Rocks and Minerals • Atoms, Elements, Isotopes, Ions, and Compounds • Minerals–General • Types of Minerals • Rocks Minerals- the building blocks • • • • Atomic Structure Elements and Isotopes Ions Compounds Rocks and Minerals • Minerals Defined • Identifying Characteristics of Minerals • Other Physical Properties of Minerals Halite Crystal Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer Galena Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer Fluorite Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer Halite Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer Definition of a Mineral “A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure.” Mineral Characteristics • Chemical composition – Diamond = graphite (both are pure carbon) • Crystal structure – Diamond ≠ graphite Cubic Structure of Halite Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer The Rock Cycle • Igneous Rocks – – – – Formed by the crystallization of magma Usually made up of silicate minerals Plutonic: solidified inside Earth (granite) Volcanic: solidified on Earths surface (lava) Granite, a Plutonic Rock Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery Obsidian, Volcanic Glass Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer Basalt, a Volcanic Rock Source:Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery Porphyry, an Igneous Rock Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer The Rock Cycle • Sedimentary Rocks – Chemical precipitation • Limestone (carbonate), chert – Clastic sedimentation • Sandstone, shale, conglomerate Limestone Source: Photograph by I.J W itkind, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO Shale Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer Sandstone Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer Conglomerate Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery The Rock Cycle • Metamorphic Rocks – Changed form – Heat, pressure, fluids – Metamorphism: contact vs regional Marble Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery Quartzite Source: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer Schist Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery Gneiss Figure 2.12D 2-19 Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery [...]... elements Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, C Rocks • • • • • The Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks The Rock Cycle Revisited Definition of a Rock • A solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals or mineral materials • Important for construction • Geologic history The Rock Cycle • Earth as a constantly changing system • Plate tectonics • 3 types of rocks on Earth – Igneous –... the surface ‘sheen’ • Color is not a good property for i.d – Corundum (Al2O3) Minerals: two groups • Silicates (Si + O ± other elements) – – – – – – – All built with ‘silicon tetrahedra’ 4 O atoms, 1 Si atom, 4- charge Quartz, feldspars Olivine (peridot) ferromagnesian (Fe, Mg) Asbestos Micas Clays (tropical weathering) Minerals: non-silicates • Nonsilicates Example – Carbonates (CO3): calcite – Sulfates... Rock Cycle • Earth as a constantly changing system • Plate tectonics • 3 types of rocks on Earth – Igneous – Sedimentary – Metamorphic The Rock Cycle • Igneous Rocks – – – – Formed by the crystallization of magma Usually made up of silicate minerals Plutonic: solidified inside Earth (granite) Volcanic: solidified on Earths surface (lava) Granite, a Plutonic Rock Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery... photographer Basalt, a Volcanic Rock Source:Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery Porphyry, an Igneous Rock Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer The Rock Cycle • Sedimentary Rocks – Chemical precipitation • Limestone (carbonate), chert – Clastic sedimentation • Sandstone, shale, conglomerate Limestone Source: Photograph by I.J W itkind, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO Shale... Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer Sandstone Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer Conglomerate Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery The Rock Cycle • Metamorphic Rocks – Changed form – Heat, pressure, fluids – Metamorphism: contact vs regional Marble Source: Courtesy of Carla W Montgomery Quartzite Source: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer