CLOZE TESTS (20) C1 We’ve just come back exhausted after a two-week holiday in France We were really exhausted On the last day, we drove non-stop from Marseille to Calais –we should have (1) _our journey in Lyon or Paris As if that wasn’t enough, the sea was so rough in the English Channel that the (2) _ took three hours instead of one and a half Next year, we plan to book a cheap (3) _holiday to Italy It sounds marvellous — the cost of the flight, the hotel and all our meals are (4) _ in the price While we’re in Rome, we’ll be going on a guided (5) _ to Coliseum The last time I was (6) _ Italy, I was in a business (7) _ I couldn’t see many of the famous tourist (8) _on that occasion, but my wife was really interested (9) _ Italy We have work hard these years to save money for the next trips in the (10) _ years C2 According (1) _computer models that were used to estimate the running speeds of dinosaurs, the Tyrannosaurus Rex would have been able to outrun a footballer The study shows that the dinosaur could reach a top (2) _of metres a second, which is (3) _faster than the average professional footballer There has been a lot of controversy (4) _whether the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator or a scavenger; some believe that its highly developed sense of smell indicates that it was a scavenger, (5) _others say that its keen eyesight shows that it was a hunter The (6) _group will appreciate the recent study, as a hunter is more (7) _to require such speed The University of Manchester study used a powerful supercomputer to calculate the running speeds of five meat-eating dinosaurs and used data taken (8) _ from dinosaur fossils, (9) _than referring to previous work on (10) _animals C3 In 1993, Greg Mortenson took a (1) _to Pakistan to climb K2, the second tallest mountain in the world On his way down the mountain, he got lost Food and water were (2) _, but Mr Mortenson found a small village The people there saw that he was (3) and helped him While in the village, Mr Mortenson watched the children write in the dirt for their school lessons The village did not have money to build a school or (4) a teacher Before he left, Mr Mortenson (5) to return to the village and help them build a school Mr Mortenson returned to the US and wrote to many (6) people That idea did not work very well, but (7) enough people heard about Mr Mortenson's plan and helped him That was the beginning of the Central Asia Institute, an organization that has (8) in building or helping to build more than 130 schools in small villages in Pakistan and Afghanistan With the help of (9) David Relin, Mr Mortenson wrote the famous book Three Cups of Tea Some people have criticized him, however, Mr Mortenson was given an (10) _in 2009 by the government of Pakistan for his work in that country C4 Beijing is the capital city of the People’s Federal Republic of China “Beijing” comes from the Chinese words “northern” and “capital” and follows a(n) (1) _East Asian tradition of naming capital cities literally Other similarly named cities (2) _Nanjing in Southern China which means “southern capital”, and Tokyo in Japan, which means “eastern capital” Beijing is the political and cultural (3) _of China and is world-famous for its many historical attractions Four million people visit Beijing each year to see (4) _such as the magnificent Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square and The Great Wall of China It is also one of the world’s great modem metropolises and is (5) of 21st century vitality Towering skyscrapers, huge shopping malls, and modem commercial areas are just as much a (6) _of modern-day Beijing In 2001, Beijing celebrated the news that it had been selected to (7) the 2008 Summer Olympics Hundreds of thousands of flag-waving Chinese poured into Beijing’s streets, singing and cheering Fireworks (8) _up the sky as the city rejoiced The morning after the (9) , the titles of all Beijing’s newspapers were printed in red — a special colour in Chinese (10) that is reserved for good and important news C5 Most people think that the capital of the (1) _world is Hollywood, in the (2) _ However, the real movie capital is Mumbai, in (3) _ Mumbai used to be known as Bombay, and the movie industry there is often called “Bollywood.” Bollywood makes twice as many movies each year as Hollywood — more than 1,000 movies a year The (4) _ from Bollywood are very different from those made by Hollywood studios For one thing, Bollywood movies are much (5) _than most Hollywood movies Most Bollywood movies are more than three hours long, and contain singing, dancing, action, adventure, mystery, and romance (but usually no kissing) Because Bollywood movies contain so many different features, this (6) _of movie is sometimes called a “masala” movie — “masala” is an Indian word for a mixture of spices Another big (7) _between Bollywood and Hollywood movies is the way the movies are made It takes much longer to make a movie in Hollywood than in Bollywood (8) _, filming may begin on a Bollywood movie before the script is even finished The director and writers can make (9) _the story while the movie is being made Sometimes they will even write the script by hand instead (10) _taking time to type it Bollywood actors are very popular and some are in such high demand that they may work on several movies at the same time C6 There is an old English (1) _, “Laughter is the best medicine” One person who certainly would have agreed with this is Norman Cousins Norman Cousins the editor of a magazine called Saturday Review