eleventh edition organizational behavior stephen p robbins Chapter Personality and Emotions ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E N P R O B B I N S E L E V E N T H © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E D I T I O N WWW.PRENHALL.COM/ROBBINS PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook OBJECTIVES LEARNING After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the factors that determine an individual’s personality Describe the MBTI personality framework Identify the key traits in the Big Five personality model Explain the impact of job typology on the personality/job performance relationship Differentiate emotions from moods Contrast felt versus displayed emotions © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–3 Explain gender-differences in emotions Describe external constraints on emotions Apply concepts on emotions to OB issues LEARNING O B J E C T I V E S (cont’d) After studying this chapter, you should be able to: © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–4 What What is is Personality? Personality? Personality The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others Personality Traits Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior Personality Personality Determinants Determinants • •Heredity Heredity • •Environment Environment • •Situation Situation © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–5 The The Myers-Briggs Myers-Briggs Type Type Indicator Indicator Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into of 16 personality types Personality PersonalityTypes Types • •Extroverted Extrovertedvs vs.Introverted Introverted(E (Eor orI)I) • •Sensing Sensingvs vs.Intuitive Intuitive(S (Sor orN) N) • •Thinking Thinkingvs vs.Feeling Feeling(T (Tor orF) F) • •Judging Judgingvs vs.Perceiving Perceiving(P (Por orJ)J) © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–6 MyersMyersBriggs Briggs Sixteen Sixteen Primary Primary Traits Traits © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–7 The The Big Big Five Five Model Model of of Personality Personality Dimensions Dimensions Extroversion Sociable, gregarious, and assertive Agreeableness Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting Conscientiousness Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized Emotional Stability Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative) Openness to Experience Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–8 Major Major Personality Personality Attributes Attributes Influencing Influencing OB OB Locus of control Machiavellianism Self-esteem Self-monitoring Risk taking Type A personality © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–9 Locus Locus of of Control Control Locus of Control The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate Internals Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them Externals Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–10 Holland’s Holland’s Typology Typologyof of Personality Personality and and Congruent Congruent Occupations Occupations © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 4–2 E X H I B I T 4–2 4–17 Relationships Relationships among among Occupational Occupational Personality Personality Types Types © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Source: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., from Making Vocational Choices, copyright 1973, 1985, 1992 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 4–3 E X H I B I T 4–3 4–18 EmotionsEmotions- Why Why Emotions Emotions Were Were Ignored Ignored in in OB OB The “myth of rationality” – Organizations are not emotion-free Emotions of any kind are disruptive to organizations – Original OB focus was solely on the effects of strong negative emotions that interfered with individual and organizational efficiency © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–19 What What Are Are Emotions? Emotions? Affect Affect AAbroad broadrange rangeof ofemotions emotions that thatpeople people experience experience Emotions Emotions Intense Intensefeelings feelingsthat thatare are directed directedat atsomeone someoneor or something something © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Moods Moods Feelings Feelingsthat thattend tendto tobe be less lessintense intensethan than emotions emotionsand andthat thatlack lackaa contextual contextualstimulus stimulus 4–20 What What Are Are Emotions? Emotions? (cont’d) (cont’d) Emotional Labor A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions Emotional Dissonance A situation in which an employee must project one emotion while simultaneously feeling another © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–21 Felt Felt versus versus Displayed Displayed Emotions Emotions Felt Emotions An individual’s actual emotions Displayed Emotions Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–22 Emotion Emotion Continuum Continuum The closer any two emotions are to each other on the continuum, the more likely people are to confuse them © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Source: Based on R.D Woodworth, Experimental Psychology (New York: Holt, 1938) E X H I B I T 4–4 E X H I B I T 4–4 4–23 Emotion Emotion Dimensions Dimensions Variety of emotions – Positive – Negative Intensity of emotions – Personality – Job Requirements Frequency and duration of emotions – How often emotions are exhibited – How long emotions are displayed © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–24 Gender Gender and and Emotions Emotions Women – – – – – Can show greater emotional expression Experience emotions more intensely Display emotions more frequently Are more comfortable in expressing emotions Are better at reading others’ emotions Men – Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the male image – Are innately less able to read and to identify with others’ emotions – Have less need to seek social approval by showing © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc positive emotions All rights reserved 4–25 External External Constraints Constraints on on Emotions Emotions Organizational Organizational Influences Influences Cultural Cultural Influences Influences Individual Individual Emotions Emotions © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–26 Affective Affective Events Events Theory Theory (AET) (AET) Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work