Part I: BUSINESS, SOCIETY, AND STAKEHOLDERS. 1. The Business and Society Relationship. 2. Corporate Citizenship: Social Responsibility, Performance and Sustainability. 3. The Stakeholder Approach to Business, Society, and Ethics. Part II: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ISSUES. 4. Corporate Governance: Foundational Issues. 5. Strategic Management and Corporate Public Affairs. 6. Issue, Risk, and Crisis Management. Part III: BUSINESS ETHICS AND MANAGEMENT. 7. Business Ethics Fundamentals. 8. Personal and Organizational Ethics. 9. Business Ethics and Technology. 10. Ethical Issues in the Global Arena. Part IV: EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDER ISSUES. 11. Business, Government, and Regulation. 12. Business Influence on Government and Public Policy. 13. Consumer Stakeholders: Information Issues and Responses. 14. Consumer Stakeholders: Product and Service Issues. 15. Sustainability and the Natural Environment. 16. Business and Community Stakeholders. Part V: INTERNAL STAKEHOLDER ISSUES. 17. Employee Stakeholders and Workplace Issues. 18. Employee Stakeholders: Privacy, Safety, and Health. 19. Employment Discrimination and Affirmative Action. Cases.
© 2015 Cengage Learning Chapter 10 Ethical Issues in the Global Arena © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Outcomes Differentiate between the concepts of internationalization and globalization of business Explain the ethical challenges of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the global environment Summarize the key implications of the following ethical issues: infant formula controversy, Bhopal tragedy, sweatshops and human rights abuses, and the Alien Tort Claims Act Define corruption, differentiate between bribes and grease payments, and outline the major features of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Describe the growing anticorruption movement and the key players in this movement Identify and discuss strategies for improving global ethics © 2015 Cengage Learning Chapter Outline • Business Challenges in a Multinational Environment • Ethical Issues in the Global Business Environment • Improving Global Business Ethics • Summary • Key Terms © 2015 Cengage Learning Ethical Issues in the Global Business Environment • The growth of global business as a critical element in the world economy is one of the most important developments of the past half century • Characterized by a rapid growth of foreign direct investment in developing nations like China, India, and Russia • In less-developed countries (LDCs), because there are no government regulations, the temptation is to lower or reject standards • The expanded marketplace has been called the transnational economy © 2015 Cengage Learning Business Challenges in a Multinational Environment • A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) seeks to be accepted into an unfamiliar society Two major challenges: Achieving corporate legitimacy in an unfamiliar society Differing philosophies between MNCs and host countries © 2015 Cengage Learning The Dilemma of the Multinational Corporation Home Country Stakeholder Pressures Standards Practices Host Country Stakeholder Pressures The Multinational Corporation Standards Practices Ethics Ethics Laws Laws Culture Culture Customs Customs System of Government System of Government Socioeconomic System Socioeconomic System © 2015 Cengage Learning Ethical Issues in the Global Business Environment © 2015 Cengage Learning Questionable Marketing and Plant Safety Practices Infant Formula Controversy•Nestle mass-marketed infant formula to poor mothers in tropical LDCs, knowing the health risks •As a result, there was a dramatic increase in infant malnourishment and sickness Bhopal plant crisis – •Union Carbide’s plant safety practices led to the “worst industrial accident in history,” killing more than 2,000 people, and injuring 200,000 others The lack of regulation in LDCs is a temptation to lower or reject standards used in the firm’s home country © 2015 Cengage Learning Sweatshops, Human Rights, and Labor Abuses of 2) • • MNCs’ use of women and children to cheaply staff factories Many major corporations and many countries have been involved Sweatshops • Characterized by child labor, low pay, poor working conditions, worker exploitation, and health and safety violations • Increased scrutiny of sweatshop practices in recent years © 2015 Cengage Learning 10 Sweatshops, Human Rights, and Labor Abuses (2 of 2) Social Accountability 8000 (SA8000) – An effort to improve sweatshop conditions created by Social Accountability International (SAI): 1.Child Labor 2.Forced Labor 3.Health and Safety 4.Freedom of Association & Collective Bargaining 5.Discrimination 6.Discipline 7.Working Hours 8.Compensation 9.Management Systems © 2015 Cengage Learning 11 Alien Tort Claims Act and Human Rights Violations Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) •Efforts to sue transnational companies for violations of international law in countries outside the U.S •Efforts by foreign individuals to sue U.S firms in U.S courts for the actions of their companies abroad In 2013, the U.S Supreme Court held that the law cannot be applied to actions that take place overseas, but only to actions which take place in the United States © 2015 Cengage Learning 12 Corruption, Bribery, and Questionable Payments Corruption - attempts to influence the outcomes of decisions wherein the nature and extent of the influence are not made public Bribery - the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage Questionable payments – those not easily categorized; they may be “grease” payments (allowed), or bribes (not permitted) © 2015 Cengage Learning 13 Corruption Instances of corruption •Bribery of government officials •Giving of questionable political contributions •Misuse of company assets for political favors •Kickbacks and protection money for police •Free junkets for government officials •Secret price-fixing agreements •Insider dealing, and more © 2015 Cengage Learning 14 Arguments For and Against Bribery © 2015 Cengage Learning 15 Bribes or Grease Payments? Grease Payments - •Relatively small sums of money given to minor officials for the purpose of getting them to: • Do what they are supposed to be doing • Do what they are supposed to be doing faster • Do what they are supposed to be doing better Bribes • • Relatively large amounts of money given for the purpose of influencing officials to make decisions or take actions that they otherwise might not Money given, often to high-ranking officials, to get them to