Ratio  Debt/Equity Ratio  Debt to Tangible Net Worth Ratio  Other Long-Term Debt-Paying Ability Ratios Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part CONTENTS SPECIAL ITEMS THAT INFLUENCE A FIRM’S LONG-TERM DEBT-PAYING ABILITY 270 Long-Term Assets versus Long-Term Debt  Long-Term Leasing  Pension Plans  Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions JOINT VENTURES 277 Contingencies  Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk and Financial Instruments with Concentrations of Credit Risk  Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments SUMMARY 281 / TO THE NET 281 / QUESTIONS 282 / PROBLEMS 283 / CASES 290 Case 7-1 GEO Care 290 Case 7-2 Reading and Learning 292 Case 7-3 Saving People Money 295 Case 7-4 Lockout 296 Case 7-5 Safe—Many Employers 297 Case 7-6 Safe—Other Than Pensions 297 Case 7-7 Safeway—Noncontributory 298 Case 7-8 Transaction Printers 301 Case 7-9 Simulation Solutions 301 Case 7-10 Specialty Retailer—Debt View 303 Case 7-11 Eat at My Restaurant—Debt View 304 Web Case Thomson ONE Business School Edition 305 Chapter Profitability 306 PROFITABILITY MEASURES 306 Net Profit Margin  Total Asset Turnover  Return on Assets  DuPont Return on Assets  Interpretation Through DuPont Analysis  Variation in Computation of DuPont Ratios Considering Only Operating Accounts  Operating Income Margin  Operating Asset Turnover  Return on Operating Assets  Sales to Fixed Assets  Return on Investment (ROI)  Return on Total Equity  Return on Common Equity  The Relationship Between Profitability Ratios  Gross Profit Margin TRENDS IN PROFITABILITY 316 SEGMENT REPORTING 317 REVENUES BY MAJOR PRODUCT LINES 318 GAINS AND LOSSES FROM PRIOR PERIOD ADJUSTMENTS 319 COMPREHENSIVE INCOME 320 PRO-FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION 321 INTERIM REPORTS 322 SUMMARY 323 / TO THE NET 324 / QUESTIONS 325 / PROBLEMS 326 / CASES 334 Case 8-1 Jeff’s Self-Service Station 334 Case 8-2 International News 335 Case 8-3 Specialty Coffee 336 Case 8-4 Integrated Visual Display 337 Case 8-5 Open Platforms 339 Case 8-6 Return on Assets—Industry Comparison 341 Case 8-7 Name The Industry 343 Case 8-8 Specialty Retailer—Profitability View 343 Case 8-9 Eat at My Restaurant—Profitability View 344 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part ix 610 BIBLIOGRAPHY Dechow, P A., R G Sloan, and A P Sweeney ‘‘Causes and Consequences of Earnings Manipulation: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC,’’ Contemporary Accounting Research (Spring 1996), 1–36 Demirakos, Efthimios G., Norman C Strong, and Martin Walker ‘‘What Valuation Models Do Analysts Use?,’’ Accounting Horizons (December 2004), 221–240 DiGabriele, James A ‘‘The Moderating Effects of Acquisition Premiums in Private Corporations: An Empirical Investigation of Relative S Corporation and C Corporation Valuations,’’ Accounting Horizons (December 2008), 415–424 Dutta, Sunil, and Frank Gigler ‘‘The Effect of Earnings Forecasts on Earnings Management,’’ Journal of Accounting Research (June 2002), 631–656 Frankel, R., M Johnson, and K Nelson ‘‘Auditor Independence and Earnings Quality,’’ The Accounting Review (Supplement 2002), 71–105 Gombola, M J., and J E Ketz ‘‘Financial Ratio Patterns in Retail and Manufacturing Organizations,’’ Financial Management (Summer 1983), 45–56 Gramlich, Jeffrey D., and James E Wheeler ‘‘How Chevron, Texaco, and the Indonesian Government Structured Transactions to Avoid Billions in U.S Income Taxes,’’ Accounting Horizons (June 2003), 107–122 Grent, C Terry, Chaunrey M Depree, Jr., and Gerry H Grant ‘‘Earnings Management and the Abuse of Materiality,’’ Journal of Accountancy (September 2000), 41–44 Hodge, Frank D ‘‘Investors’ Perceptions of Earnings Quality, Auditor Independence, and the Usefulness of Audited Financial Information,’’ Accounting Horizons (Supplement 2003), 37–48 Howell, Robert A ‘‘Fixing Financial Reporting: Financial Statement Overhaul,’’ Financial Executive (March/April 2002), 40–42 Makeever, D A ‘‘Predicting Business Failures,’’ The Journal of Commercial Bank Lending (January 1984), 14–18 Marquardt, C., and C Wiedman ‘‘Earnings Management Through Transaction 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Evidence from Analyst Forecast Revisions and Share Prices,’’ Journal of Accounting Research (June 2002), 727–760 Peterson, M ‘‘Putting Extra Fizz Into Profits; Critics Say CocaCola Dumps Debt on Spin Off,’’ The New York Times (August 4, 1998), D1 Kirschenheiter, Michael, and Nahum D Melumad ‘‘Can ‘Big Bath’ and Earnings Smoothing Co-Exist as Equilibrium Financial Reporting Strategies?,’’ Journal of Accounting Research (June 2002), 761–796 Kohlbecck, Mark and Terry D Warfield ‘‘Unrecorded Intangible Assets: Abnormal Earnings and Valuation,’’ Accounting Horizons (March 2007), 1–22 Largay, James A ‘‘Lessons from Enron,’’ Accounting Horizons (June 2002), 153–156 Lennox, C.S ‘‘The Accuracy and Incremental Information Content of Audit Reports in Predicting Bankruptcy,’’ Journal of Business Finance & Accounting (June/July 1999), 757–778 Rama, D V., K Raghunandan, and M A Gerger ‘‘The Association Between Audit Reports and Bankruptcies: Further Evidence,’’ Advances in Accounting (1997 15), 1–15 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Evidence of the Need for Additional Guidance,’’ Accounting Horizons (September 1989), 60–70 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part BIBLIOGRAPHY Stober, T L ‘‘The Incremental Information Content of Financial Statement Disclosures: The Case of LIFO Liquidations,’’ Journal of Accounting Research (Supplement 1986), 138–160 Summers, S L., and J T Sweeney ‘‘Fraudulently Misstated Financial Statements and Insider Trading: An Empirical Analysis,’’ The Accounting Review (January 1998), 131–146 Trombetta, Marco ‘‘Discussion of Implied Cost of Equity Capital in Earnings-Based Valuation: International Evidence,’’ Accounting and Business Research 34(4): 2004), 345–348 Tse, S ‘‘LIFO Liquidations,’’ Journal of Accounting Research (Spring 1990), 229–238 U.S Government Accounting Office, ‘‘Financial Restatements: Update of Public Company Trends, Market Impacts, and Regulatory Enforcement Activities,’’ (July 2006), GAO-06678, 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Schermann, and Ray Whittington ‘‘Materiality Considerations,’’ Journal of Accountancy (November 2003), 61–66 Ives, Martin, ‘‘The Governmental Accounting Standards Board: Factors Influencing Its Operation and Initial Technical Agenda,’’ The Government Accountants Journal (Spring 2000), 22–28 Johnson, Laurence E., and David R Bean ‘‘GASB Statement No 34: The Dawn of a New Governmental Financial Revenbark, William C., and Carla M Pizzarella ‘‘Auditing Performance Data in Local Government,’’ Public Performance and Management Review, Vol 25 (June 2002), 412–420 Sacco, John ‘‘GASB Statement 34, Part of Changing Political and Global Market Pressures,’’ The Government Accountants Journal (Spring 2000), 20–21 Statement of Position of the Accounting Standards Division 82-1, ‘‘Accounting and Financial Reporting for Personal Financial Statements.’’ New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 1982 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Index Note: Company names appear in boldface type; page numbers followed by t indicate exhibits Abbott Laboratories, consolidated balance sheet of, 136–137 Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 303, 343, 371, 412 Account(s) doubtful, allowance for, 213 operating return on, 311–312, 312t variation in computation of DuPont ratios considering only, 310, 310t permanent, 51 soft, 267 stockholders’ equity, reconciliation of, 47 temporary, 51 Accounting for business combinations, 67 contract, 35 for contributions received and contributions made, 564 creative acquisition, 504 economics and, 40 for governments, 558–563, 559t, 561, 562t for not-for-profit organizations for certain investments, 565 other than governments, 563–567, 566t–567t budgeting by objectives and/or measures of productivity, 565, 567 program, 35–36 Accounting cycle, 50–52, 51t preparing financial statements, 52 recording adjusting entries, 52 recording transactions, 50–52, 51t Treadway Commission, 52 Accounting equation, 51 Accounting Horizons, 322 Accounting loss, 279 Accounting model, traditional assumptions of, 1–17 Accounting principle(s), cumulative effect of change in, 154–155, 155t Accounting Principles Board (APB), Accounting qualities, hierarchy of, 5t Accounting Research Bulletins (ARBs), Accounting Research Division, Accounting standard(s) economic consequences of, 27–28 politicization of, 29–30 Accounting standard setters, independence of, 31–34 Accounting Standards Codification, of FASB, 10 Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC), Accounting Trends & Techniques, 12, 220 Accounts receivable, 92t, 93, 213 Accounts receivable turnover, 217–218, 217t in days, 218, 218t Accrual basis, 17 Accumulated depreciation, 95, 96t Accumulated other comprehensive income, 114, 114t Acid-test ratio, 230–231, 230t–232t AcSEC See Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC) Adjusting entries, recording, 52 Administrative expenses, 149 Adverse opinion, 53 Agreement(s) credit, 106–107, 107t–108t financing, liabilities related to, 105–107, 106t–108t AICPA See American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) AIG See American International Group (AIG) AK Steel Holding Corporation, 249–251 Alexander & Baldwin, Inc (A & B), 36–37 Allowance for doubtful accounts, 213 Almanac of Business and Industrial Financial Ratios, 197, 350 Alternative cash flow, 382 A.M Best Company, 534 Amazon.com, Inc., 410–411, 483, 484t American Accounting Association, 65 American Greetings, 256–259 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), 2, 558, 559 additional input, web site, 19 American International Group (AIG), 479, 480 Analysis(es) basics of, 187–205 comparisons among, 193, 196–200 DuPont, interpretation through, 309–310 horizontal, 188, 189t library sources, 200–202 ratio, 187–188 relative size of firm and, 200 trend, 193 vertical, 188, 189t Annual reports, financial ratios in, 468–469, 468t Annual Statement Studies, 197 APB See Accounting Principles Board (APB) Apple Inc., 369–370 Appropriation(s), defined, 558 ARBs See Accounting Research Bulletins (ARBs) Arden Group, Inc., 402–403 Asquith study, of valuation, 482 Assessment(s), special, defined, 558 Asset(s), 89–103, 90t–92t, 96t, 98t–104t, 944 categories of, 210 current See Current assets defined, 6, 89 earning average, interest ratio to, 520, 520t to total assets, ratio of, 520, 520t fixed quality of earnings related to, 469–470 sales to, 312, 313t of insurance companies, 536 intangible, quality of earnings related to, 470 noncurrent, defined, 89 nonperforming, 517 operating, return on, 311–312, 312t return on, 308–309, 308t, 341–342 DuPont, 309, 309t short-term, liquidity of, 210–235 See also Short-term assets, liquidity of tangible, 95–97, 96t total earning assets to, ratio of, 520, 520t equity capital to, ratio of, 521, 521t Assumption(s), of accounting model, 10–17 Auditor’s opinion, 52–56 Auditor’s report on firm’s internal controls, 54–55, 54t–56t Audits of State and Local Governmental Units, 559 Average cost, 221–222 Average earning assets, interest margin to, ratio of, 520, 520t Balance(s), compensating, 211 Balance sheet, 47, 48t, 89–121 advertising, 140 of brand value company, 140 of commercial bank, 513–518, 514t–517t defined, 89 in determining long-term debt-paying ability, 264–270, 265t, 268t, 269t elements of, 89–121 See also Liability(ies); specific elements, e.g., Asset(s) accumulated other comprehensive income, 114, 114f assets, 89–103, 90t–92t, 94t, 96t, 98t–104t ESOPs, 114–116, 116t IFRSs, 118–119, 119t–120t liabilities, 103–110, 104t–111t quasi-reorganization, 114, 115t stockholders’ equity in unincorporated firms, 117–118 treasury stock, 117, 117t international consolidated, 118–119, 119t–120t presentation of, problems in, 118 BancFirst Corporation, 513–521, 514t–517t, 520t, 521t Bank(s), 513–521, 514t–516t, 520t, 521t balance sheet of, 513–518, 514t–517t case example, 550–553 commitment of, 518–519 contingent liabilities of, 518–519 income statement of, 519 ratios for, 519–521, 520t, 521t Bank holding companies, 513 Bankbook Report on Performance, 520 Barker study, of valuation, 482 Bear Stearns, 480 Benefit(s), postretirement, other than pensions, 275–277, 276t Benefit plan, defined, 273–275, 274t Best Buy Co., Inc., 190t–191t, 342 consolidated balance sheet, 137–140 Best’s Insurance Reports, 534 ‘‘Big-bath’’ charges, 504 Bigcharts, web site, 19 Bloomberg.com, 19 Board of Governors, of Federal Reserve System, 513, 519 Bond(s), 105, 106t at par, premium, or discount, 106t Bonds payable, 105, 106t 613 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 614 INDEX Book value, 95 Book value per share, 352–353, 352t Borders Group, Inc., 506–509 Borrowing capacity (leverage) ratios, 187 Boston Celtics Limited Partnership II, 181 Brigg & Stratton Corporation, 102t–103t Budget, deficit, 574–575 Budgeting, by objectives and/or measures of productivity, by not-for-profit organizations other than governments, 565, 567 Business combinations, accounting for, 67 Business entity(ies), 10 forms of, 46–47 CA, Inc., 215t Callability, by corporation, 113 Callable preferred stock, 113 Camden National Corporation, 549 Canadian Accounting Standards Board, 85 Capital deposits times, ratio of, 521, 521t donated, 113 equity, to total assets, ratio of, 521, 521t legal, 111 paid-in, 111–112 working, 228–229, 229t sales to, 233 Capital projects, defined, 558 Carlisle Companies, Inc., 107t–108t Cash, 92, 92t, 211 receipt of, 15 Cash basis, 17 Cash flow(s) alternative, 382 direct method, 402–403 gas and oil, 528–529 presentation of, methods, 375 statement of, 48, 48t, 373–389 See also Statement of cash flows Cash flow ratios, 187 Cash movements, 409–410 Cash ratio, 231–232, 232t Cash sales, credit sales vs., 219 CBRL Group, Inc., 364–366 CCH Incorporated, 197 Celtics Basketball Holdings, L.P., 296–297 Certified public accountants (CPAs), financial ratios as perceived by, 466–467, 467t CFAs See Chartered financial analysts (CFAs) Charge(s), ‘‘big-bath,’’ 504 Chartered financial analysts (CFAs), financial ratios as perceived by, 467–468, 467t Chicago Board of Trade, web site, 18 Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), web site, 18 China Unicom (Hong Kong) Limited, 140–144, 185–186 Chubb Corporation, 534–538, 534t–535t CME See Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) Codification, FASB accounting standards, 10 Codification of Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards, 559 Commercial loan department, financial ratios as perceived by, 463–465, 464t, 465t Commitment of banks, 518–519 loan, 518–519 Committee on Accounting Procedures, Committee on Accounting Terminology, Common equity, return on, 314, 315t Common share, earnings per, 348–349, 349t Common size analysis (vertical and horizontal), 188, 189t Common stock, 112 preferred stock convertibility into, 113 Community Reinvestment Act, 480 Compact Disclosure, 202 Company(ies), commitment to, 81 Comparisons, among analyses, 193, 196–200 Compensating balances, 211 Compensation, stock-based, 353–354, 355t Comprehensive income, 160–161, 161t, 320–321, 322t defined, reporting, 161t Conagra Foods, Inc., 117t Conoco Phillips, 527–529, 528t, 529t Conservatism, 14 quality of earnings related to, 469–470 Consistency, 15 Consolidated statements, 66–67 Construction in progress, 95 Consultant(s), management, valuation as seen by, 483 Contingency(ies), 277, 278t Contingent liabilities, 49 of banks, 518–519 Continuity, 10–12 Contract accounting, 35 Contribution plan, defined, 272–273 Contributions made, accounting for, 564 Contributions received, accounting for, 564 Convertible preferred stock, 113 ‘‘Cookie jar reserves,’’ 505 Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, 194t–195t Corporate controllers, financial ratios as perceived by, 465–466, 466t Corporation(s), 46–47 See also specific companies callability by, 113 COSO, 52 Cost(s) average, 221–222 historical, 13 inventory, 219–221, 221t Cost of goods sold (cost of sales), 148 Cost of sales, 148 Cost recovery, 15 CPAs See Certified public accountants (CPAs) Creative acquisition accounting, 504 Credit agreements, 106–107, 107t–108t Credit risk, concentrations of, financial instruments with, 279, 279t–280t Credit sales, cash sales vs., 219 Credit terms, 216 Cross point margin, 315–316, 316t Cummins, Inc., 110t Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, 154–155, 155t Current assets, 92–94, 92t, 94t, 210, 228 accounts receivable, 92t, 93 cash, 92, 92t current liabilities compared with, 228–232, 229t, 232t defined, 89 inventories, 92t, 93, 94t marketable securities, 92t, 93 prepaids, 92t, 93–94 Current debt/net worth ratio, 269 Current liabilities, 103–104, 104t, 105t, 210, 228 current assets compared with, 228–232, 229t, 232t payables, 103 trends in, 269t unearned income, 104 Current ratio, 229–230, 239t Daktronics, Inc., 337–339 Dana Corporation, 140 Days’ sales in inventory, 223–225, 224t, 225t in receivables, 215–217, 216t D&B Million Dollar Directory, 202 D&B Reference Book of Corporate Managements, 202 Debt(s) funded, to operating property, ratio of, 526, 526t long-term long-term assets vs., 270 to operating property, ratio of, 532, 532t use of See Financial leverage Debt ratio, 264–267, 265t deferred taxes in, 266–267 noncontrolling interest in, 267 redeemable preferred stock in, 267 reserves in, 265–266 Debt service, defined, 558 Debt to tangible net worth ratio, 268, 269t Debt/equity ratio, 268, 268t Debt-paying ability, long-term, 261–282 See also Long-term debt-paying ability Declining-balance method, 96, 96f Deere & Company, 366–367 Deferred taxes (interperiod tax allocation), 108 in debt ratio, 266–267 Deficit budget, 574–575 Defined benefit plan, 273–275, 274t Defined contribution plan, 272–273 Degree of financial leverage (DFL), computing, 347–348, 348t Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 118, 119, 162–164 Demirakos study, of valuation, 482 Deposit(s), loans to, ratio of, 521, 521t Deposits times capital, ratio of, 521, 521t Depreciation accumulated, 95, 96t methods, 95–97, 96t recognized by not-for-profit organizations, 563–564 Descriptive information, review of, 191, 193 DFL See Degree of financial leverage (DFL) Differences, permanent, 267 Direct method, 402–403 of presenting cash flows, 375 Directory of Corporate Affiliation, 202 Disclaimer, 119, 163–164 Disclaimer of opinion, 53 Disclosure(s), 113 about fair value of financial instruments, 279–280, 280t full, 15–16 Discontinued operations, income taxes related to, 152–153, 153t Discussion Memorandum (DM), 3–4 Distribution to owners, defined, Distribution to stockholders, legality of, 159 Dividend(s), 157–159 accumulation of, 112 in arrears, 112 preference as to, 112 Dividend payout, 350–351, 351t Dividend rate, stated, participation in excess of, 112–113 Dividend yield, 351–352, 352t DM See Discussion Memorandum (DM) Donated capital, 113 Double-entry system, 51t Doubtful accounts, allowance for, 213 Dow Chemical Company, 66 Dow Jones Indexes, web site, 19 D.R Horton, Inc., 182–184 Dun & Bradstreet, 197 DuPont analysis, interpretation through, 309–310 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part INDEX DuPont ratios, variation in computation of, considering only operating accounts, 310, 310t DuPont return on assets, 309, 309t Earning(s) equity, 150–151, 152t leverage effects on, 346–348, 347t, 348t management of, 475, 477–479 morals of, 76–81, 77t, 81t minority share of, 155–156, 157t per common share, 348–349, 349t quality of, conservatism related to, 469–470 retained, 114, 114t, 156, 158t percentage of, 350, 351t ratio to net income, 350 statement of, 47, 48t Earning assets average, interest margin to, ratio of, 520, 520t to total assets, ratio of, 520, 520t Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT), 346–347 Earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries, equity in, 150–151, 152t Earnings per share, 156 Earthlink, Inc., 278t Eastman Kodak Company, 251–253 EBIT See Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) Economics, accounting and, 40 ED See Exposure Draft (ED) Edgar Database, of SEC, web site, 18 Efficient market hypothesis (EMH), 60 EITF See Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF), 7–8 EMH See Efficient market hypothesis (EMH) Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 271 Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), 114–116, 116t Enbridge, Inc., 85 Encumbrance(s), defined, 558 End of production, 14 Enron, 8, 378, 379 Entity(ies), business, 10 Equity common, return on, 314, 315t defined, in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries, 150–151, 152t owners’, trends in, 269t stockholders’ See Stockholders’ equity total, return on, 313–314, 314t trading on, 346 Equity capital, to total assets, ratio of, 521, 521t Equity earnings, 150–151, 152t Equity securities, marketable, 211 ERISA See Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ESOPs See Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) Ethic(s), 60–62 code of, 62, 63t components, 61 in investment community, 62 issues related to, decision model for focusing on, 61 in motion picture industry, 61–62 in savings and loans, 61 SEC requirements, 62, 63t Expanded analysis, 463–485 case examples, 501–510 conservatism and, 469–470 financial ratios, 463–469 See also Financial ratios graphing financial information in, 474–475, 475t–477t housing bust, 479–480 LIFO reserves in, 473–474 in management of earnings, 475, 477–479 management’s use of, 473 review procedures, 472–473 valuation in, 480–484, 484t See also Valuation Expense(s) administrative, 149 operating, 149 selling, 149 Exposure Draft (ED), Extraordinary items, 153–154, 154t Exxon Mobil, 475t FAF See Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) Fannie Mae, 479–480 FASAC See Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC) FASB See Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Federal Communications Commission, 522 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 513 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 522 Federal Home Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), 479–480 Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), 479–480 Federal Reserve System, Board of Governors of, 513, 519 Fidelity Bancorp., Inc., 154t Fiduciary funds, defined, 558 FIFO See First-in, first-out (FIFO) FIFO inventory method, 220–223 Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF), 2, 558 Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 2–3, 3t, 64–66, 81, 99, 154, 353, 558, 563 Accounting Standards Codification, 10 conceptual framework, 4–7, 5t interpretations, new reality, SFACs, SFAS, technical bulletins, web site, 18 Financial condition, statement of preparation of, 556–557 suggestions for reviewing, 555 Financial failure, forecasting, 470–472 multivariate model, 471–472 univariate model, 470–471 Financial information, graphing of, 474–475, 475t–477t Financial instruments with concentrations of credit risk, 279, 279t–280t disclosures about