for almost forty years He also wrote and (2) _about world peace and anti-nuclear and anti-war issues, traveling (3) _many different countries to share his ideas In the 1960s, after returning to the United States from a busy and tiring trip to Europe, Mr Cousins got sick He discovered he had a rare disease known as ankylosing spondylitis that caused the joints between his bones to (4) _ stiff In less than a week after he got (5) _, he could not stand Every move that he (6) _was painful He was not able to sleep at night The doctors told Mr Cousins that they did not (7) _how to cure his problem and he might never get over the illness Mr Cousins, however, refused to give (8) _hope Mr Cousins thought that the illness could be caused (9) _unhappy thoughts He did not want to (10) _medicine to cure himself Instead, he felt that happy thoughts or laughter might cure his illness C7 Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, (1) _really much more sophisticated than that of a computer Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of (2) _of view have all concluded that there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed Dr Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating (3) _brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of complex events in his subjects’ lives Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten (4) _many years suddenly emerged in detail The memory trace is the term for (5) _forms the internal representation of the specific information about the event stored in the memory Assumed to have been made by structural changes in (6) brain, the memory trace is not subject to direct observation but is rather a theoretical construct that is used to speculate about how information presented at a particular time can cause performance at a later time Most theories include the (7) of the memory trace as a variable in the degree of learning, retention, and retrieval possible for a memory One theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result (8) an almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of (9) _ Repeated references to the same information support recall Or, to say that another way, improved performance is the result of (10) _the chemical bonds in the memory C8 Psychologists generally (1) _memory into (2) _least two types, short-term and long-term memory, which combine (3) _form working memory Short-term memory contains what we are actively (4) _on at any particular time, but items are not retained longer (5) _twenty or thirty seconds without verbal rehearsal We use short-term (6) _when we look up a telephone number and repeat it to ourselves until we can place the call On the other (7) _, long-term memory can store facts, concepts, and experiences after we stop thinking (8) _them All conscious (9) _of information, as in problem solving for example, involves both short-term and long-term memory As we repeat, rehearse, and recycle information, the memory trace is strengthened, allowing that information to move (10) _ short-term memory to long-term memory C9 I have (1) to my hometown of Wilson Creek after an absence of 10 years So many things have changed around here When I left Wilson Creek, there (2) a small pond on the right as you left town They have filled in this pond and they have built a large shopping mall (3) A new post office has also been built just across from my old school There is a baseball (4) on the outskirts of Wilson Creek which has been changed (5) They have now added a new stand where probably a few thousand people could sit It looks really great The biggest changes have taken place (6) the downtown area They have pedestrianised the centre and you can't drive there anymore A European-style fountain has been (7) and (8) benches have also been added along with a grassy area and a new street cafe My street looks just the same as it always has but a public library has been built in the next street along There (9) to be a great park there but they have cut down all the trees which is a pity The library now has a large green area in front (10) it but it's not the same as when the park was there C10 Philology (1) _the traditional study of language, especially of written languages in their cultural settings Because philology (2) _with the relationship of languages, it is usually comparative; because these relationships evolve (3) _time, it is typically historical Languages (4) _ to change in the direction of greater diversity; one language tends to be superseded by several: a (5) _“dead” language preserves evidence of the earlier forms from which “living” languages developed The descendants of Latin have diverged to the point that, though Italian is related (6) _English, they are now foreign to each other as is their common “parent” to both Also cultures change the meaning and use of many words In English, piano is a keyboard (7) _; in Italian piano not only names the instrument, it also means “soft” as opposed to “loud” The original name for the instrument was pianoforte (soft-loud), because it was more (8) _of varying sound volume than instruments like the harpsichord that came before it The special meaning of the Italian phrase results from its (9) _context and the distinctive feature of the instrument it names But in English and other languages, we abbreviate it to piano The English word still (10) _the same instrument but the abbreviation discards “and loud" from the original Italian phrase and hence becomes a name and not a description C11 Edward Patrick Eagan was (1) _April 26, 1897, in