English grammar – Trần Quý Nhất ĐỘNG TỪ DẠNG V-ING I V-ing as present participle V-ing dùng tiếp diễn eg Susan is typing now V-ing dùng để thể hành động xảy lúc kết động từ eg He walked in the darking singing loudly > hành động xảy lúc He fell off his bike, breaking two front teeth > kết * Nếu hành động xảy nối tiếp không dùng V-ing eg He came home, took a bath and had dinner V-ing dùng để thể thời gian nguyên nhân eg Reaching the station, we found out that the train had left (= when we reached the station) feeling tired, he went straight to bed (= Because he felt tired) * Nếu muốn diễn tả hành động xảy trwocs động từ dùng "having done" eg When Tom had finished his homework, he went swimming = Having finished his homework, he went swimming * Chú ý: chủ ngữ V-ing phải giống với chủ ngữ động từ Không nói: Wondering where to go, an advertisement caught my eye Phải nói: When I was wondering where to go, an advertisement caught my eye V-ing đứng sau danh từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ (theo kiểu phân loại) mệnh đề quan hệ eg Do you know the girl talking to Mary? English grammar – Trần Quý Nhất (=who is talking to Mary) The road leading to our school is crowded (=which leads) * Phân biệt với PII - V-ing mang ý nghĩa chủ động nói chất hành động xảy -V-ed mang ý nghĩa bị động diễn tả hành động xảy đơn lẻ eg You must finish all the homework given in the class (= which is given) The letter posted yesterday should arrive today (= which was posted) V-ing dùng với từ nhận thức cấu trúc: S + V + O + V-ing Ví dụ: see, look at, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel, smell, find, notice, realize eg The children were playing an old game I saw it > I saw the children playing an old game * Chú ý: - Cấu trúc dùng chủ thể chứng kiến phần hành động - Khi muốn nói chủ thể chứng kiến toàn hành động, dùng cấu trúc sau: S + V + O + V-inf Eg I saw the thief break into that house II V-ing as Gerund V-ing làm chủ ngữ eg Reading novels always attracts me V-ing làm bổ ngữ eg My hobby is reading novels English grammar – Trần Quý Nhất V-ing đứng trước danh từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ theo kiểu phân loại eg a swimming/ fishing pool, a washing sewing machine dùng với do, go eg the gardening, go shopping V-ing dùng sau giới từ eg You should join in the game instead of sitting alone V-ing dùng sau số động từ a S + V + V-ing admit face recall advise fancy Recommend allow finish resent anticipate inmagine appreciate involve risk avoid keep save consider mention suggest delay mind tolerate deny miss excuse resist detest permit quit enjoy postpone can't help escape practise can't stand eg If you have finished planting the trees, you can water them now b S + V + O + V-ing avoid keep resist detest mention risk enjoy mind save English grammar – Trần Quý Nhất excuse miss tolerate imagine recall can't help involve resent can't stand eg He kept us waiting for half an hour without an excuse I can't stand him making noise all day c S + V + prep + V-ing (dis)agree with insist on aim at object to apologize for pay for believe in resort to (phải viện đến ) benefit from succeed in count on ( hy vọng) think of depend on put up with (dis)approve of Look forward to feel like rely on eg I don't believe in punishing children Do you feel like going to the cinema tonight? d S + V + O + prep + V-ing accuse of forgive for congratulate on excuse for balme for charge .with punish .for remind .of thank for prevent .from stop from suspect .of deter from use for eg The police charged her with speeding The heavy rain prevented us from playing football Những cấu trúc đặc biệt với V-ing Spend English grammar – Trần Quý Nhất Lose + time/ money doing st Waste eg I spend hours doing my homework every day S have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing st eg she has a lot of difficulty reading his hand writing Everybody has trouble making that computer start S have a good time/ fun doing st eg we had great fun camping by the river It's no good/ use doing There's no point in doing > vô ích, tác dụng eg It's no use worrying about other people's troubles Be worth doing st > đáng để làm eg The book is worth reading get/ be used to doing st get/ be accustomed to doing st > quen thuộc với eg Because I am a teacher, I have been getting used to talking to people