Quick study computer c++ guide 600dpi

This Chart Assumes That All Readers: Data Types Escape Sequences Have a general understanding of programming languages • Understand the PC/Wintel environment In C++, a progammer must specify the type of informa­ tion (data) that is to be placed within the variable C++ has 16 designated data types: Declaration Name Data Type Description char Character unsigned char Unsigned character signed char Signed character (same as char) int Integer unsigned int Unsigned integer signed int Signed integer (same as int) short int Short integer unsigned short int Unsigned short integer signed short int Signed short integer (same as short int) Long integer (same as int) long long int Long integer (same as long) Signed long integer (same as long signed long int int) unsigned long int Unsigned long integer float Floating-point (Real) double Double floating-point (Real) long double Long double floating-point (Real) Data Type example: char ini tial; Each data type has a specific range of characters which it can occupy The table below explains each data type's range: Data Type Ranee char -128 to 127 unsigned char to 255 signed char -128 to 127 int -2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned int to 65535 signed int -2147483648 to 2147483647 short int -32768 to 32767 unsigned short int to 65535 signed short int -32768 to 32767 long int -2147483648 to 2147483647 signed long int -2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned long int to 4294967296 float -3.4E38 to 3.4E+38 double -1.7E308 to 1.7E+308 long double -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 float -1.7E + 308 to 1.7E+ 308 double -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 long double -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 An escape sequence informs the program that the fol­ lowing character(s) is (are) a special control character The backslash (\) operator represents an escape sequence The following characters may be for an ASCll character or for a special escape sequence char­ acter The following list displays all special escape sequence characters: Escape Sequence Alarm (a beep from the speaker) \a \b Backspace Form feed (new page on printer) \f New line (carriage return and \n line feed) Carriage return \r Tab \t Vertical tab \v Backslash (\ ) \\ Question mark \'1 \' Single quotation mark \" Double quotation mark \000 Octal number Hexadecimal number \xhh Terminator (or null zero) \0 The Programming Process These are the five simple steps to follow when devel­ oping a program: I Decide what the program's primary function will be Decide how the program will execute Develop the code properly Test the program Compile the program What is C++? • C++ is a programming language which evolved from C and was developed by AT&T in the 1980s It is a structured programming language designed to build large programs out of smaller programs The program is rather small with only 74 keywords, but it has one of the largest assortments of operators C++ does not have any input or output statements Instead, it has a library of standard VO functions allowing any computer or device that conforms to C++ standard to execute the program Note: This chart is based on a specific C+ + compil­ er There is no difference in coding between this com­ piler and all other marketed compilers Definitions Compiler: Converts code into low-level machine instruction Logic Error: An error difficult to find; the com­ puter cannot find them Literal: A constant value stated in the program Operator: Characters that perform specific functions Syntax Error: An error in the code stucture (i.e spelling) Variable: A defined value that holds changeable data Basic Lines of Code: There are at least six lines of code that will appear in every C++ Program: IIFilename: FILENAME.CPP IIComment about what it does #include using namespace std; void main () { cout « -Hello World.-; } Line 1: Designates the name of the file Line 2: Comment that gives a short explanation of what the file is for Line 3: A statement making reference to an existing library This statement asks the compiler to include the existing library in the compiling process This library can be one from the standard library or from a recent development Line 4: This is needed to make the 110 facilities available Line 5: The main ( ) function defines where the rest of the program will stem from The void before main () should be taken as a given, until a working knowledge of the program exists Note: main () is a junction Once it is defined another cannot be defined until the main () jimc­ tion ends Line and 8: The opening and closing braces for the entire program All coding for the main ( ) function will exist inside these braces Line 7: The only line that will anything when the file is executed It represents the code for main ( ) Comments Comments are placed to the right of a line of code They are designated by a II The comments arc used to explain what is happening within the program Adding Expressions to Variables Now that the variable has been designated as a specific data type, an expression is assigned to the variable An expression is assigned to a variable with the operator ' = ' The format of assignment looks like this: variable = expression; The expression can be assigned when defining the vari­ able or later in the program Constant variables are variables that cannot change dur­ ing the program To designate a variable as a constant, fol­ low this example: const int day = 5; The constant variable expression must be assigned when defining the variable Character Literals & String Literals C++ designates character literals as a single character between single quotation marks: 'I' If the character literal does not have single quotation marks around it, C++ will think the program is defining a variable C++ programs can define a variable with another variable For example: char initial; initial = 'A'; initial = firstLetter; A string literal is one or more characters between double quotation marks, i.e "mike." C++ places a null zero (\0) at the end of a string literal dur­ ing compiling to designate the end of the string If the null zero is not added, the string end and the program will not know where the string ends This is not necessarily a prob­ lem, but it may add memory space cout & cin cout and cin are defined in the 10STREAM.H When the 10STREAM.H library is included, 1I0s with cout and cin are possible cou t is for data output and c in is for data input They are pronounced "see out" and "see in." The insertion operator « ... operand in bytes new Dynamically allocates C++ storage delete Dynamically deallocates C++ storage type Typecast Member Access C++ class member dereference - >* C++ class member dereference Expression... relationship is false, the loop is ended The following example prints Quick Study times: int count = 0; while (count < 5) { cout « "Quick Study" « count++; end l ; for Loop for LOOps are more complicated... precedence: Precedence Level Symbol Description C++ scope access/resolution ( ) [] Function call Array subscript C++ indirect component selector C++ direct component selector -> Logical negation