fair value of, 279–280, 280t with off-balance-sheet risk, 279, 279t–280t Financial leverage, 346 degree of, computing, 347–348, 348t magnification effects, 346, 347t Financial markets/stock exchanges, web sites, 18 Financial portals, web site, 19 Financial position, statement of, 47 Financial Ratio Benchmarks, 197 Financial ratios, 463–469 annual reports, 468–469, 468t CFAs and, 467–468, 467t commercial loan departments and, 463–465, 464t, 465t corporate controllers and, 465–466, 466t 615 CPAs and, 466–467, 467t statement of cash flows and, 378, 380–382, 380t–382t Financial reporting internal control over, report of management on, 56, 57t introduction to, 1–19 management’s responsibility for, 82–83 Financial Reporting Releases (FRRs), Financial statement(s) accounting cycle, 50–52, 51t auditor’s opinion, 52–56 auditor’s report on firm’s internal controls, 54–55, 54t–56t balance sheet, 47, 48t components of, variation in, 188, 190t–195t consolidated statements, 66–67 EMH, 60 ethics related to, 60–62 foreign, reported to SEC, 85–86 income statement, 47, 48t international accounting standards, harmonization of, 62–66 interrelationship of, 48t introduction to, 46–67 management’s responsibility for, 56, 58t notes, 48–50 preparing, 52 proxy, 59–60 report of management on internal control over financial reporting, 56, 57t statement of cash flows, 48, 48t statement of stockholders’ equity, 47 summary annual report, 60 types of, 47–50, 48t–50t users of, 202–203 variation by type of industry, 188, 190t–195t Financial statements of not-for-profit organizations, 564–565 personal, 554–558 See also Personal financial statements of regulated utilities, 522–525, 522t–524t of transportation industry, 529, 530t–533t Financial Times, web site, 19 Financing activities, 374 Financing agreements, liabilities related to, 105–107, 106t–108t Finished goods, 93 First-in, first-out (FIFO) method, 220–223 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, 118, 162 Fixed asset/equity ratio, 269 Fixed assets quality of earnings related to, 469–470 sales to, 312, 313t Fixed charge coverage ratio, 263–264, 264t Fixed charges, ratio of earnings to, 263–264 Ford Motor Company, 10, 66, 109t Form 10-K, 56–58, 58t, 59t, 83 Fortune 500, 465, 468 Forward-looking information, disclosure regarding, 83–84 401(k), 272 Franchise(s), 101 Freddie Mac, 479–480 Frisch’s Restaurants, Inc., 367–369 FRRs See Financial Reporting Releases (FRRs) Full disclosure, 15–16 Full-costing methods, successful-efforts methods vs., 527–528, 528t Fund(s) fiduciary, defined, 558 general, defined, 558 proprietary, defined, 558 Funded debt, to operating property, ratio of, 526, 526t Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 616 INDEX GAAP See Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) GADAN See Global Accounting Digital Archive Network (GADAN) Gain(s) prior period adjustments, 319–320, 321t Gannett Co., Inc., 335–336 GAO See Government Accountability Office (GAO) GAP, Inc., 303, 343, 371, 412 Gas and oil, 527–529, 528t, 529t case example, 548–549 cash flow, 528–529 successful-efforts methods vs full-costing methods, 527–528, 528t supplementary information on, 528, 529t General Dynamics Corporation, 278t General Electric Capital Services, Inc (GECS), 90 General Electric Company, 16, 90, 356 General fund, defined, 558 General ledger, 50 Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), 77, 79, 81, 82, 265, 267, 272, 322, 534, 536 applicability to not-for-profit organizations, 565, 566t–567t Canadian, vs U.S GAAP, 184–185 in U.S., 85–86, 118, 162, 163t–166t development of, 1–7, 3t, 5t vs Canadian GAAP, 144–145, 184–185 Gentex Corporation, 99t–101t GFOA See Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA) Going concern, 10–12 Goldstein and Morris CPAs, P.C., 84 Good(s), finished, 93 Goodwill, 101, 102t Google, Inc., 105t, 403–404 Gorman-Rupp Company, 91t, 224t Government(s), accounting for, 558–563, 559t, 561, 562t Government Accountability Office (GAO), 479 Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA), 559, 562 Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), Organizing Committee of, 558 Governmental Accounting Standards Board Statement No 1, 558–559 Governmental Accounting Standards Board Statement No 34, 559–560, 559t Held-to-maturity securities, 97 Hershey Company, 116t Hess Corporation, 548–549 Hewlett-Packard, 87 Historical cost, 13 Holiday Corporation, 159 Horizontal analysis, 188, 189t Horizontal common-size statement of income, 417, 417t Hormel Foods, 152t Housing bust, 479–480 IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, 162 IASB See International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Identification, specific, 222–223 IFRS Model Consolidated Income Statement, 162, 163t–166t IFRSs See International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) Income accumulated other comprehensive, 114, 114t comprehensive, 160–161, 161t, 320–321, 322t defined, reporting, 161t unearned, 104 Income margin, operating, 310–311, 311t Income statement, 47, 48t, 147–167 comprehensive income, 160–161, 161t in determining long-term debt-paying ability, 261–264, 263t, 264t dividends, 157–159 earnings per share, 156 elements of, 147–156, 148t–150t, 153t–155t, 157t cost of goods sold, 148 cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, 154–155, 155t equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries, 150–151, 152t income taxes related to operations, 152–156, 153t–155t, 157t net income—noncontrolling interest, 155–156, 157t net sales, 148 operating expenses, 149 unusual or infrequent item disclosed separately, 149–150, 150t, 151t extraordinary items, 153–154, 154t impairments, 182–184 international consolidated, 162–164, 163t–166t legality of distributions to stockholders, 159 mobile experiences, 177–179 retained earnings, 156, 158t special items, 149–151, 150t–152t stock splits, 157–159 Income taxes, operations-related, 152–156, 153t–155t, 157t Indirect method, of presenting cash flows, 375 Industry Accounting Guides, Industry Audit Guides, Industry averages caution using, 199–200 comparison with competitors, 196–199 Industry Default Probabilities and Cash Flow Measures, 197 Industry Norms and Key Business Ratios, 197, 198 Inflation, 13 Institutional Investor, 482 Insurance companies, 533–538, 534t–535t assets of, 536 balance sheet of, 536 income statement of, 537 investments of, 536 liabilities of, 536 ratios of, 537–538 stockholder’s equity of, 536 types of, 533 Intangible(s), 101, 102t–103t Intangible assets, quality of earnings related to, 470 Integrated disclosure system, of SEC, 56–58, 58t, 59t Intel Corporation, 49, 49t, 149t Interest minority, 108–109, 110t net income—noncontrolling, 155–156, 157t noncontrolling, 108–109, 110t in debt ratio, 267 Interest margin, to average earning assets, ratio of, 520, 520t Interim reports, 322–323 International accounting standards, harmonization of, 62–66 International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 64–66, 81, 154 web site, 19 International consolidated balance sheet, 118–119, 119t–120t International consolidated income statement, 162–164, 163t–166t International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs), 64–66, 85, 162 balance sheet, 118–119, 119t–120t Internet companies’ web sites, 18 using, 18–19 Interperiod tax allocation, in debt ratio, 266–267 Interstate Commerce Commission, 529, 531 Inventory(ies), 92t, 93, 94t, 219–227, 221t, 224t–227t days’ sales in, 223–225, 224t, 225t liquidity of, 223–227, 224t–227t Inventory, quality of earnings related to, 469 Inventory cost, 219–221, 221t Inventory turnover, 225–226 in days, 226–227, 226t Investing activities, 374 Investment(s), 97, 99, 99t–101t ethics related to, 62 of insurance companies, 