CHAPTER 19 Organization of the Body © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-2 Learning Outcomes 19.1 Describe body organization from simple to more complex levels 19.2 List the body organ systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each 19.3 Define the anatomical position and explain its importance 19.4 Use medical and anatomical terminology correctly © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 19.5 Name the body cavities and the organs contained in each 19.6 Explain the abdominal regions and quadrants 19.7 Explain why a basic understanding of chemistry is important in studying the body 19.8 Describe important molecules and compounds of the human body © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 19.9 Label the parts of a cell and list their functions 19.10 List and describe the ways substances move across a cell membrane 19.11 Describe the stages of cell division 19.12 Explain how mutations occur and what effects they may produce © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-5 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 19.13 Describe the uses of the genetic techniques, DNA fingerprinting, and the polymerase chain reaction 19.14 Describe the different patterns of inheritance 19.15 Describe the locations and characteristics of the four main tissue types 19.16 Describe the signs and symptoms of various genetic conditions © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-6 Introduction • Human body is complex in its structure and function • The body is organized from the chemical level all the way up to the organ system level You will also learn important terminology used in the clinical setting to describe body positions and parts © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-7 Study of the Body • Anatomy – Study of body structure – Normal position of body structures • Physiology – Study of function • Anatomy of the body allows it to function © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-8 Study of the Body (cont.) • Homeostasis – Relative consistency of the body’s internal environment – Body conditions must remain stable © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-9 Apply Your Knowledge True or False: T _ ANSWER: Anatomy is the study of structure F Physiology is the study of function and _ structure Physiology is the study of function T Homeostasis is the relative consistency of the _ body’s internal environment © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-10 Organization of the Body Organism (human) Levels of Organization Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecule Atom © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-54 Major Tissue Types • Epithelial tissue – Covering, lining, or gland – Tissue that covers the body and most organs • Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that make and secrete substances – Exocrine gland – secretes product into duct – Endocrine gland – secretes product directly into tissue fluid or blood – Lacks blood vessels, has a nerve supply, divides constantly – Function based on location © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-55 Major Tissue Types (cont.) • Connective tissue – Most abundant – Matrix separates the cells • • • Matter between cells of connective tissue Components vary Generally has a rich blood supply, except for cartilage © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-56 Connective Tissue • Blood – Plasma is matrix – Transports substances throughout the body • Osseous tissue (bone) – Matrix of mineral salts – Metabolically active • Cartilage – Matrix rigid – Gives shape to structures, protects ends of long bones, and forms discs between the vertebrae © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-57 Connective Tissue (cont.) • Dense connective tissue – Ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules – Dermis of skin • Adipose tissue – Adipocytes (fat cells) store fats – Stores energy – Insulates body © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-58 Muscle Tissue • Shortens and elongates • Contracts and relaxes • Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-59 Major Tissue Types (cont.) • Nervous tissue – Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves – Specializes to send impulses to neurons, muscles, and glands – Neurons – largest cells, transmit impulses – Neuroglial cells – smaller, more abundant, and act as support for neurons © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-60 Apply Your Knowledge What are the major tissue types? ANSWER: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue Impressive! © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-61 In Summary 19.1 The body organization levels, simplest to most complex, are chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism 19.2 The body organ systems include integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems, each with their particular set of organs and vessels to function in the capacities outlined within the chapter 19.3 In anatomic position, the body is erect, facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-62 In Summary (cont.) 19.4 Knowledge and use of anatomic and medical terminology is important for medical personnel to communicate with each other in a consistent manner 19.5 The dorsal cavity consists of the cranial cavity, which contains the brain and spinal cavity containing the spinal cord The ventral cavity is composed of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, and below the abdominal cavity is the pelvic cavity The body’s organs are contained within these cavities © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-63 In Summary (cont.) 19.6 The abdominal area may be divided into nine regions: right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac (inguinal), and hypogastric regions The abdomen may also be divided into right and left upper quadrants and right and left lower quadrants 19.7 It is important to have a basic understanding of chemistry when studying anatomy and physiology because body structures and functions result from chemical processes that occur within body cells or fluids © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-64 In Summary (cont.) 19.8 Proteins and carbohydrates are examples of two important molecules that make up the human body Water is an example of a compound