environment event – Personality and mood determine the intensity of the emotional response – Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance and job satisfaction variables Implications of the theory: – Individual response reflects emotions and mood cycles – Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction – Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfaction – Emotions have only short-term effects on job performance – Both negative and positive emotions can distract workers andPrentice reduce job 2005 Hallperformance Inc © All rights reserved 4–27 Affective Affective Events Events Theory Theory (AET) (AET) © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Source: Based on N.M Ashkanasy and C.S Daus, “Emotion in the Workplace: The New Challenge for Managers,” Academy of Management Executive, February 2002, p 77 E X H I B I T 4–5 E X H I B I T 4–5 4–28 OB OB Applications Applications of of Understanding Understanding Emotions Emotions Ability and Selection – Emotions affect employee effectiveness Decision Making – Emotions are an important part of the decision-making process in organizations Motivation – Emotional commitment to work and high motivation are strongly linked Leadership – Emotions are important to acceptance of messages from organizational leaders © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–29 OB OB Applications… Applications… (cont’d) (cont’d) Interpersonal Conflict – Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are strongly intertwined Customer Services – Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers which, in turn, affects customer relationships Deviant Workplace Behaviors – Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that violate norms and threaten the organization) • Productivity failures • Property theft and destruction • Political actions PersonalHall aggression 2005• Prentice Inc © All rights reserved 4–30 Ability Ability and and Selection Selection Emotional Intelligence An assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Emotional EmotionalIntelligence Intelligence(EI) (EI) –– Self-awareness Self-awareness –– Self-management Self-management –– Self-motivation Self-motivation –– Empathy Empathy –– Social Socialskills skills Research ResearchFindings Findings –– High HighEI EIscores, scores,not nothigh high IQ IQscores, scores,characterize characterize high highperformers performers 4–31 [...]... Variety of emotions – Positive – Negative Intensity of emotions – Personality – Job Requirements Frequency and duration of emotions – How often emotions are exhibited – How long emotions are displayed © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–24 Gender Gender and and Emotions Emotions Women – – – – – Can show greater emotional expression Experience emotions more intensely Display emotions. .. obstacles © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–15 Achieving Achieving Person-Job Person-Job Fit Fit Personality- Job Fit Theory (Holland) Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover Personality PersonalityTypes Types ••Realistic Realistic ••Investigative Investigative ••Social Social ••Conventional... rights reserved 4–21 Felt Felt versus versus Displayed Displayed Emotions Emotions Felt Emotions An individual’s actual emotions Displayed Emotions Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–22 Emotion Emotion Continuum Continuum The closer any two emotions are to each other on the continuum, the more likely people... Artistic © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–16 Holland’s Holland’s Typology Typologyof of Personality Personality and and Congruent Congruent Occupations Occupations © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 4–2 E X H I B I T 4–2 4–17 Relationships Relationships among among Occupational Occupational Personality Personality Types Types © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved... in expressing emotions Are better at reading others’ emotions Men – Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the male image – Are innately less able to read and to identify with others’ emotions – Have less need to seek social approval by showing © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc positive emotions All rights reserved 4–25 External External Constraints Constraints on on Emotions Emotions Organizational... variables Implications of the theory: – Individual response reflects emotions and mood cycles – Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction – Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfaction – Emotions have only short-term effects on job performance – Both negative and positive emotions can distract workers andPrentice reduce job 2005 Hallperformance Inc © All rights reserved 4–27... reserved Source: Based on N.M Ashkanasy and C.S Daus, “Emotion in the Workplace: The New Challenge for Managers,” Academy of Management Executive, February 2002, p 77 E X H I B I T 4–5 E X H I B I T 4–5 4–28 OB OB Applications Applications of of Understanding Understanding Emotions Emotions Ability and Selection – Emotions affect employee effectiveness Decision Making – Emotions are an important part of... Are Emotions? Emotions? Affect Affect AAbroad broadrange rangeof ofemotions emotions that thatpeople people experience experience Emotions Emotions Intense Intensefeelings feelingsthat thatare are directed directedat atsomeone someoneor or something something © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Moods Moods Feelings Feelingsthat thattend tendto tobe be less lessintense intensethan than emotions. .. Influences Individual Individual Emotions Emotions © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–26 Affective Affective Events Events Theory Theory (AET) (AET) Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work environment event – Personality and mood determine the intensity of the emotional response – Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance and job satisfaction variables Implications... pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means Conditions ConditionsFavoring FavoringHigh HighMachs Machs ••Direct Directinteraction interaction ••Minimal Minimalrules rulesand andregulations regulations • Emotions Emotionsdistract distractfor forothers others © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 4–11 Self-Esteem Self-Esteem and and Self-Monitoring Self-Monitoring