536 by owners, defined, return on, 312, 313, 313t Investment, held by not-for-profit organizations, accounting for, 565 Investor(s) information for, 346–357 book value per share, 352–353, 352t dividend payout, 350–351, 351t dividend yield, 351–352, 352t earnings per common share, 348–349, 349t equipment operations, 366–367 family restaurant, 364–366 leverage-related, 346–348, 347t, 348t percentage of earnings retained, 350, 351t price/earnings ratio, 349–350, 350t restricted stock, 354 specialty retailers, 371–372 stock appreciation rights, 354–355 stock options, 353–354, 355t Investor analysis, of Nike, Inc., 418t, 419–420, 421t, 423, 424t, 425 Investor’s Business Daily, web site, 19 Invitation to Comment, 3–4 Johnson & Johnson, 341–342 Joint ventures, 277–281, 278t–280t contingencies, 277, 278t financial instruments with concentrations of credit risk, 279, 279t–280t disclosures about fair value of, 279–280, 280t with off-balance-sheet risk, 279, 279t–280t Journal, 50 J.P Morgan Chase, 480 KB Home, 153t Kellogg Company, 50, 50t, 58t consolidated balance sheet, 130–132 Kelly Services, Inc., 98t, 192t–193t Kroger Company, 272 Last-in, first-out (LIFO) method, 220–223, 226, 230 Last-in first-out (LIFO) reserves, use of, 473–474 LCM rule See Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part INDEX Lease(s), 97 Leasing, long-term, 270–271, 271t Ledger(s), general, 50 Legal capital, 111 Legality of distributions to stockholders, 159 Lehman Brothers, 480 Lennar Corporation, 176–177 Leverage effects on earnings, 346–348, 347t, 348t financial See Financial leverage operating, 346 Leverage ratios, 187 Liability(ies), 103–110, 104t–111t contingent, 49 of banks, 518–519 current See Current liabilities defined, 6, 103 of insurance companies, 536 long-term See Long-term liabilities Library sources, 200–202 LIFO See Last-in, first-out (LIFO) LIFO method, 220–223, 226, 230 Limited Brands, Inc., 303, 343, 371, 412 Limited liability company (LLC), 46 Liquidation, preference in, 113 Liquidity of inventories, 223–227, 224t–227t of short-term assets, 210–235 considerations related to, 232–234, 233t not on face of statements, 233–234 Liquidity ratios, 187 LLC See Limited liability company (LLC) Loan(s) case example, 549 to deposits, ratio of, 521, 521t nonaccrual, 517 renegotiated, 517 Loan agreements, ratios appearing most frequently in, 463, 465, 465t Loan commitments, 518–519 Loan loss coverage ratio, 520, 520t Long-term assets, 95–103, 96t, 98t–104t defined, 89 intangibles, 101, 102t–103t investments, 97, 99, 99t–101t leases, 97 long-term debt vs., 270 tangible assets, 95–97, 96t Long-term debt long-term assets vs., 270 to operating property, ratio of, 532, 532t Long-term debt-paying ability, 261–282 balance sheet consideration, 264–270, 265t, 268t, 269t income statement consideration, 261–264, 263t, 264t items influencing, 270–277, 271t, 274t, 276t joint ventures, 277–281, 278t–280t Long-term leasing, 270–271, 271t Long-term liabilities, 105–110, 106t–111t financing agreements, 105–107, 106t–108t noncontrolling interest, 108–109, 110t operational obligations, 108, 109t redeemable preferred stock, 110, 111t trends in, 269t Loss(es) accounting, 279 defined, prior period adjustments, 319–320, 321t Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) rule, 223 Management analysis methods used by, 473 of earnings, 475, 477–479 responsibility for financial reporting, 82–83 responsibility for financial statements, 56, 58t Management consultants, valuation as seen by, 483 Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A), 560 Managerial intent, 211 Marcus Corporation, 477t Margin cross point, 315–316, 316t income, operating, 310–311, 311t net profit, 306–307, 307t Marketable equity securities, 211 Marketable securities, 92t, 93, 211–212, 212t Marketwatch.com, 19 Matching, 15 Materiality, 16, 505 in practice, 82 McDonald’s, 140 McKinsey & Company, 483 MD&A See Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) Measurability, Mergent Dividend Record Standard & Poor’s Annual Dividend Record, 201 Mergent Industrial Manual and News Reports, 202 Merrill Lynch, 480 Microsoft Corporation, 354 Minority interest, 108–109, 110t Minority share, 156 of earnings, 155–156, 157t Molex, 476t Monetary unit, 13 Morningstar.com, 19 Motorola, Inc., 177–179 MSN Money, web site, 19 Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendment Act, 272 Multiperiod discounted cash flow models, 481 Multiperiod discounted earnings models, 481 Multiples, in valuation, 480–481 Multivariate model, in forecasting financial failure, 471–472 Municipal Finance Officers Association, 558 NAIC See National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) NAICS See North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) NASDAQ stock market, web site, 18 National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), 534 National Council on Governmental Accounting, 558, 559 National Technical Information Service, 196 Net income—noncontrolling interest, 155–156, 157t Net profit margin, 306–307, 307t Net sales (revenues), 148 Net work, statement of changes in, suggestions for reviewing, 555 Net worth, statement of changes in, preparation of, 557–558 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 1, 350, 351t web site, 18 Newmont Mining Corporation, 157t Newspaper(s), web sites, 18–19 Nike, Inc., 111t, 212t, 216t–218t, 225t, 227t, 229t–233t, 263t–265t, 265, 268t, 270–271, 271t, 272, 473, 475, 477, 505–506, 509–510 background information, 415–425, 416t–418t, 421t, 424t book value per share, 352–353, 352t code of ethics, 63t cross point margin, 315–316, 316t 617 dividend payout, 350–351, 351t dividend yield, 351–352, 352t DuPont return on assets, 309, 309t financial condition and results of operations, 415–416 financial leverage for, 348–354, 348t–352t, 355t form 10-K, 415–416 horizontal common-size statement of income, 417, 417t interpretation through DuPont analysis, 309–310 investor analysis, 418t, 419–420, 421t, 423, 424t, 425 liquidity, 417–419, 418t, 421t, 422, 423–425, 424t long-term debt-paying ability, 263–270, 263t–265t, 268t, 269t, 271t, 418t, 419, 421t, 422, 424t, 425 net profit margin, 306–307, 307t operating asset turnover, 311, 311t operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable, 380t–382t operating income margin, 310–311, 311t percentage of earnings retained, 350, 351t price/earnings ratio, 349–350, 350t profitability, 306–325, 307t–316t, 318t–320t, 322t, 418t, 419, 421t, 422, 424t, 425 profitability ratios, relationship between, 314–315, 315t ratio comparison with industry, 423–425, 424t ratio comparison with selected competitor, 420–423, 421t return on assets, 308–309, 308t return on common equity, 314, 315t return on operating assets, 311–312, 312t return on total equity, 313–314, 314t ROI, 312–313, 313t sales to fixed assets, 312, 313t statement of cash flows, 376, 377t stock options, 353–354, 355t summary analysis, 415–462 three-year ratio comparison, 417–420, 418t total asset turnover, 307–308, 308t 2009 financial statements, 425–462 variation in computation of DuPont ratios considering only operating accounts, 310, 310t vertical common-size statement of income, 416, 416t Z Score for, 472 1934 Securities and Exchange Act, 534 Nonaccrual loans, 517 Nonconsolidated subsidiaries, equity in earnings of, 150–151, 152t Noncontrolling interest, 108–109, 110t in debt ratio, 267 Noncurrent assets, defined, 89 Nonperforming assets, 517 Nordson Corporation, 279t–280t North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 196 Northrup Grumman, 280t Norwalk Agreement, 64 Notes, 48–50 Notes payable, 105 Notes receivable, 213 Not-for-profit organizations financial statements for, 564–565 GAAP applicability to, 565, 566t–567t investments