Tài liệu câu bị động - ngữ pháp tiếng anh

Tài liệu câu bị động - ngữ pháp tiếng anh

PASSIVE VOICE

I Khái niệm câu chủ động và bị động:

A Câu chủ động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là chủ thể tạo ra hành động Câu chủ động được dùng khi chúng ta biết rõ chủ thể của hành động

Eg: My grandfather bought this house 20 years ago

Newton invented the theory of gravitation

Mr John teaches us English

B Câu bị động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là người hay vật chịu tác động của hành động Câu chủ động được dùng khi ta không biết

rõ chủ thể của hành động hoặc có biết nhưng người nói muốn nhấn mạnh tới đối tượng hơn tới chủ thể của hành động

This house was bought by my grandfather 20 years ago

The theory of gravitation was invented by Newton

We are taught English by Mr John

Quy tắc chuyển câu chủ động sang câu bị động:

*Quy tắc chung: To be + Past participle

1 Xác định thì ngữ pháp của câu chủ động để tìm thể bị động tương ứng của nó

2 Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động để rút về làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động Nếu câu có hai tân ngữ thì có thể chuyển

thành hai câu bị động nhưng thông thường ta chọn tân ngữ chỉ người

1 Simple present:

S + V (s/es) + Oject

S + am/is/are + P 2 + +by+ Agent

Eg:+ They sweep the streets every night => The streets are swept (by them) every night

- We don't water the flowers in the morning => The flowers are not watered in the morning

? What do they call the new hotel? => what is the hotel called?

1 This well- known library attracts many people

=>

2 We don't often help her with the housework =>

3 Do they grow rice and wheat in the North of England?

=>

2 Present continuous:

S + am/is/are + V_ing + Object

S + am/is/are + being + P 2 + by + Agent

+ They are building a bridge over the river = > A bridge is being built over the river by them

- He isn't decorating the room today => The room isn't being decorated

? Are they upgrading the road leading to the city centre => Is the road leading to the city centre being upgraded by them?

1 He is preparing everything for the presidential election

=>

2.Is she translating an article from English into Vietnamese? =>

3.The Prime Minister isn't making a speech at the moment =>

4 They are doing a physical experiment in the

laboratory.=>

5 Are they digging a pond in the garden?

=>

3 Present perfect:

PASSIVE VOICE – CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG

S + have/has + P 2 + Object

S + have/has + been + P 2 + by + Agent

+ The terrorist has kept three hostages for a week => Three hostages have been kept by the terrorist for a week

- We haven't found out a remedy to cure AIDS => A remedy hasn't been found out to cure AIDS

1.A group of students have met their friend at the railway station =>

2 No one has ever known him to be dishonest =>

3.Mr.Smith has taught us French for 2 years=>

4 They have moved nothing in your room since they sent you to hospital =>

5.Have you typed all the letters ?=>

4 Simple past: S + Past of verb + Object S + was/ were + P 2 + by + Agent Eg The thieves broke into the house The house was broken into by the thieves 1.They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home =>

2.No one could find my key =>

3 When did they found this organization? =>

4.They didn't look after the children properly =>

5.Nobody swept this street last week =>

5.Past continuous: S + was/were + V- ing + Object S + was/ were + being + P 2 + by + Agent Eg They were doing a physical experiment when I was there A physical experiment was being done by them when I was there 1.Tom was writing 2 poems =>

2.Workers were digging a larger hole in the ground=>

3.When I was there, they were building a bridge over the river =>

4 Were they interviewing him when you came?=>

5.The statue broke while they were moving it to another room in the museum =>

6 Past perfect:

S + had + P2 + Object

S + had + been + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: Nobody told me that they had discharged John from hospital

I was not told that John had been discharged from hospital

1.After he had told a story , we clapped our hands=>

2.They had taken the victim to hospital before the police came =>

3 Had they pulled down the building to make way for a new road before you came back?

=>

4 She hadn't informed me of the date of the meeting before another classmate of mine told me about it

=>

5.Someone had invented electric lights before I was born =>

7 Near future:

S + am/is.are + going to + V + Object

S + am/is/are + going to be + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: We are going to make him the monitor of our class

He is going to be made the monitor of our class by us

1.Are they going to export more rice to Africa next year =>

2.How many exercises is the teacher going to give you ? =>

3 We are going to make him the head of our class =>

4 We aren't going to improve the public telephone service this year =>

5 He isn't going to turn down the job they have offered him =>

8 Simle future:

S + will/shall + V + Object

S + will/shall + be + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: They will change the date of the meeting again