that is important to the human body 19.9 The main components of a cell are as follows: Cell membrane, cilia, flagella may be present, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and centrioles Each has its own specialized function in the life of a cell © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-65 In Summary (cont.) 19.10 Substances use both active and passive mechanisms to transport substances across the cell membrane Passive mechanisms include diffusion, osmosis, and filtration Active transport uses carrier molecules 19.11 A cell at rest is said to be in interphase Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase occur during mitosis Reproductive cell division is known as meiosis and takes place only in the reproductive cells 19.12 Errors in DNA duplication during cell division are known as mutations © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-66 In Summary (cont.) 19.13 Genetic techniques allow the identification of individuals through the unique sequences of nucleotides found within DNA Polymerase chain reactions allow millions of copies from just a fragment of DNA DNA fingerprinting is used in paternity testing and in identifying suspects in criminal cases 19.14 Dominant traits occur through alleles If a dominant allele is received from a parent, the trait will appear in the child Complex inheritance is more common and is determined by multiple genes given by both parents Sex-linked traits are carried on the sex chromosomes © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-67 In Summary (cont.) 19.15 Epithelial tissues cover the body and most organs in the body Epithelial tissue lines body cavities, hollow organs, and tubes of the body Glandular tissue is classified as epithelial tissue Connective tissue contains a matrix between its cells Muscle tissue is specialized tissue that contracts and relaxes; there are three types of muscle tissue 19.16 Various types of genetic disorders affect humans Some of them include albinism, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy and PKU © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19-68 End of Chapter 19 Our history begins before we are born We represent the hereditary influences of our race, and our ancestors virtually live in us ~ James Nasmyth © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed [...]... reserv ed 19- 15 Understanding Medical Terminology • Word root – contains base meaning • Suffix – At end of term – Alters the meaning of the word root • Prefix – At the beginning of the term – Alters the meaning of the term © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 16 Understanding Medical Terminology (cont.) • Combining vowel – Often an “o” – Added between word root and suffix... sides and palms of hands facing forward Good Answer! © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 24 Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions • Dorsal cavity – Cranial – brain – Spinal – spinal cord © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 25 Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions (cont.) • Ventral cavity – Thoracic – lungs, heart, esophagus, and trachea – Diaphragm... Contains carbon and hydrogen • Large molecules • Classes of organic matter – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic acids © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 33 Biochemistry (cont.) – Inorganic matter • Generally does not contain large complexes of hydrogen or carbon • Small molecules • Examples – Water – most abundant – Oxygen – Carbon dioxide – NaCl (sodium chloride)... life • Body has millions of cells • Three main parts – Cell membrane – Cytoplasm – Nucleus © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 36 Cell Characteristics (cont.) • Cell membrane – Outer limit – Thin and selectively permeable • Cytoplasm – Inside of cell – Made up of water, proteins, ions, and nutrients – Organelles • Cilia • Flagellum • Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum... and suffix when suffix begins with a consonant to ease pronunciation – Does not alter meaning © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 17 Anatomical Terminology • Terms used to describe the location of body parts and various body regions • Anatomical position – body is standing upright, facing forward, with the arms at the sides and palms of hands facing forward • Used to... and bases – Acids – electrolytes that release hydrogen ions • • Sour taste, such as lemon juice pH less than 7 – Bases – (alkalis) electrolytes that release hydroxyl ions • • Slippery and taste bitter, such as detergents pH greater than 7 – pH of 7 is neutral © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 32 Biochemistry • Study of matter and chemical reactions in the body – Organic... ed 19- 30 Electrolytes • Substances that release ions when put into water – Ions – positively or negatively charged particles – Movement of ions into and out of body structures regulate or trigger physiologic states – Essential for • Fluid balance • Muscle contraction • Nerve impulse conduction © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 31 Electrolytes (cont.) • Acids and bases... Diaphragm – muscle separating these two sections – Abdominopelvic • Abdominal cavity – organs of digestion • Pelvic cavity – bladder and internal reproductive organs © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 26 Apply Your Knowledge What are the two largest body cavities? ANSWER: Dorsal and ventral cavities YES! © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 27... Chemistry of Life • Chemistry – The study of what matter is composed of and how matter changes • Body structures and functions result from chemical changes that occur within body cells or fluids © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 28 Chemistry of Life (cont.) • Molecules – Two or more atoms chemically combine – Basic unit of compounds • Compounds – Two or more atoms of more... combine – Water is an example of a compound • 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom • Critical to both chemical and physical processes in human physiology • About 2/3 of your body weight © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 19- 29 Chemistry of Life (cont.) • Metabolism – overall chemical functioning of the body – Anabolism • Small molecules combine to form larger ones – Catabolism