held by, accounting for, 565 other than governments, accounting for, 563–567, 566t–567t budgeting by objectives and/or measures of productivity, 565 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 618 INDEX recognition of depreciation by, 563–564 NYSE See New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Objective, budgeting by, by not-for-profit organizations other than governments, 565, 567 Obligation(s), warranty, 108, 109t Off-balance-sheet risk, financial instruments with, 279, 279t–280t Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants, 565, 566t–567t Oil and gas, 527–529, 528t, 529t See also Gas and oil Operating accounts return on, 311–312, 312t variation in computation of DuPont ratios considering only, 310, 310t Operating activities, 374 Operating asset(s), return on, 311–312, 312t Operating asset turnover, 311, 311t Operating cash flow per share, 381–382, 382t Operating cash flow/cash dividends, 382, 382t Operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable, 378, 380, 380t Operating cash flow/total debt, 381, 381t Operating cycle, 210–211, 227, 227t defined, 210 Operating expenses, 149 Operating income margin, 310–311, 311t Operating leverage, 346 Operating loss carryback, 266 Operating loss carryforward, 266 Operating property funded debt to, ratio of, 526, 526t long-term debt to, ratio of, 532, 532t operating revenue to, of transportation industry, 532, 532t percent earned on, ratio of, 526, 527t Operating ratio, 526, 526t for transportation industry, 531–532, 532t Operating revenue, to operating property, ratio of, 526, 527t, 532, 532t Operation(s) discontinued, income taxes related to, 152–153, 153t income taxes related to, 152–156, 153t–155t, 157t Operational obligations, liabilities related to, 108, 109t Opinion(s) adverse, 53 auditor’s, 52–56 disclaimer of, 53 qualified, 53 unqualified, 52 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corporation, 115t, 159, 407–409 Owners’ equity, trends in, 269t Paid-in capital, 111–112 Panera Bread, 304, 344, 371, 413 Partnership(s), 46 Patent(s), 101, 103t Payable(s), 103 Payout, dividend, 350–351, 351t PBGC See Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) PCAOB See Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Penn Central Company, 270 Pension(s), 470 postretirement benefits other than, 275–277, 276t Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), 271 Pension plans, 271–275, 274t defined benefit plan, 273–275, 274t defined contribution plan, 272–273 Percent earned on operating property, ratio of, 526, 527t Percentage of earnings retained, 350, 351t Periodic income determination, 409–410 Permanent accounts, 51 Permanent differences, 267 Perry Ellis International, Inc., 179–180 Personal financial statements, 554–558 form of, 554–555 statement of changes in net worth preparation of, 557–558 suggestions for reviewing, 555 statement of financial condition preparation of, 556–557 suggestions for reviewing, 555 PG&E Corporation, 546–548 Phoenix Footwear Group, Inc., 11–12 Postretirement benefits, other than pensions, 275–277, 276t Preferred stock, 112–113 callable, 113 convertibility into common stock, 113 convertible, 113 disclosures, 113 preference in liquidation for, 113 redeemable, 110, 111t, 314 in debt ratio, 267 Prepaid(s), 92t, 93–94 Prepayment(s), 227–228 Price/earnings ratio, 349–350, 350t Priceline.com Incorporated, 401–402 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 83 Private sector, standard setting in, 28–29 Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, 83 Procter & Gamble Company, 114t Product lines, revenues by, 318, 320t Productivity, measures of, budgeting by, by not-for-profit organizations other than governments, 565, 567 Profitability, 306–325 See also Profitable measures comprehensive income, 320–321, 322t gains/losses from prior period adjustments, 319–320, 321t integrated visual display, 337–339 interim reports, 322–323 international news, 325–326 open platforms, 339–341 pro-forma financial information, 321–322 return on assets, 341–342 revenues by major product lines, 318, 320t segment reporting, 317–318, 318t–320t self-service station, 334–335 specialty coffee, 336–337 specialty retailer, 343–344 trends in, 316, 317t Profitability ratios, 187 relationship between, 314–315, 315t Profitable measures, 306–316, 307t–316t cross point margin, 315–316, 316t DuPont return on assets, 309, 309t interpretation throughout DuPont analysis, 309–310 net profit margin, 306–307, 307t operating asset turnover, 311, 311t operating income margin, 310–311, 311t return on assets, 308–309, 308t return on common equity, 314, 315t return on operating assets, 311–312, 312t return on total equity, 313–314, 314t ROI, 312–313, 313t sales to fixed assets, 312, 313t total asset turnover, 307–308, 308t variation in computation of DuPont ratios considering only operating accounts, 310, 310t Pro-forma financial information, 321–322 Program accounting, 35–36 Proprietary funds, defined, 558 Proprietorship(s), sole, 46 Proxy, 59–60 Public companies, smaller, regulation of, 44 Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), 9, 84 web site, 19 Purchase method, 67 Quaker Chemical Corporation, 90t Qualified opinion, 53 Quasi-reorganization, 114, 115t Quick ratio, 230–231, 230t–232t Ratio(s) acid-test, 230–231, 230t–232t analysis, 187–188 for banks, 519–521, 520t, 521t borrowing capacity, 187 cash, 231–232, 232t cash flow, 187 computing of, 187 current, 229–230, 239t current debt/net worth, 269 debt, 264–267, 265t See also Debt ratio debt to tangible net worth, 268, 269t debt/equity, 268, 268t deposits times capital, 521, 521t described, 187–188 DuPont, variation in computation of, considering only operating accounts, 310, 310t earning assets to total assets, 520, 520t earnings to fixed charges, 263–264 equity capital to total assets, 521, 521t fixed asset/equity, 269 fixed charge coverage, 263–264, 264t funded debt to operating property, 526, 526t of insurance companies, 537–538 interest margin to average earning assets, 520, 520t leverage, 187 liquidity, 187 loan loss coverage, 520, 520t loans to deposits, 521, 521t long-term debt to operating property, 532, 532t operating, 526, 526t for transportation industry, 531–532, 532t operating revenue to operating property, 526, 527t, 532, 532t percent earned on operating property, 526, 527t price/earnings, 349–350, 350t profitability, 187 relationship between, 314–315, 315t quick, 230–231, 230t–232t for regulated utilities, 525–526, 526t, 527t retained earnings to net income, 350 times interest earned, 261–263, 263t total capitalization, 269 for transportation industry, 530–533, 530t–533t Ratio analysis, 187–188 Raw materials, 93 Real estate companies, 538 Realization, 14 Receipt of cash, 15 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part INDEX Receivable(s), 213–219, 215t–218t days’ sales in, 215–217, 216t Reconciliation of presenting cash flows, 375 of stockholders’ equity accounts, 47 Redeemable preferred stock, 110, 111t, 314 in debt ratio, 267 Regulated utilities, 522–526, 522t–524t, 526t, 527t financial statements of, 522–525, 522t–524t ratios for, 525–526, 526t, 527t Regulation, role of, 34 Regulation S-X, Relevance, 5, Reliability, 5, Renegotiated loans, 517 Report(s), interim, 322–323 Report of condition, 513–518, 514t–517t ‘‘Report of Independent Auditors,’’ 561–562 Report of management on internal control over financial reporting, 56, 57t Reserve(s) in debt ratio, 265–266 Restricted stock, 354 Retained earnings, 114, 114t, 156, 158t to net income, ratio of, 350 percentage of, 350, 351t Return on assets, 308–309, 308t, 341–342 DuPont, 309, 309t Return on common equity, 314, 315t Return on investment (ROI), 312–313, 313t Return on operating assets, 