The date of the meeting will be changed again by them

1.The examiner will read the passage three times =>

2 They w ill pick me up at my house at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning =>

3.The teacher won't corrert exercise tomorrow=>

4.My cousin will meet you at the station=>

5.I will not forgive her for the serious mistake she has made =>

9 Future perfect:

S + will/shall have + P2 + Object

S + will/shall have been + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg: By the time you come back, they will have finished the project

By the time you come back, the project will have been finished

1 By the time you come back here in 5 years' time, they will have knocked down those slums

=>

2 " We will have liberated the South of Vietnam before the rainy season." The commander said

=>

3 By the end of this year, we will have upgraded all the roads in the city

=>

4 Don't phone us at 10 pm tonight I won't have finished my work by then

=>

5 How many letters will she have typed before the boss comes back?

=>

Notes:

Active: Passive

Make sb do smth ========== Be made to do smth

The teacher is making us work hard We are being made to work hard by our teacher

Help sb (to) do smth ========== Be helped to do smth

He helped me (to) repair the washing machine I was helped to repair the washing machine by him

Be let do smth ( or be allowed to do smth ) (1)

Let sb do smth

Let oneself be done ( 2 )

(1) His parents didn't let him buy a motorbike => He wasn't let buy ( wasn't allowed to buy) a motorbike by his parents (2) He let her cheat him => He let himself be cheated by her

1 The robber made everybody lie on the floor

=>

2 Don't worry! Our teacher will help us study English grammar

=>

3 Don't let others see you

=>

4 They made us stay indoors while they were testing the new

weapon.=>

5 He let me use his car for a week

=>

6 He has never let her look down on

him.=>………

7 The teacher made him stay after the class because he hadn’t done his homework

=>………

8 I will help you redecorate the room before Christmas comes

=>………

Active: Passive

See seen

Notice noticed

Hear sb do smth ========== Be heard to do smth

Listen to sb doing smth listened doing smth

Watch watched

Eg: Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police

He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police

They saw him walking with his friend before he got lost

He was seen walking with his friend before he got lost

1 They saw him get on the car and drive

away.=>

2 They have never heard him say nonsense

=>

3 We noticed him breaking into the house

=>

* Modals and Auxiliary in the passive voice

Active: Passive

Can can

Could could

May may

Might might

Must must

S + ought to + V + Obj ========== S + ought to be + P2 + by + Agent

Should should

had better had better

have/has to have/has to

used to used to

1.He can't repair my bike

=>

2.Our teacher used to forbid us to talk in class

=>

3.My mother used to make clean the

house=>

4.She can sew 3 shirts a

day=>

5 He couldn't find his

key=>

6 Did Mr John use to teach you English?

=>

7.My classmates used to call me

John=>

8.Mr Brown will appoint Tom the director

tomorrow=>

9.You should pay more attention to your

study=>

10.They can see the villey from the top of the

hill=>

11.You must wash your

hands=>

12.The computer can do all the accounts

=>

13.Children should treat old men with respect

=>

14.How many ways can you solve this problem?

=>

15.You must keep dogs outside shops

=>

16.She didn’t use to make cloth puppets

=>

17 We can't improve the public telephone service this year

=>

18 You ought to do all the work on your own

=>

19 Does she have to feed the pigeon twice a

day?

20 They must report it to the police or it will be too late

=>

IV Passive: HAVE /GET SOMETHING DONE (BY SB)

Active: HAVE SB DO SOMETHING/ GET SB TO DO SOMETHING

Cấu trúc trên được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:

1 Để nói ta thu xếp để người khác làm giúp mình một việc gì ( không tự mình làm)

So sánh: Jill repaired the roof ( = She repaired it herself)

Jill had the roof repaired (= She arranged for somebody else to repair it)

I have cut my hair ( Tôi tự cắt)

I have had my hair cut ( người khác cắt tóc cho tôi)

I hate taking photographs

I hate having my photograph taken

Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?

How often do you have your hair done/ cut?

I’ve lost my key I’ll have to have aonther key made

Why did you take your car to the garage? To have it serviced

Why did you take your jacket to the cleaner’s? To have it cleaned

Why did you take your watch to the jeweller’s? To have it repaired

Why did you go to the hairdresser ? To have my hair cut

So sánh: Passive: You should have/ get your eyes tested (by an oculist)

Active: You should have an oculist test your eyes / You should get an oculist to test your eyes

If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you have your ears pierced?

I’m have a house built at the moment They are having a pond dug in the garden I’m going to have a telephone installed in my house next month

Where did you have your car serviced?

2 Để nói một sự việc không hay xảy ra với vật sở hữu của ai/ cái gì:

George’s nose was broken in a fight => George had his nose broken in a fight

Jack’s passport was stolen a few weeks ago => Jack had his passport stolen a few weeks ago Have you ever had your passport stolen?

