OB11 chapter 2 foundations of individual behavior

eleventh edition organizational behavior stephen p robbins Chapter Foundations of Individual Behavior ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E N P R O B B I N S E L E V E N T H © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E D I T I O N WWW.PRENHALL.COM/ROBBINS PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook OBJECTIVES LEARNING After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Define the key biographical characteristics Identify two types of ability Shape the behavior of others Distinguish between the four schedules of reinforcement Clarify the role of punishment in learning Practice self-management © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–3 Biographical Biographical Characteristics Characteristics Biographical Characteristics Personal characteristics—such as age, gender, and marital status—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–4 Ability, Ability, Intellect, Intellect, and and Intelligence Intelligence Ability An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job Intellectual Ability The capacity to mental activities Multiple Intelligences Intelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–5 Dimensions Dimensions of of Intellectual Intellectual Ability Ability ••Number Numberaptitude aptitude ••Verbal Verbalcomprehension comprehension ••Perceptual Perceptualspeed speed ••Inductive Inductivereasoning reasoning ••Deductive Deductivereasoning reasoning ••Spatial Spatialvisualization visualization ••Memory Memory © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 2–1 E X H I B I T 2–1 2–6 Physical Physical Abilities Abilities Physical Abilities The capacity to tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–7 Nine Nine Physical Physical Abilities Abilities Strength StrengthFactors Factors 1.1.Dynamic Dynamicstrength strength 2.2.Trunk Trunkstrength strength 3.3.Static Staticstrength strength 4.4.Explosive Explosivestrength strength Other OtherFactors Factors 7.7.Body Bodycoordination coordination 8.8.Balance Balance 9.9.Stamina StaminaHall 2005 Prentice © All rights reserved Inc Flexibility FlexibilityFactors Factors 5.5.Extent Extentflexibility flexibility 6.6.Dynamic Dynamicflexibility flexibility Source: Adapted from HRMagazine published by the Society for Human Resource Management, Alexandria, VA E X H I B I T 2–2 E X H I B I T 2–2 2–8 The The Ability-Job Ability-Job Fit Fit Employee’s Abilities Ability-Job Fit © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Job’s Ability Requirements 2–9 Learning Learning Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience Learning Learning ••Involves Involveschange change ••Is Isrelatively relativelypermanent permanent ••Is Isacquired acquiredthrough throughexperience experience © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–10 Theories Theories of of Learning Learning Classical Conditioning A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response Key KeyConcepts Concepts ••Unconditioned Unconditionedstimulus stimulus ••Unconditioned Unconditionedresponse response ••Conditioned Conditionedstimulus stimulus ••Conditioned response Conditioned response © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–11 © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Source: The Far Side ® by Gary Larson © 1993 Far Works, Inc All rights reserved Used with permission E X H I B I T 2–3 E X H I B I T 2–3 2–12 Theories Theories of of Learning Learning (cont’d) (cont’d) Operant Conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment Key KeyConcepts Concepts ••Reflexive Reflexive(unlearned) (unlearned)behavior behavior ••Conditioned Conditioned(learned) (learned)behavior behavior ••Reinforcement Reinforcement © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–13 Theories Theories of of Learning Learning (cont’d) (cont’d) Social-Learning Theory People can learn through observation and direct experience Key KeyConcepts Concepts ••Attentional Attentionalprocesses processes ••Retention Retentionprocesses processes ••Motor Motorreproduction reproductionprocesses processes ••Reinforcement Reinforcementprocesses processes © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–14 Theories Theories of of Learning Learning (cont’d) (cont’d) Shaping Behavior Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response Key KeyConcepts Concepts ••Reinforcement Reinforcementisisrequired requiredto tochange changebehavior behavior ••Some Somerewards rewardsare aremore moreeffective effectivethan thanothers others ••The Thetiming timingof ofreinforcement reinforcementaffects affectslearning learning speed speedand andpermanence permanence © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–15 Types Types of of Reinforcement Reinforcement  Positive reinforcement – Providing a reward for a desired behavior  Negative reinforcement – Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs  Punishment – Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior  Extinction – Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–16 Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–17 Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement (cont’d) (cont’d) Fixed-Interval Schedule Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–18 Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement (cont’d) (cont’d) Fixed-ratio © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 2–4 E X H I B I T 2–4 2–19 Intermittent Intermittent Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 2–5 E X H I B I T 2–5 2–20 Intermittent Intermittent Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement (cont’d) (cont’d) © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 2–5 (cont’d) E X H I B I T 2–5 (cont’d) 2–21 Behavior Behavior Modification Modification OB Mod The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting Five FiveStep StepProblem-Solving Problem-SolvingModel Model 1.1 Identify Identifycritical criticalbehaviors behaviors 2 Develop Developbaseline baselinedata data 3.3 Identify Identifybehavioral behavioralconsequences consequences 4.4 Develop Developand andapply applyintervention intervention Evaluate performance Evaluate performanceimprovement improvement © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–22 OB OB MOD MOD Organizational Organizational Applications Applications  Well Pay versus Sick Pay – Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence  Employee Discipline – The use of punishment can be counter-productive  Developing Training Programs – OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness  Self-management – Reduces the need for external management control © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2–23 [...]... (cont’d) (cont’d) Fixed-ratio © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 2 4 E X H I B I T 2 4 2 19 Intermittent Intermittent Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved E X H I B I T 2 5 E X H I B I T 2 5 2 20 Intermittent Intermittent Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement (cont’d) (cont’d) © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All... reserved E X H I B I T 2 5 (cont’d) E X H I B I T 2 5 (cont’d) 2 21 Behavior Behavior Modification Modification OB Mod The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting Five FiveStep StepProblem-Solving Problem-SolvingModel Model 1.1 Identify Identifycritical criticalbehaviors behaviors 2 2 Develop Developbaseline baselinedata data 3.3 Identify Identifybehavioral behavioralconsequences... eliminate an undesirable behavior  Extinction – Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 16 Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating... 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 11 © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved Source: The Far Side ® by Gary Larson © 1993 Far Works, Inc All rights reserved Used with permission E X H I B I T 2 3 E X H I B I T 2 3 2 12 Theories Theories of of Learning Learning (cont’d) (cont’d) Operant Conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents... time it is demonstrated © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 17 Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement (cont’d) (cont’d) Fixed-Interval Schedule Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 18 Schedules Schedules of of Reinforcement Reinforcement... Reinforcementprocesses processes © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 14 Theories Theories of of Learning Learning (cont’d) (cont’d) Shaping Behavior Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response Key KeyConcepts Concepts ••Reinforcement Reinforcementisisrequired requiredto tochange changebehavior behavior ••Some Somerewards rewardsare... others ••The Thetiming timingof ofreinforcement reinforcementaffects affectslearning learning speed speedand andpermanence permanence © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 15 Types Types of of Reinforcement Reinforcement  Positive reinforcement – Providing a reward for a desired behavior  Negative reinforcement – Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs  Punishment... leads to a reward or prevents a punishment Key KeyConcepts Concepts ••Reflexive Reflexive(unlearned) (unlearned )behavior behavior ••Conditioned Conditioned(learned) (learned )behavior behavior ••Reinforcement Reinforcement © 20 05 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 13 Theories Theories of of Learning Learning (cont’d) (cont’d) Social-Learning Theory People can learn through observation and direct...Theories Theories of of Learning Learning Classical Conditioning A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response Key KeyConcepts Concepts ••Unconditioned Unconditionedstimulus stimulus ••Unconditioned Unconditionedresponse response ••Conditioned Conditionedstimulus stimulus ••Conditioned response Conditioned response © 20 05 Prentice... intervention 5 Evaluate performance Evaluate performanceimprovement improvement © 20 05 5 Prentice Hall Inc All rights reserved 2 22 OB OB MOD MOD Organizational Organizational Applications Applications  Well Pay versus Sick Pay – Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence  Employee Discipline – The use of punishment can be counter-productive  Developing Training Programs – OB MOD methods