311–312, 312t Return on total equity, 313–314, 314t Return privileges, right of, 216 Reuters, web site, 19 Revenue, 148 by major product lines, 318, 320t operating, to operating property, ratio of, 526, 527t, 532, 532t service, 36 Revenue recognition, 505 Reynolds American, Inc., 501–504 Right of return privileges, 216 Risk Management Association, 197 ROI See Return on investment (ROI) Royal Ahold, 86 Russell Investments, web site, 19 Rutgers Accounting Web (RAW), 18 Ryder System, Inc., 148t Safeway, Inc., 297–301 Sale(s) cash, vs credit sales, 219 cost of, 148 credit, vs cash sales, 219 days’ in inventory, 223–225, 224t, 225t in receivables, 215–217, 216t net, 148 point of, 14 to working capital, 233 Sales to fixed assets, 312, 313t Sanmina-SCI Corp., 322 SAPs See Statutory accounting practices (SAPs) Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 8–9, 16, 41–44, 53, 84, 322, 478 Savings and loans, ethics in, 61 Scholastic Corporation, 292–295 Seachange International, Inc., 92t SEC See Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Securities and Exchange Act of 1933, 1, 83 Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, 2, 59, 83 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 2, 83, 110, 263–264, 267, 322, 353, 477–480, 534, 537 code of ethics, 62 Edgar Database, web site, 18 foreign financial statements reported to, view of, 85–86 integrated disclosure system, 56–58, 58t, 59t multiple country enforcement, 86–87 notifying, 87 Security(ies) equity, marketable, 211 held-to-maturity, 97 marketable, 92t, 93, 211–212, 212t Segment reporting, 317–318, 318t–320t Selling expenses, 149 Service revenue, 36 Share(s) book value per, 352–353, 352t common, earnings per, 348–349, 349t earning per, 156 minority, 156 of earnings, 155–156, 157t Shaw Communications, Inc., 144–145, 184–185 Sherwin-Williams Company, 473–474, 476t Short-term assets See also Receivable(s); specific types, e.g., Cash liquidity of, 210–235 considerations related to, 232–234, 233t not on face of statements, 233–234 SIC Manual See Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., 94t Smart Money’s Map of the Market, web site, 19 Soft accounts, 267 SOP See Statement of Position (SOP) SOP 82–1 See Statement of Position 82–1 (SOP 82–1) Southwest Airlines Co., 83–84, 529–533, 530t–533t Sovereign Bancorp, 550–553 Special assessments, defined, 558 Special income statement items, 149–151, 150t–152t Special industries, 513–553 See also Real estate companies; specific types, e.g., Bank(s) case examples, 546–553 Specific identification, 220, 222–223 Standard & Poor’s, web site, 19 Standard & Poor’s Analyst’s Handbook, 201 Standard & Poor’s Industry Survey, 349, 525 Standard & Poor’s Net Advantage, 201 Standard & Poor’s Register of Corporations, Directors, and Executives, 200–201 Standard & Poor’s Security Owner’s Stock Guide, 201 Standard & Poor’s Standard Corporation Descriptions, 201 Standard & Poor’s Statistical Service, 201 Standard & Poor’s Stock Reports, 200 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, 196 Standard Register Company, 321t Starbucks Corporation, 304, 336–337, 344, 371, 413 Stated dividend rate, participation in excess of, 112–113 Statement(s) consolidated, 66–67 income, 47, 48t, 147–167 See also Income statement Statement of Auditing Standards (SAS) No 23, 472–473 No 47, 82 Statement of cash flows, 48, 48t, 373–389 alternative cash flow, 382 619 cash movements, 409–410 development of, procedures for, 383–386, 383t–388t elements of, 374–378, 375t–377t, 379t, 380t financial ratios and, 378, 380–382, 380t–382t global technology, 403–404 noncash charges, 407–409 periodic income determination, 409–410 retail mover, 404–407 specialty retailers, 412–413 Statement of changes in net worth preparation of, 557–558 suggestions for reviewing, 555 Statement of earnings, 47, 48t Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No 1, 4–5 Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No 2, 4, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No 3, 4, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No 4, 4, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No 5, 4, 6–7 Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No 6, 4, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No 7, 4, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, operating procedure for, 3–4 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Exposure Draft, 376 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 6, 160 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 14, 199 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 33, 13 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 93, 563–564 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 95, 375 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 116, 564 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 117, 563–564 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 123, 353 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 124, 565 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 130, 160 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No 144, 184 Statement of financial condition preparation of, 556–557 suggestions for reviewing, 555 Statement of financial position, 47 Statement of Position (SOP), Statement of Position 82–1 (SOP 82–1), 554, 555 Statement of stockholders’ equity, 47, 117 defined, 89 Statutory accounting practices (SAPs), 534 Steel & Aluminum Co., 158t, 160 Stock common, 112 preferred stock convertibility into, 113 preferred, 112–113 callable, 113 convertible, 113 redeemable, 110, 111t in debt ratio, 267 restricted, 354 treasury, 117, 117t Stock appreciation rights, 354–355 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 620 INDEX Stock options, 353–354, 355t Stock splits, 157–159 Stock-based compensation, 353–354, 355t Stockholder(s), distribution to, legality of, 159 Stockholders’ equity, 110–114, 114t common stock, 112 defined, 110–111 donated capital, 113 of insurance companies, 536 paid-in capital, 111–112 preferred stock, 112–113 retained earnings, 114, 114t statement of, 117 defined, 89 in unincorporated firms, 117–118 Stockholder’s equity, of insurance companies, 536 Stockholders’ equity accounts, reconciliation of, 47 Straight-line method, 95–96, 96t Subsidiary(ies), nonconsolidated, equity in earnings of, 150–151, 152t Successful-efforts methods, full-costing methods vs., 527–528, 528t Summary annual report, 60 Sum-of-the-years’-digits method, 96–97, 96t Supply(ies), 93 T Rowe Price Group, Inc., 54t–56t Tangible assets, 95–97, 96t Taser International, Inc., 151t Tax(es) deferred, 108 in debt ratio, 266–267 income, operations-related, 152–156, 153t–155t, 157t interperiod allocation, in debt ratio, 266–267 Tech Data Corporation, 378, 379t, 380t Telecommunications services, 140–144 Temporary accounts, 51 10-K report, 56–58, 58t, 59t, 83 The Accounting Review, 470 The Department of Commerce Financial Reporting, 197 The GEO Group, Inc., 290–291 The Street.com, 19 The Wall Street Journal, 322, 349 Thomas Register of American Manufacturers, 202 3M Company, 254–256 Three-year ratio comparison, 417–420, 418t Time period, 12, 13t Times interest earned ratio, 261–263, 263t Toledo Mud Hens Baseball Club, Inc., 562, 575–576 Total asset turnover, 307–308, 308t Total assets earning assets to, ratio of, 520, 520t equity capital to, ratio of, 521, 521t Total capitalization ratio, 269 Total equity, return on, 313–314, 314t Trademark(s), 101, 103t Trading on the equity, 262, 346 Trading on the leverage, 262 Transact Technologies Incorporated, 301–303 Transaction(s) recording of, 50–52, 51t Transaction approach, 16–17 Transportation industry, 529–533, 540t–533t financial statements, 529, 530t–533t per-mile, per-person, and per-ton