The hurricane blew off the roof of the house

The roof of the house was blown off by the hurricane

The house had its roof blown off by the hurricane

They have had their house broken into twice this month

Mr Brown had his hat blown off in the wind

V Bị động đặc biệt:

Một số động từ quy định: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce có thể dùng với một trong hai cấu trúc sau: Cấu trúc 1:

It is/was + Past participle + that + clause

People say that he is 100 years old => It is said that he is 100 years old

People expect that the strike will end soon => It is expected that the strike will end soon

Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses => It is said that there is………

Chú ý: Cấu trúc trên chỉ tương đương với câu chủ động có chủ ngữ số nhiều với nghĩa nói chung: people,

everybody…

Cấu trúc 2:

Verb (1)

Be + V-ing (2)

S + Be + Past participle + to + Have + Past Participle (3) Have been + V-ing (4)

Dùng (1) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại đơn, hoặc tương lai đơn:

He is said to be 100 years old

The strike is expected to end soon

There is said to be a secret tunnel between those two houses

People said that he was a dedicated worker => He was said to be a dedicated worker

Dùng (2) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai tiếp diễn:

They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain => The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain People believe that she is studying abroad => She is believed to be studying………

Dùng (3) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành, hoặc quá khứ đơn:

People say that he escaped to a neutral country => He is said to have escaped to a neutral country

People think that she has made progress in her studies => She is thought to have made……

People allge that he stole the money => He is alleged to have stolen

Dùng (4) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn:

People say that he has been playing football since he was 5.=> He is said to have been playing football since he was 5

Chú ý: Be supposed to ( do) có thể được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:

1 Tương đương nghĩa với Be said to (do): “ Được cho rằng”

This film is said/supposed to be very interesting

Why was he arrested? He’s supposed to have kicked a policeman

2 Để nói bổn phận hoặc nghĩa vụ ai đó phải làm gì tương đương với cấu trúc: It’s sb’s duty to do smth

It’s her duty to make tea at 8 o’clock => She is supposed to make tea at 8 o’clock

It’s his duty to lock the door after the school finishes => He is supposed to lock…

Chú ý: đôi khi was/were supposed to con được dùng để nói một kế hoạch, sự sắp xếp nhưng thường khác so với

thức tế xảy ra: The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late

You were supposed to clean the windows Why didn’t you do it?

VI Passive gerund ( Danh động từ bị động)

Form: Being + Past participle

Present: being written /done/ made… Past: having been written/done/

made…

Danh động từ bị động có các cách dùng như danh động từ chư động ( trừ trường hợp cấu tạo danh từ ghép)

I like people praising me => I like being praised

She hates people staring at her when she is in the street => She hates being stared at when ……

I remember that my father took me to the cinema to see that film => I remember being taken to the cinema by my father to see that film

He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper

I remember being taken to Paris as a small child

I hate being told what to do.-> I hate people telling me what to do

She is afraid of being taken away by the strong wind if she opens her parachute early

She is afraid of the strong wind taking her away…

He objected to his son being criticised unfairly.=> He objected to people criticising his son unfairly

He resented being kept waiting.=> He resented people keeping him waiting

The safe showed no signs of having been touched

Need to do : Cần làm ( nghĩa chủ động) You need to work harder

Need doing = need to be done : Cần được làm ( không có sự khác nhau khi dùng với vật)

This car needs to be serviced/ this car needs servicing

I need to clean my shirt because it needs cleaning/ to be cleaned

ở thê bị động, với người, chỉ dùng need to be done ( Không dùng need doing)

The old need to be looked after by the young ( Không dùng need looking after)

VI Passive infinitive ( Nguyên mẫu bị động)

Form: To be + Past participle

Eg: To be done/ made/ written…

Nguyên mẫu bị động có cách dùng tương ứng như nguyên mẫu chủ động:

I want you to repair the car now.=> I want the car to be repaired (by you) now

I’d like someone to take me to the Opera House.=> I’d like to be taken to the Opera House

This calculator is small enough to be kept in your pocket

VII : Một số động từ quy định có thể được theo sau bởi THAT SHOULD+ V (INF) : advise, agree,

arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge,prefer,decree Note also: be anxious, be determined ( Should đôi khi có thể được lược bỏ)

He insisted that his son (should) be named after his grandfather

They have decided to sell the house => They have decided that the house (should) be sold

They suggested making the tests easier.=> They suggested that the tests should be made easier

She advised that we should keep the gate locked/ She advised keeping the gate locked

=> She advised that the gate should be kept locked

He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up

- It is/was + adjective + that should

A that should can be used after it is/was advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important,

natural, necessary

It is essential that rare animals (should) be protected

It is advisable that everyone have a map

It is essential for him to be prepared for this./ It is essential that he (should) be prepared for this

It is only right that she (should) have a share