purchase goods or services © 2015 Cengage Learning 16 Initiatives Against Bribery © 2015 Cengage Learning 17 Improving Global Business Ethics • Business ethics is much more complex at the global level than at the domestic level • Complexity arises from the fact that a wide variety of value systems, stakeholders, cultures, forms of government and socioeconomic conditions and standards of ethical behavior exist throughout the world • Because the U.S and European MNCs have played such a leadership role, these firms have a heavy responsibility © 2015 Cengage Learning 18 Balancing & Reconciling the Ethics Traditions of Home & Host Countries The Challenge of the Multinational Corporation Home Country Ethical Standards OR © 2015 Cengage Learning Host Country Ethical Standards 19 Ethical Choices in Home vs Host Country Situations International Law Global Codes of Conduct ETHICAL IMPERIALISM Home Country • Cultural standards • Ethical/moral standards of home country BROAD MIDDLE GROUND Mix of Home and Host Country Standards CULTURAL RELATIVISM Host Country • Cultural standards • Ethical/moral standards of host country Application of Ethical Principles © 2015 Cengage Learning 20 Strategies for Improving Global Business Ethics Four major strategies that could help MNCs conduct global business while maintaining ethics: 1.Create global codes of conduct 2.Link ethics with global strategy 3.Suspension of business activities in certain countries 4.Create ethical impact statements and audits © 2015 Cengage Learning 21 Corporate Action Against Corruption Five vital steps for an anticorruption program: 1.High-level commitment by top management 2.Detailed statements of policies and operating procedures 3.Training and discussion of policies and procedures 4.Hotlines and help lines for all organizational members 5.Investigative follow-up, reporting, and disclosure © 2015 Cengage Learning 22 Key Terms (1 of 2) • Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) • Anticorruption movement • Bhopal tragedy • Bribe Payers’ Index (BPI) • Bribery • Caux Roundtable Principles • Corruption • Corruption Perception Index (CPI) • Cultural relativism • Ethical impact statements • Ethical imperialism • Fair Labor Association (FLA) • Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) • GBS Codex • Grease payments • Hypernorms • Infant formula controversy © 2015 Cengage Learning 23 Key Terms (2 of 2) • Internationalization • Less-developed countries (LDCs) • Multinational corporations (MNCs) • offshoring • Outsourcing • Social Accountability International (SAI) • Sweatshops • Transparency International (TE) • UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) • UN Global Compact © 2015 Cengage Learning 24 [...]... Cengage Learning 17 Improving Global Business Ethics • Business ethics is much more complex at the global level than at the domestic level • Complexity arises from the fact that a wide variety of value systems, stakeholders, cultures, forms of government and socioeconomic conditions and standards of ethical behavior exist throughout the world • Because the U.S and European MNCs have played such a leadership... GROUND Mix of Home and Host Country Standards CULTURAL RELATIVISM Host Country • Cultural standards • Ethical/moral standards of host country Application of Ethical Principles © 2015 Cengage Learning 20 Strategies for Improving Global Business Ethics Four major strategies that could help MNCs conduct global business while maintaining ethics: 1.Create global codes of conduct 2.Link ethics with global... strategy 3.Suspension of business activities in certain countries 4.Create ethical impact statements and audits © 2015 Cengage Learning 21 Corporate Action Against Corruption Five vital steps for an anticorruption program: 1.High-level commitment by top management 2.Detailed statements of policies and operating procedures 3.Training and discussion of policies and procedures 4.Hotlines and help lines for... Balancing & Reconciling the Ethics Traditions of Home & Host Countries The Challenge of the Multinational Corporation Home Country Ethical Standards OR © 2015 Cengage Learning Host Country Ethical Standards 19 Ethical Choices in Home vs Host Country Situations International Law Global Codes of Conduct ETHICAL IMPERIALISM Home Country • Cultural standards • Ethical/moral standards of home country BROAD... Rights, and Labor Abuses (2 of 2) Social Accountability 8000 (SA8000) – An effort to improve sweatshop conditions created by Social Accountability International (SAI): 1.Child Labor 2.Forced Labor 3.Health and Safety 4.Freedom of Association & Collective Bargaining 5.Discrimination 6.Discipline 7.Working Hours 8.Compensation 9 .Management Systems © 2015 Cengage Learning 11 Alien Tort Claims Act and Human... officials •Giving of questionable political contributions •Misuse of company assets for political favors •Kickbacks and protection money for police •Free junkets for government officials •Secret price-fixing agreements •Insider dealing, and more © 2015 Cengage Learning 14 Arguments For and Against Bribery © 2015 Cengage Learning 15 Bribes or Grease Payments? Grease Payments - •Relatively small sums... applied to actions that take place overseas, but only to actions which take place in the United States © 2015 Cengage Learning 12 Corruption, Bribery, and Questionable Payments Corruption - attempts to influence the outcomes of decisions wherein the nature and extent of the influence are not made public Bribery - the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage Questionable... 2.Detailed statements of policies and operating procedures 3.Training and discussion of policies and procedures 4.Hotlines and help lines for all organizational members 5.Investigative follow-up, reporting, and disclosure © 2015 Cengage Learning 22 Key Terms (1 of 2) • Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) • Anticorruption movement • Bhopal tragedy • Bribe Payers’ Index (BPI) • Bribery • Caux Roundtable Principles ... Cultural standards • Ethical/moral standards of home country BROAD MIDDLE GROUND Mix of Home and Host Country Standards CULTURAL RELATIVISM Host Country • Cultural standards • Ethical/moral standards... the Global Business Environment • Improving Global Business Ethics • Summary • Key Terms © 2015 Cengage Learning Ethical Issues in the Global Business Environment • The growth of global business. .. Improving Global Business Ethics • Business ethics is much more complex at the global level than at the domestic level • Complexity arises from the fact that a wide variety of value systems, stakeholders,