Denver, Colorado, and his father died in a railroad accident when Eagan was only a year old He and his four brothers (2) _raised by his mother, who earned a small income from teaching foreign languages Inspired (3) _Frank Merriwell, the hero of a series of popular novels for boys, Eagan pursued an education for himself as well as an interest (4) _boxing He (5) _the University of Denver for a year before serving in the U.S Army as an artillery lieutenant during World War I After the war, he entered Yale University and, while studying there, won the U.S national amateur heavyweight boxing title He graduated from Yale in 1921, attended Harvard Law School, and received a Rhodes scholarship to the University of Oxford (6) _he received his A.M in 1928 While studying at Oxford, Eagan became (7) _first American to win the British amateur boxing championship Eagan won his first Olympic gold medal as a light heavyweight boxer (8) _the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium Eagan also fought at the 1924 Olympics in Paris as a heavyweight but failed to get a medal Though he had (9) _ the sport just three weeks before the competition, he managed to win a second gold medal as a member of the four-man bobsled team at the 1932 Olympics in Lake Placid, New York Thus he became the only athlete to (10) gold medals at both the Summer and Winter Olympics C12 Vitamins, taken in tiny doses, (1) _a major group of organic compounds that regulate the mechanisms by which the body converts food (2) _energy They should not be confused (3) _minerals, which are inorganic in their makeup Although in general the naming of vitamins followed the alphabetical order of their (4) _, the nomenclature of individual substances may appear to be somewhat random and disorganized Among the vitamins (5) _today, five are produced in the body Because the body produces (6) _quantities of some but not sill vitamins, they must be supplemented in the daily diet (7) _each vitamin has its specific designation and cannot be replaced by another compound, a lack of one vitamin can interfere with the processing of (8) _ When a lack of even one vitamin in a diet is continual, a vitamin deficiency may (9) _ The best way for an individual to ensure a necessary supply of vitamins is to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods and provides adequate quantities of all the compounds Some people take vitamin supplements, predominantly in the (10) _of tablets C13 What has caused these major changes? One reason (1) _economic necessity may be that the husband has (2) _his job and the wife must support the family Or even if the husband is working, some families say they can’t survive on only (3) _paycheck But probably a (4) _important influence has been the “women’s liberation movement” Women are being told in (5) _magazines and TV programs that “You can be successful on your own Don’t be satisfied with (6) _being a wife and mother Use your intelligence and talents to something bigger And you should be paid (7) much as a man.” (8) _doubt this movement has accomplished much good But it has also contributed to a selfish “me first” attitude that is breaking up many families Sometimes women (9) _are happy staying at home feel that working women look (10) them There are no easy answers to these problems But certainly women’s influence will continue to grow in business, education and politics C14 Leisure is generally seen as an (1) which takes place outside (2) _ hours The peak leisure time for most people is between 6.00 pm and 12.00 am, although in recent years there has been an increase in people working (3) hours and shifts, together with more "flexitime" Leisure is often thought of purely as a (4) activity, i.e playing sport Although many people use their (5) time in this way, there are plenty of other leisure opportunities that are more (6) in nature, such as of one's life- watching television or sunbathing on a beach It is important to realise that leisure can embrace a whole range of experiences and activities, although personal choice may be limited due to factors such as age or provision of local (7) _ The leisure emphasis will normally change at different (8) _ cycle Different types of leisure (9) tend to be popular with varying age groups It's probably true, however, that some members of the older (10) are more capable of pursuing active pastimes than they are sometimes given credit for C15 Our journey to Greece began at six in the morning, when my family and I set off from the house in our old car We'd only gone a mile when we got a (1) tyre, and after we'd fixed that we had to hurry to the airport We (2) to reach the check-in just before it closed, then went through to the departure lounge Soon we were (3) _the plane, and looking forward to our week on an island in the sun I had a window seat, but since I was directly above the (4) I couldn't see much, so I asked the flight (5) if I could move to another seat She found me one nearer the front of the plane, and later on I had a wonderful (6) of the snow-covered mountains as we crossed over the Austrian Alps The weather became sunnier as we approached Greece, and our plane arrived right on (7) at Athens' very smart new airport Half an hour after we landed, we (8) the train for the centre of Athens, where we (9) _trains for the port of Piraeus It wasn't long before we were on the waterfront After a short wait we were on board our ferry and sailing out to sea It was a lovely trip, and when finally we reached our destination, the holiday was a (10) _come true C16 Right