passenger load factors, 533, 533t ratios for, 530–533, 530t–533t Treadway Commission (COSO), 52, 83 Treasury stock, 117, 117t Trend(s), profitability, 316, 317t Trend analysis, 193 TRM Corporation, 37–39 Turnover, working capital, 233 UAL Corporation, 180 Unearned income, 104 Unincorporated firms, stockholders’ equity in, 117–118 United Airlines, 180 Unit-of-production method, 96t, 97, 98t Univariate model, in forecasting financial failure, 470–471 Unqualified opinion, 52 Unusual or infrequent item disclosed separately, 149–150, 150t, 151t Utility(ies), regulated, 522–526, 522t–524t, 526t, 527t See also Regulated utilities Valuation, 480–484, 484t described, 480 dot.coms, 483, 484t international aspects, 482–483 multiperiod discounted models, 481 multiples in, 480–481 as seen by management consultants, 483 uses of, 481–482 Value(s), book, 95 Value Line Investment Survey, 198 Versign, Inc., 106t Vertical analysis, 188, 189t Virtual Finance Library, web site, 18 Vulcan Materials Company, 273–277, 274t, 276t Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 295–296 Walt Disney Company, consolidated balance sheet of, 133–136 Ward’s Business Directory, 200 Warranty obligations, 108, 109t Wilshire Associates, web site, 19 Wisconsin Energy Corporation, 522–526, 522t–524t, 526t, 527t Work in process, 93 Working capital, 228–229, 229t sales to, 233 Working capital turnover, 233 WorldCom, 8, 478–479 Yahoo: Finance, web site, 19 Yahoo! Inc., 339–341 Year-to-year change analysis, 188, 189t Yum Brands, Inc., 304, 344, 371, 413 Z Score, for Nike, Inc., 472 Zacks Investment Research, web site, 19 Zebra Technologies Corporation, 155t Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part INVESTOR ANALYSIS Degree of Financial Leverage ¼ Earnings Before Interest and Tax Earnings Before Tax Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Noncontrolling Interest, Equity Income, and Nonrecurring Items All-Inclusive Degree of Financial Leverage ¼ Earnings Before Tax, Noncontrolling Interest, Equity Income, and Nonrecurring Items Earnings per Share ¼ Net Income À Preferred Dividends Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding Operating Cash Flow per Share ¼ Price/Earnings Ratio ¼ Operating Cash Flow À Preferred Dividends Diluted Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding Market Price per Share Diluted Earnings per Share, Before Nonrecurring Items Percentage of Earnings Retained ¼ Dividend Payout ¼ Dividend Yield ¼ Net Income Before Nonrecurring Items À All Dividends Net Income Before Nonrecurring Items Dividends per Common Share Diluted Earnings per Share Before Nonrecurring Items Dividends per Common Share Market Price per Common Share Book Value per Share ¼ Total Shareholders’ Equity À Preferred Stock Equity Number of Common Shares Outstanding Operating Cash Flow/Cash Dividends ¼ Operating Cash Flow Cash Dividends Net Income Before Net Income Before Nonrecurring Items Not À Nonrecurring Items Including Option Expense Including Option Expense Materiality of Options ¼ Net Income Before Nonrecurring Items Not Including Option Expense Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part BANKS Earning Assets to Total Assets ¼ Average Earning Assets Average Total Assets Interest Margin to Average Earning Assets ¼ Loan Loss Coverage Ratio ¼ Pretax Income þ Provision for Loan Losses Net Charge-Offs Equity Capital to Total Assets ¼ Deposits Times Capital ¼ Loans to Deposit ¼ Interest Margin Average Earning Assets Average Equity Average Total Assets Average Deposits Average Shareholders’ Equity Average Total Loans Average Deposits REGULATED UTILITIES Operating Ratio ¼ Operating Expense Operating Revenue Funded Debt to Operating Property ¼ Funded Debt Operating Property Percent Earned on Operating Property ¼ Net Income Operating Property Operating Revenue to Operating Property ¼ Operating Revenue Operating Property TRANSPORTATION Operating Ratio ¼ Operating Expense Operating Revenue Long-Term Debt to Operating Property ¼ Long-Term Debt Less Current Maturities Operating Property Operating Revenue to Operating Property ¼ Operating Revenue Operating Property Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part LIQUIDITY Days’ Sales in Receivables ¼ Gross Receivables Net Sales=365 Accounts Receivable Turnover ¼ Net Sales Average Gross Receivables Accounts Receivable Turnover in Days ¼ Days’ Sales in Inventory ¼ Inventory Turnover ¼ Ending Inventory Cost of Goods Sold=365 Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Inventory Turnover in Days ¼ Operating Cycle ¼ Average Gross Receivables Net Sales=365 Average Inventory Cost of Goods Sold=365 Accounts Receivable Inventory Turnover þ Turnover in Days in Days Working Capital ¼ Current Assets À Current Liabilities Current Ratio ¼ Current Assets Current Liabilities Acid-Test Ratio ¼ Cash Ratio ¼ Cash Equivalents þ Marketable Securities þ Net Receivables Current Liabilities Cash Equivalents þ Marketable Securities Current Liabilities Sales to Working Capital ¼ Sales Average Working Capital Operating Cash Flow/ Operating Cash Flow Current Maturities of Long-Term Debt ¼ Current Maturities of Long-Term Debt and Current Notes Payable and Current Notes Payable LONG-TERM DEBT-PAYING ABILITY Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earnings, and Noncontrolling Interest Times Interest Earned ¼ Interest Expense, Including Capitalized Interest Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earnings, and Noncontrolling Interest þ Interest Portion of Rentals Fixed Charge Coverage ¼ Interest Expense, Including Capitalized Interest þ Interest Portion of Rentals Debt Ratio ¼ Total Liabilities Total Assets Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Debt/Equity Ratio ¼ Total Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity Debt to Tangible Net Worth Ratio ¼ Operating Cash Flow/Total Debt ¼ Total Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity À Intangible Assets Operating Cash Flow Total Debt PROFITABILITY Net Income Before Noncontrolling Interest, Equity Income and Nonrecurring Items Net Profit Margin ¼ Net Sales Total Asset Turnover ¼ Net Sales Average Total Assets Net Income Before Noncontrolling Interest and Nonrecurring Items Return on Assets ¼ Average Total Assets Operating Income Margin ¼ Operating Income Net Sales Operating Asset Turnover ¼ Net Sales Average Operating Assets Return on Operating Assets ¼ Operating Income Average Operating Assets Operating Operating DuPont Return on Operating Assets ¼ Income Asset Margin Turnover Sales to Fixed Assets ¼ Net Sales Average Net Fixed Assets ðExclude Construction in ProgressÞ Net Income Before Noncontrolling Interest and Nonrecurring Items þ ½ðInterest ExpenseÞ3ð1 À Tax Rateފ Return on Investment ¼ Average (Long-Term Liabilities + Equity) Net Income Before Nonrecurring ItemsÀ Dividends on Redeemable Preferred Stock Return on Total Equity ¼ Average Total Equity Return on Common Equity ¼ Gross Profit Margin ¼ Net Income Before Nonrecurring Items À Preferred Dividends Average Common Equity Gross Profit Net Sales Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part ... including financial, managerial, tax, cost, and financial analysis Professor Gibson has taught seminars on financial analysis to financial executives, bank commercial loan officers, lawyers, and others... Introduction to Financial Reporting Chapter Introduction to Financial Statements and Other Financial Reporting Topics 46 Chapter Balance Sheet 89 Chapter Income Statement 147 Chapter Basics of Analysis. .. 186 Chapter Basics of Analysis 187 RATIO ANALYSIS 187 COMMON-SIZE ANALYSIS (VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL) 188 YEAR-TO-YEAR CHANGE ANALYSIS 188 FINANCIAL STATEMENT VARIATION BY TYPE OF INDUSTRY 188