now, I am (1) _at a shelf full of relics, a collection of has-beens, oldtimers, antiques, fossils Right now, I am looking at a shelf full of books If you have some spare cash (the going rate is about $89) and (2) _looking to enhance your reading experience, then I highly suggest you consider (3) _an e-reader Ereaders are replacing the books of old, and I welcome them with open (4) _ If you haven't heard of an e-reader and (5) _ know what it is, then please permit the following explanation An e-reader is a device (6) _allows you to read ebooks An e-book is a book-length publication in digital (7) _, consisting of text, images, or both, and produced on, published through, and readable on computers or other electronic devices Sometimes the equivalent of a conventional (8) _book, e-books can also be born digital The Oxford Dictionary of English defines the e-book as "an electronic version of a printed book," but e-books can and exist without any printed equivalent So now you know what an e-reader is But you still may be wondering why they put printed books to shame E-readers are superior to printed books because they (9) _space, are (10) friendly, and provide helpful reading tips and tools that printed books not C17 Many of us are trying to think of new (1) to help the environment Groups which are involved in protecting the environment think they may have found a longterm (2) _ Most of the current ways of getting people involved in helping the environment mean that people have to (3) _a large organisation and they can sometimes feel the problem is too large or (4) _to manage A new (5) _is that groups are set up locally to deal with small issues that affect just the community they (6) _in It is hoped this will make people more (7) _ of the importance of helping Also, this plan means that each community works together by contributing (8) _the environment and this makes for a strong community If every community does this then organisers are (9) _the effect will be national The government may even offer some (10) _help for projects set up by these local groups The idea came from someone who thought that reducing the size of what we would actually be more productive Also, it should mean that helping becomes a pleasure rather than a chore C18 E-readers are superior (1) _printed books because they save space The average e-reader can store thousands of digital books, (2) _a veritable library at your fingertips Moreover, being the size and weight of a thin hardback, the e-reader (3) _is relatively petite It is easy to hold and can fit in a pocketbook or briefcase easily The average novel is about 300 pages (4) _ Therefore, if a novel is printed 1000 times, it will use 300,000 pieces of paper That's a lot of paper! If there are about 80,000 pieces of paper in a tree, this means it (5) _almost trees to make these 1000 books We know that the average bestseller sells about 20,000 copies per week That means that it takes over 300 trees each month to sustain this rate And for the super (6) _, these figures increase dramatically For example, the Harry Potter book series has sold over 450 million copies That's about million trees! Upon viewing these (7) _, it is not hard to grasp the (8) _impact of printed books on the environment Since e-readers use no trees, (9) _represent a impact significant amount of preservation in terms (10) _the environment and its resources C19 The latest blockbuster to hit our cinemas is an adventure film which was made (1) location in Spain The (2) is quite simple; a teenager discovers (3) _secret papers which show that the President is in danger Then she disappears! We interviewed the actress who (4) _the part of the teenager in the film, Juliet Roberts It (5) things did not always go well during the production First, Juliet nearly missed being in the film Apparently, a copy of the (6) , which the producer had sent her to read, got lost in the post Then, in the middle of filming, part of the background (7) _fell on a member of the camera (8) _ Luckily, the man was not seriously hurt but they had to (9) _ another cameraman to take his place at short notice Something even worse happened a few days later when the director slipped and broke his leg It (10) _him quite a long time to recover from the shock and he had to direct the final scenes of the film from his wheelchair C20 Mona (1) _ like to ask people for help But it is hard (2) _her to perform daily activities on her own She is almost 13, yet she is no larger than a 5-year-old Mona has trouble (3) _her balance and can’t walk very far When she uses a wheelchair, she can’t push it (4) _ Fortunately, Mona has a wonderful service dog (5) _Sam A service dog is a dog that has been trained to assist someone who has a physical problem Sam (6) _Mona lean on him when she walks He also pulls her wheelchair and turns lights on and off When Mona drops something, Sam picks it up He (7) _pulls her socks off at night Sam also helps Mona with everyday tasks at school He carries her books from class to class in a special backpack He puts Mona’s completed assignments in her teachers’ homework trays In the lunchroom he throws away her trash (8) _making Mona less dependent on other people, Sam helps her lead a fuller life Mona’s classmates flock around Sam like geese This has helped her (9) _friends Sam also helps Mona be more active With his aid, she raised over $500 in a walk-a-thon for her local society Because of Sam, Mona doesn’t have to ask people for help Sam brings her closer to other kids And he even helps her (10) _to her community